第十二章可靠性分析.doc

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第十二章 &nbsp;可靠性分析
12.1 主要功能
12.2 实例操作
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12.1 &nbsp;主要功能
在精神卫生与社会医学研究中，经常需要借助量表来了解对象的某一特性。如常用的症状自评量表（SCL-90）即用于评定对象精神病症状的表现形式与强度；又如生活事件量表（LES）即用于对精神刺激进行定性和定量分析。在完成一份量表的编制工作后，或在准备将一份已有的量表作实际应用前，需要对量表的信度进行考核。
量表的使用是为了了解被测对象的某一特征，因而在编制一份量表时，所设立的一系列项目是为了体现量表需要测定的这一特征。如果所设立的测定项目无法获得这一特征，则表示该量表可靠性差，即信度低。所以，研究者有时需要了解量表中各测定项目之间的一致性（同质信度考核），有时需要将量表的测定项目按原编号的奇、偶数分半后，对各自的测定结果进行相关性检验（分半信度考核），等等，这就是量表的可靠性分析，亦即信度研究。
量表的可靠性分析可通过调用Reliability过程完成。
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返回目录 &nbsp;返回全书目录
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12.2 &nbsp;实例操作
［例12.1］采用家庭环境量表（FES）研究30名女医师的家庭特征，测定结果按10个分量表的实际得分整理如下。请以此资料对FES的信度作评价。
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编号
No.
亲密度
FES1
情感表达
FES2
矛盾性
FES3
独立性
FES4
成功性
FES5
知识性
FES6
娱乐性
FES7
道德宗教观
FES8
组织性
FES9
控制性
FES10
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12.2.1 &nbsp;数据准备
激活数据管理窗口，定义变量名：亲密度、情感表达、矛盾性、独立性、成功性、知识性、娱乐性、道德宗教观、组织性、控制性等十个分量表的变量名依次是FES1、FES2、FES3、FES4、FES5、FES6、FES7、FES8、FES9、FES10，输入原始数据。
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12.2.2 &nbsp;统计分析
激活Statistics菜单选Scale中的Reliability Analysis...项，弹出Reliability Analysis对话框（如图12.1示）。从对话框左侧的变量列表中选fes1~fes10共十个变量，点击Ø钮使之进入Items框。点击Model处的下拉菜单，系统提供5种分析模型：
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图12.1 &nbsp;可靠性分析对话框
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Alpha：计算信度系数Cronbach α值；
Split half：分半信度的分析；
Guttman：真实可靠性的Guttman低界；
Parallel：并行模型假定下的极大似然可靠性估计；
Strict parallel：严格并行模型假定下的极大似然可靠性估计。
本例选用Alpha模型。
点击Statistics...钮，弹出Reliability Analysis: Statistics对话框（图12.2），该对话框内含如下选项：
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图12.2 &nbsp;可靠性分析的统计选项对话框
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在Descriptives for栏中选Item、Scale、Scale if item deleted项，以指定对各项目、测定得分情况和项目与量表总体特征关系进行描述性统计；
在Summaries处有四个选项：Means、Variances、Covariances和Correlations，可分别要求系统计算在Descriptives for栏中指定对象的平均数、方差、协方差和相关系数，本例选Means、Variances和Correlations三项；
在Inter-Item处有Correlations和Covariances两项，前者可计算项目间的两两相关系数，后者可计算项目间的两两协方差值，本例选Correlations项；
在ANOVA Table处有None、F test、Friedman chi-square、Cochran chi-square四个选项，其意义分别是：不作方差分析、作重复度量的方差分析、计算Friedman和Kendall谐和系数（适用于等级资料）、计算Cohran Q值（适用于所有项目均为二分变量），本例选F test项；
此外，还有Hotelling’s T-square选项，可要求作项目间平均得分的相等性检验；Tukey’s test of additivity选项，可要求作可加性的Tukey检验，本例仅选前一项。在完成各选项的选择之后，点击Continue钮返回Reliability Analysis对话框，再点击OK钮即完成分析。
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12.2.3 &nbsp;结果解释
在结果输出窗口中将看到如下统计数据：
首先计算各项目在30名被试中测定结果的均数与标准差。然后输出项目间的两两相关系数矩阵，从中可见，第三项目（矛盾性）与第十项目（控制性）的相关程度最密切（r = 0.5038）。
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&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Mean &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Std Dev &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Cases
&nbsp;1. &nbsp; &nbsp; FES1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;3.6667 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1.2685 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;30.0
&nbsp;2. &nbsp; &nbsp; FES10 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.7333 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1.0148 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;30.0
&nbsp;3. &nbsp; &nbsp; FES2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;3.1000 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1.1250 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;30.0
&nbsp;4. &nbsp; &nbsp; FES3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;3.1000 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1.4704 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;30.0
&nbsp;5. &nbsp; &nbsp; FES4 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;4.6667 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1.0933 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;30.0
&nbsp;6. &nbsp; &nbsp; FES5 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;5.2667 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1.2576 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;30.0
&nbsp;7. &nbsp; &nbsp; FES6 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;3.6333 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1.0334 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;30.0
&nbsp;8. &nbsp; &nbsp; FES7 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;3.7000 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1.5570 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;30.0
&nbsp;9. &nbsp; &nbsp; FES8 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;5.2000 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1.0306 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;30.0
10. &nbsp; &nbsp; FES9 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;4.7333 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1.1121 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;30.0
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&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Correlation Matrix
