英汉词汇对比知识分享.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第三讲 英汉词汇比较和选词,吕叔湘：对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的区别。,词汇层面比较,句子层面比较,语篇层面比较,文化层面比较,语用层面比较,吕叔湘：,给英汉对比研究论文集（王菊泉、郑立信编）题词：,指明事物的异同所在不难，追究它们何以有此异同就不那么容易了。而这恰恰是对比研究的最终目的。,英汉词汇比较,Peter Newmark:the largest quantity of translation in a text is done at the level of the word.(1988:55),文本翻译的大多数工作都是在词汇层面上完成的。,英语词汇若干特点,1、丰富的同义词选词,Johnson：Words are seldom exactly synonymous.,英国语言学家C.L.雷恩：“English is among the easiest languages to speak badly,but the most difficult to use well.”,词源不同：,临危不惧,brave -源自意大利语,bold -古英语,courageous 古法语,valorous,valiant -源自拉丁语,表示“,生气”/“发怒,”：angry表示一般生气；irate表示怒形于色；indignant表示义愤；wrathful表示盛怒；enraged表示狂怒；infuriated表示因忿恨而愤怒之意；incensed则有激怒之意。,表示“切”/“割”这一动作的动词，有：cut,chop,slice,mince,hack,hew,pare,slash,whittle,prune,truncate,incise,excise;chisel 等等。,表示“走”/“步行”这种动作的，有下面一些词：walk,go,stroll,saunter,trudge,plod,toddle,stride,march,trot,strut,stalk,shuffle,wobble,amble等。,（1）词义轻重不同,例如表示“,打破,”的词,break 最一般/通用的词语，意思是经打击或施压而破碎。,crack 出现了裂缝，但还没有变成碎片。,crush 从外面用力往内或从上往下压而致碎。,demolish 破坏或铲平（如土堆、建筑物、城堡等）。,destroy 完全摧毁，使之无法复原。,shatter 突然使一物体粉碎。,smash 由于突如其来的一阵暴力带一声响而彻底粉碎。,又如表示“,闪光,”的词。,shine 照耀；指光的稳定发射。,glitter 闪光；指光的不稳定发射。,glare 耀眼；表示光的最强度。,sparkle 闪烁；指发射微细的光度。,（2）词义范围大小和侧重不同,agriculture,farming,cultivation,agronomy：,agriculture 指农业科学、农业技术、整个农业生产过程，所包含的范围最广。,farming 指农业的实践。,cultivation 指农作物的栽培过程。,agronomy 农学，指把科学原理运用到农业耕作的实践。,又如：,country 表示国家的地理范畴。,nation 体现在共同的地域和政府下的全民概念,land 给人以国土或家园之感。,state 指国家的政治实体,power 表示国家的实力,（3）形容对象和强调的内容不同,：,empty 用来形容 house,room,cup,box,stomach,head,words 等，表示“空的，一无所有”；,vacant 可用来形容 position,room,house,seat等次表示“没有人占用的，出缺的。”,hollow 可与 tree,voice,sound,cheeks 等词连用，表示“空洞的，虚的，不实的，下陷的。”,blank 空白的，无表情的，无思想的，可形容look,mind,page,check等,汉译英时，“,说,”这个词在不同上下文中可分别译成：“speak”,“tell”,“say”,“express”,“mention”,“persuade”等等。,他说英语。He,speaks,English.,他说谎。Hes,telling,a lie.,他说他很忙。He,says,he is busy.,我说不好。Im unable to,express,.,这可说不得。It must not be,mentioned,.,别胡说八道！Be reasonable!,2、一词多义和一词多用的现象,选义,在现代欧洲语言中，英语词形变化最简单，所以一词多用（多类：词类），一词多义的现象比较普遍。,一词多义的根源是词义的演变。一个词产生新的词义后，旧义可能消亡，也可能保存。一词多义是语言的普遍现象，只不过英语比其他语言多。在牛津大词典中，“cut”作为动词将近一百五十个义项。介词“of”有六十三个义项；动词“take”有一百二十三个义项。根据韦氏大学字典（Websters Collegiate Dictionary）所列单词意义，“lead”有33个意义，“make”有41个意义，“light”-有47个意义，“run”有54个意义。,词的多义性给我们理解与翻译英语带来了许多困难。因此，结合上下文，正确地辨析词义，对于理解原文，忠实地表达原作，保证译文的质量，具有头等重要的意义。,good 好的,a good Christian虔诚的教徒,a good parent慈爱的父母,a good child孝顺的儿女,a good wife贤良的妻子,a good husband尽职的丈夫,好good,好教徒a faithful Christian,好父母a loving parent,好儿女an obedient child,好妻子a virtuous wife,好丈夫 a dutiful husband,一词多义歧义,about 关于=concerning;周围=around,She listened with interest to the conversation going on,about,her.,She listened with interest to the conversation going on,concerning,her.,她津津有味地听别人谈论自己。