大兴安岭1980—2021年雷击火时空分布特征.pdf
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1、doi:10.11707/j.1001-7488.LYKX20220419大兴安岭 19802021 年雷击火时空分布特征*李威1,2舒立福1,2王明玉1,2李伟克1,2苑尚博3司莉青1,2赵凤君1,2宋佳军3王亚惠3(1.中国林业科学研究院森林生态环境与自然保护研究所北京 100091;2.国家林业和草原局森林生态环境重点实验室北京 100091;3.中国科学院电工研究所北京 100190)摘要:【目的】分析 19802021 年大兴安岭雷击火发生历史,了解该地区雷击火的时空分布规律以及 42 年间的动态变化,为雷击火防控提供科学依据。【方法】基于 19802021 年大兴安岭雷击火统计资料
2、、研究区行政区划、DEM数字高程模型,计算得到研究区的海拔、坡向和坡度分布图及对应面积,结合研究区划图,分析雷击火的空间分布特征与动态变化趋势。【结果】1)在 19802021 年间,大兴安岭地区共发生雷击火 1 651 起,过火总面积 473 088.8 hm2。89.4%的雷击火过火面积在 100 hm2以内。20002021 年雷击火数量约为 19801999 年的 3.5 倍。95.9%的雷击火发生在 58 月,52%的雷击火发生在 13,007100雷击火数量在 6 月 15 日春季防火期结束的几天内迅速增加。经度上,雷击火集中在 121.2E 和 122.5E 2 个中心附近;纬度
3、上,80%的雷击火集中于 51N53.5N 之间。不同行政区划的雷击火密度和雷击火面积比差异显著,总体上黑龙江全面高于内蒙古。雷击火集中于坡度 412,占总数 48.9%;坡度大于 4时,雷击火数量出现随坡度升高而减少的趋势。海拔范围 600800 m 内的雷击火最多,占总数 33.2%;只有 1.3%的雷击火发生在海拔 1 200 m 以上地区。西南坡雷击火最多,为 219 起(13.9%);西北坡雷击火最少,为 177 起(11.2%)。2)有关因子与雷击火数量的 Pearson 相关分析表明,雷击火数量与经度(R=0.155,P0.001)、坡度(R=0.523,P0.001)存在极显著
4、负相关,与对应海拔面积(R=0.336,P0.001)、林业局面积(R=0.559,P0.001)存在极显著正相关,与对应坡度面积(R=0.734,P0.05)存在显著正相关,与纬度、海拔、对应坡向面积不存在显著相关。3)雷击火活跃日数在 19801985 年 最 少(3516.1)天,19861997 年 开 始 上 升(77.358.5)天,19982011 年 达 到 高 峰(112.147.9)天,20122021 年出现回落(68.133.2)天。以 5 年为间隔将 19802021 年划为 8 个时期后,第 37 个 5 年时期中的雷击火第一次高峰日存在逐渐前移的现象。【结论】大兴
5、安岭的雷击火数量从 2000 年开始出现明显上升,一年中 6 月最多而 8 月最少,一天中以 13 006100最多而 23 00500最少;雷击火在空间上的分布有聚集趋势,除坡向外,其他空间类型基本符合面积越大,雷击火数量越多的规律。雷击火在不同坡向分布的差异明显,主要表现为南较北多,东较西多;在19802021 年间的 4 个时期(19801985、19861997、19982011、20122021 年)雷击火活跃日呈“平缓上升高峰回落”的动态变化。雷击火第一次峰值日在年尺度上无明显规律,但在 5 年尺度上从第 37 个 5 年期间累积提前了 24 天。关键词:大兴安岭;雷击火;时空分布
6、;动态特征中图分类号:S762.1文献标识码:A文章编号:10017488(2023)10002210Temporal and Spatial Distribution and Dynamic Characteristics of Lightning Fires in theDaxinganling Mountains from 1980 to 2021Li Wei1,2Shu Lifu1,2Wang Mingyu1,2Li Weike1,2Yuan Shangbo3Si Liqing1,2Zhao Fengjun1,2Song Jiajun3Wang Yahui3(1.Ecology and
7、 Nature Conservation Institute,Chinese Academy of ForestryBeijing 100091;2.Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of NationalForestry and Grassland AdministrationBeijing 100091;3.Institute of Electrical Engineering of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190)Abstract:【Objective】This s
8、tudy aims to understand the spatial and temporal distribution of lightning fires in the Daxinganling Mountains and the dynamic changes over the past 42 years by analyzing the occurrence history of lightning fires in theregion from 1980 to 2021,so as to provide a scientific basis for the prevention a
9、nd control of lightning fires.【Method】Based on 收稿日期:20220617;修回日期:20230518。基金项目:中国林业科学研究院中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(CAFYBB2021ZB001);国家林业和草原局森林雷击火防控揭榜挂帅项目(2023132032)。*王明玉为通讯作者。第 59 卷 第 10 期林业科学 Vol.59,No.102 0 2 3 年 1 0 月SCIENTIA SILVAE SINICAEOct.,2 0 2 3the statistical data of lightning fires in t
10、he Daxinganling Mountains from 1980 to 2021,the administrative division of the studyarea and the DEM digital elevation model,the elevation,aspect and slope distribution maps and corresponding areas of the studyarea were obtained by processing the DEM data and calculating the corresponding areas.Comb
11、ined with the study zoning map,thespatial-temporal distribution characteristics and dynamic change trend of lightning fires were analyzed.【Result】1)From 1980 to2021,a total of 1 651 lightning fires occurred in the Daxinganling Mountains,with a total area of 473 088.8 hm2.Approximately89.4%of lightni
12、ng fires burned within 100 hm2.The number of lightning fires from 2000 to 2021 was about 3.5 times that of from1980 to 1999.Around 95.9%of the lightning fires occurred from May to August,and 52%of the lightning fires occurred from13:00 to 17:00.The number of lightning fires increased rapidly in the