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;FES1 &nbsp; FES10 &nbsp; FES2 &nbsp; FES3 &nbsp; FES4 &nbsp; FES5 &nbsp; FES6 &nbsp; FES7 &nbsp; FES8 &nbsp; FES9
FES1 &nbsp; 1.0000
FES10 &nbsp;-.2321 &nbsp; 1.0000
FES2 &nbsp; &nbsp;.1933 &nbsp; .4168 &nbsp; 1.0000
FES3 &nbsp; &nbsp;.1849 &nbsp; .5038 &nbsp; &nbsp;.2022 &nbsp;1.0000
FES4 &nbsp; &nbsp;.0414 &nbsp; .2901 &nbsp; -.2523 &nbsp; .3646 &nbsp;1.0000
FES5 &nbsp; &nbsp;.0360 &nbsp; .3819 &nbsp; -.0926 &nbsp; .3953 &nbsp; .4681 &nbsp;1.0000
FES6 &nbsp; -.1754 &nbsp; .3310 &nbsp; &nbsp;.4183 &nbsp; .0930 &nbsp;-.0814 &nbsp;-.0283 &nbsp;1.0000
FES7 &nbsp; &nbsp;.2444 &nbsp;-.0524 &nbsp; -.1004 &nbsp; -.0467 &nbsp; .1823 &nbsp;-.2043 &nbsp;.0793 &nbsp;1.0000
FES8 &nbsp; -.0791 &nbsp; -.0132 &nbsp; -.0476 &nbsp;-.0137 &nbsp;-.1224 &nbsp; .1171 &nbsp;-.0907 &nbsp;-.2192 &nbsp;1.0000
FES9 &nbsp; &nbsp;.0570 &nbsp; .1487 &nbsp; &nbsp;-.0606 &nbsp;-.0675 &nbsp;-.2741 &nbsp;-.1446 &nbsp;-.1180 &nbsp;.1314 &nbsp; .2287 &nbsp;1.0000
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;N of Cases = &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;30.0
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接着显示对整个量表的统计分析结果。该量表的平均得分为39.8000，标准差为4.8309；平均每个项目的得分为3.9800，极差为2.5333；各项目的方差平均为1.4634；项目间的相关系数范围为 -0.2741—0.5038。
之后考查项目与量表得分的关系，方式是：若将某一项目从量表中剔除，则量表的平均得分（Scale Mean if Item Deleted）、方差（Scale Variance if Item Deleted）、每个项目得分与剩余各项目得分间的相关系数（Corrected Item-Total Correlation）、以该项目为自变量所有其他项目为应变量建立回归方程的R2值（Squared Multiple Correlation）以及Cronbach α值（Alpha if Item Deleted）会是多少。如本例在每个项目得分与剩余各项目得分间的相关系数中，第十项目（控制性）最大，为0.5009，表明该项目与其他各项目关系最密切。又如R2值，第十项目（控制性）最大，为0.7345，表明其含义有73.45%可被其他项目解释掉，而第八项目（道德宗教观）最小，为0.1556，表明其含义仅有15.56%可被其他项目解释掉。
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&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; N of
Statistics for &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Mean &nbsp; &nbsp; Variance &nbsp; &nbsp;Std Dev &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Variables
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Scale &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 39.8000 &nbsp; &nbsp;23.3379 &nbsp; &nbsp; 4.8309 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 10
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Item Means &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Mean &nbsp; &nbsp;Minimum &nbsp; Maximum &nbsp; &nbsp;Range &nbsp; &nbsp;Max/Min &nbsp; Variance
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;3.9800 &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.7333 &nbsp; &nbsp; 5.2667 &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.5333 &nbsp; &nbsp; 1.9268 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.8425
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Item Variances &nbsp; &nbsp;Mean &nbsp; &nbsp;Minimum &nbsp; Maximum &nbsp; &nbsp; Range &nbsp; &nbsp;Max/Min &nbsp; Variance
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1.4634 &nbsp; &nbsp; 1.0299 &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.4241 &nbsp; &nbsp; 1.3943 &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.3538 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.2349
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Inter-item
Correlations &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Mean &nbsp; &nbsp;Minimum &nbsp; &nbsp;Maximum &nbsp; &nbsp;Range &nbsp; &nbsp;Max/Min &nbsp; Variance
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.0665 &nbsp; &nbsp; -.2741 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .5038 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .7779 &nbsp; &nbsp;-1.8376 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.0450
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Item-total Statistics
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Scale &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Scale &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Corrected
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Mean &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Variance &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Item- &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Squared &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Alpha
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; if Item &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; if Item &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Total &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Multiple &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; if Item
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Deleted &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Deleted &nbsp; &nbsp;Correlation &nbsp; &nbsp; Correlation &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Deleted
FES1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;36.1333 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;20.3954 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .1164 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .5124 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.4065