,She listened with interest to the conversation going on,around,her.,她津津有味地听着周围的人的谈话。,certain 可靠的=sure;某些=some,Independently of his earnings he has a,certain,income.,Independently of his earnings he has a,sure,income.,除工资外，他还有一笔可靠的收入。,Independently of his earnings he has,some,income.,除工资外，他还有某些收入。,词汇层面区别,1 词义的宽窄（语义错位）,2 角度和联想,3 习俗和文化,4 涵义和搭配,5 排列顺序,6 词汇的空缺,1 词义宽窄的不同,汉语有些词涵义较英语宽，如：山hill,mountain/借lend,borrow/拿 take,bring,fetch/叫 cry,shout,call/笑smile,laugh/鼠mouse,rat/羊 sheep,goat,英语中有些词涵义比汉语宽，如：wear 穿、戴/river 江、河/marriage 娶、嫁/net 网、帐子/gun枪、炮,尤以称呼语为典型：,brother 兄弟、同胞、同业、社友、会友,brother-in-law姻兄、姻弟、内兄、内弟、姊夫、妹夫、大伯、小叔,uncle 伯父、叔父、舅父、姑父、姨父,sister 姊、妹、姑、姨、嫂,aunt伯母、大妈、婶娘、叔母、姨母、姑母、舅母、姑妈、阿姨,酒,-,葡萄酒 wine,威士忌酒 whiskey,啤酒 beer,=酒文化？,杯子,-,玻璃杯 glass,茶杯 cup,平底大玻璃杯 tumbler,=我买了十个杯子。？,观察事物的角度和联想不同,eye眼睛：没有完全的同义词,walking-tractor-由驾驶者扶着走/手扶拖拉机-用手扶,Close the door behind you.-着眼点在人所处的位置/随手关门-着眼于手,chair days-以老年人总是坐着来象征/暮年-以天色的早晚来比喻,lie on ones back;lie on ones stomach-以身体的前后为准（侧卧：lie on ones side）,更多联想不同的例子：,laugh off your head 笑掉了牙,as timid as a hare 胆小如鼠,to drink like a fish 牛饮,as strong as a horse 气壮如牛,at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟,like a cat on hot bricks 热锅上蚂蚁,a sea of faces 人山人海,goose pimples 鸡皮疙瘩,习俗不同，文化背景不同,宗教有关：,to wear ones Sunday best穿上最好的衣服(to church),as poor as a church mouse一贫如洗,fools paradise 黄粱美梦,Like priest,like people 师高弟子强,海洋和航海有关：,to know the ropes 内行，懂其秘诀,to sail ones own boat独立行动,as close/dumb as an oyster 守口如瓶,cast/lay/have an anchor to windward 未雨绸缪,to tide over 安然渡过,to go with the stream 随波逐流,to clear the decks 准备战斗,all at sea 晕头转向,plain sailing 一帆风顺,to rest on ones oars 小憩片刻,to keep ones head above water 奋力求生,农业有关：,牛：多如牛毛，体壮如牛，老黄牛,斩草除根；解甲归田；拔苗助长；,顺藤摸瓜；瓜熟蒂落；桃李满天下,词的涵义与搭配不同,用名词作定语修饰词，反映了当代英语简约的总趋势，但这类搭配译成汉语时，要作必要的调整，常常需要增补汉语动词。如：,parent ticket发给家长的入场券,shoe habit 穿鞋的习惯,wheat farmers种小麦的农民,street sense在街上辨方向的能力,life work 为之奋斗了一生的工作,smog fighters 清除烟尘的工作人员,community gossips 在邻里间流传的风言风语,age group 按年龄划分的人群,词的前后排列顺序不同,前后 back and forth,左右 right and left,新旧 old and new,水陆 land and water,贫富 rich and poor,田径 track and field,迟早 sooner or later,同一的 one and the same,唯一的 one and only,不论晴雨 rain or shine,东西南北 North,South,East and West,衣食住行 food,clothing,housing,transport,6 词汇的空缺,如：,万ten thousand,礼ritual礼仪courtesy礼节ceremony礼仪,阴阳、道、天干地支、赤脚医生,hotdog,hamburger,基督教文化,vicar,priest,churchman,clergy,blackcoat,chaplain,minister,pastor,牧师（笼统）,Rain,R is roaring thunder,A is amazing lightening,I is incredible downpour,N is nothing to do.,雨,雨是咆哮的雷霆,雨是骇人的闪电,雨是难以置信的大雨倾盆,雨意味着百无聊赖。,选词的要求,1 词语要规范,2 词义要确切,3 用词要贴切,4 词语的声音要和谐美丽,1 词语要规范,选用浅易的语言，全民的、现代的、通用的词语,不要用过于生僻和正式的词语,例：夏天，我们起得早，睡得早。