FES10 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 37.0667 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;17.9954 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .5009 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .7345 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.2745
FES2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;36.7000 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;20.4241 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .1621 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .6318 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.3886
FES3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;36.7000 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;15.8724 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .4527 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .4233 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.2410
FES4 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;35.1333 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;20.0506 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .2136 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .5457 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.3710
FES5 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;34.5333 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;19.1540 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .2364 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .4650 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.3583
FES6 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;36.1667 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;21.2471 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .1074 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .3106 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.4067
FES7 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;36.1000 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;20.8517 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .0044 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .3135 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.4662
FES8 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;34.6000 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;23.0069 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;-.0739 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .1556 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.4613
FES9 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;35.0667 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;22.3402 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;-.0227 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; .4297 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;.4503
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方差分析表明，F = 18.4933，P&lt;0.0001，即该量表的重复度量效果良好。
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&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Analysis of Variance
Source of Variation &nbsp; &nbsp; Sum of Sq. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; DF &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Mean Square &nbsp; &nbsp; F &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Prob.
Between People &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 67.6800 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;29 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2.3338
Within People &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;584.2000 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 270 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2.1637
Between Measures &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;227.4800 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 9 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 25.2756 &nbsp; &nbsp; 18.4933 &nbsp; .0000
Residual &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 356.7200 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 261 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;1.3667
Total &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;651.8800 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 299 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;2.1802
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经Hotelling T2检验可知，该量表的项目间平均得分的相等性好，即项目具有内在的相关性；在量表的信度检验中，Cronbach α= 0.4144，标准化Cronbach α= 0.4161。Cronbach α系数的意义是：个体在这一量表的测定得分与如果询问所有可能项目的测定得分的相关系数的平方，即这一量表能获得真分数的能力。本例为0.4144，意味着对于家庭情况，FES量表尚有58.56%的内容未曾涉及，故信度不高。
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Hotelling&#39;s T-Squared = 277.1019 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;F = 22.2956 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Prob. = .0000
Degrees of Freedom: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Numerator = 9 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Denominator = 21
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Reliability Coefficients &nbsp; &nbsp;10 items
Alpha = .4144 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Standardized item alpha = .4161
&nbsp;

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