,In the summer we,rise,and,retire,early.,In the summer we,get up,early and,go to bed,early.,同时她请求老师不要处罚她的顽皮的弟弟。,In the i,nterim,she,importuned,the teacher not to punish her naughty brother.,In the,meantime,she,begged,the teacher not to punish her naughty brother.,不要滥用外来词、技术术语和古词,I was not present when that subject came to,tapis,.(法语词）,I was not present when that subject was,under discussion,.,讨论那个问题时，我不在场。,There lived a,husbandman,who had two sons.(古词或圣经用语）,There lived a,farmer,who had two sons,曾经有个农妇，他有两个儿子,2 词义要确切,Invent/discover v.发明；发现,Columbus,invented,America.,Columbus,discovered,America.,哥伦布,发现,美洲。,Marconi,discovered,wireless telegraphy.,Marconi,invented,wireless telegraphy.,马可尼,发明,了无线电报。,在学校里我们学汉语、数学、英文以及其他,科目,。,At school we study Chinese,mathematics,English and some other,lessons,.(功课、课文）,At school we study Chinese,mathematics,English and some other,subjects,.（科目）,3 用词要贴切,散文家秦牧：“如果不能把事物的细微不同处描绘出来，就不可能有栩栩传神的魅力。”而要描绘出事物的细微不同，就得从众多的同义词中精选最合适的那一个。,The mysteries of the unknown arouse curiosity that must be,fulfilled,.,fulfill 满足(需要、要求、愿望等）,satisfy 满足（好奇心）,The mysteries of the unknown arouse curiosity that must be,satisfied,.,We may expect food consumption to increase everywhere because of the,growth of people,.,由于人口的增长，我们不难预料各地的粮食消耗均会增长。,We may expect food consumption to increase everywhere because of the,increase in population,.（习惯上）,She,gazed,about her.,她向四周扫了一眼。,凝视，注视 与about（四周）不搭配,glance:看一眼，迅速地一瞥,She,glanced,about her.,他看了一下表，说七点钟了。,He,glanced,at his watch and told me it was seven.（比,looked,更贴切）,我没有仔细地看今天的报纸，我只是浏览了一下标题。,I didnt,read,todays newspaper very carefully,I just had time to,glance over,the headlines.,look-gaze“感慨、惊异、着迷”;stare“好奇、愚钝”,The travellers gazed at the Great Hall of the people,and were amazed by its grandeur and magnificance.,游客们,凝视,着人民大会堂，无不为它的宏伟壮丽而感到惊奇。,The children stared at the foreign visitors.孩子们好奇地望着外宾。,注意语境和通篇的语体，使得每个词在上下文中得体、自然、和谐,I enjoyed studying Plato,because among other things I,got the lowdown on,what is meant by a Platonic friendship.俚语,I enjoyed studying Plato,because among other things I,learned,what is meant by a Platonic friendship.,我喜欢阅读柏拉图的著作，因为我懂得了许多事情，其中也包括柏拉图式的友谊。,有时需避免重复用词,Lenin,knew,many foreign languages.He,had a good knowledge of,German,French and English,which he was continually studying and could translate from,and he could also read Polish and Italian.,列宁懂得许多外语。他的德文、法文和英文都很好。他一直学习这三种语言，而且能够翻译这三种语言的书籍，同时他还能阅读波兰文和意大利文。,4 词语的声音要和谐美丽,高尔基：作为一种感人的力量，语言的真正的美，产生于言辞的准确、明晰和动听。,语言的声音效果也是选词的一个重要方面,不要在一个词内或相邻的几个词里过多地出现咝音和唏音,I foresaw a thousand sensational hypocries.太多的“s”音,避免同一音组的过多重复,It is a,remarkable,fact that some of the most,remarkable,men in ancient times combined warlike pursuits with political ambition.,避免过多的单音节词连在一起(有张无弛）,Once one man come to me and said.,