13、days following the end of the spring fire prevention period onJune 15.In terms of longitude,lightning fires were mainly concentrated near the two centers of 121.2E and 122.5E.In terms oflatitude,80%of lightning fires were concentrated between 51N and 53.5N.There were significant differences in the l
14、ightning firedensity and lightning fire area ratio among different administrative divisions,with Heilongjiang being overall higher than InnerMongolia.The lightning fires were concentrated on slopes of 412,accounting for 48.9%of the total.When the slope was greaterthan 4,the number of lightning fires
15、 decreased with the increase of the slope.The most lightning fires occurred within 600800 maltitude,accounting for 33.2%of the total,while only 1.3%of lightning fires occurred in areas above 1 200 m.The southwest slopehad the largest number of lightning fires,with 219(13.9%).The northwest slope had
16、the fewest lightning fires,with 177(11.2%).2)The result of Pearson correlation analysis between impact factors and lightning fires showed that there was a highly significantnegative correlation between the number of lightning fires and longitude(R=0.155,P0.001),slope(R=0.523,P0.001),thecorresponding
17、 elevation area (R=0.336,P0.001),forest bureau area (R=0.559,P0.001),the corresponding slope area(R=0.734,P0.05).There was no significant correlation between the number of lightning fires with latitude,altitude and thecorresponding aspect area.From 1980 to 1985,the number of active days of lightning
18、 fires was the least and the most stable(3516.1)days.3)From 1986 to 1997,the number of active days of lightning fires began to rise to(77.358.5)days.3)From 1998to 2011,the number of active days of lightning fires reached the peak of(112.147.9)days,and from 2012 to 2021,the number ofactive days of li
19、ghtning fires decreased to(68.133.2)days.The period 19802021 was divided into 8 periods with a 5-yearinterval.From the third period to the seventh period,the first peak day of lightning fires gradually moved forward.【Conclusion】The number of lightning fires has significantly increased since 2000,wit
20、h the most lightning fires in June and theleast in August of the year,and with the most at 13:0016:00 and least at 23:005:00.The spatial distribution of lightning fires hasa tendency to gather,and except slope,all other spatial types basically conform to the law that the larger the area,the more the
21、number of lightning fires.There is obvious difference in the distribution of lightning fires in different aspect,mainly manifested asmore in the south than in the north,and more in the east than in the west.The active days of lightning fires from 1980 to 2021 canbe roughly divided into four periods,
22、namely 19801985,19861997,19982011,and 20122021,reflecting the dynamic changeof“flat,rising,peak and fall”.On the annual scale,there is no obvious regularity on the day of the first peak of lightning fire,buton the scale of 5-years,from the beginning of the third period to the end of the seventh peri
23、od,the date of the first peak of lightningfires accumulatively advances by 24 days.Key words:Daxinganling Mountains;lightning fires;spatiotemporal distribution;dynamic characteristics 雷击火是最常见的天然火,其发生和蔓延与雷电、天气、可燃物和地形有关(Bryson,2021)。雷击火具有随机性和隐蔽性。如发生在地形复杂、交通不便的偏远林区,难以及时发现并进行有效扑救,容易发展为大规模森林火灾。因此,虽然雷击火占所
24、有森林火灾的比例较低,却造成了相对较大的燃烧面积,其危害相较其他森林火灾更大(Wotton et al.,2005;Nieto etal.,2012)。由于雷击火对森林资源和社会经济造成了巨大损失,近年来国内外对雷击火进行了许多研究,主要包括驱动因素、预测模型和形成机理(舒洋等,2022)。如加拿大过火面积2 hm2的雷击火数量和活跃日数在 19592018 年间在大多数地区呈上升趋势(Cooganet al.,2020);西班牙东北部的雷击火发生比例与日降雨量大小有关,25%为无降水,40%为 02.5 mm(干雷暴天气),60%为 2.54 mm,90%为 410 mm(Pinedaet
25、al.,2017)。Read 等(2018)使用 logistic 回归模型预测了澳大利亚维多利亚州的雷击火发生概率,并提出一种新的模型选择方法,输入变量减少了 37.5%,但几乎不影响预测精度(AUC=0.859)。杜春英等(2010)发第 10 期李威等:大兴安岭 19802021 年雷击火时空分布特征23 现黑龙江大兴安岭的雷击火在 19662006 年间存在周期性震荡,且火场质心随时间延后向东南偏移。郭福涛等(2009)等发现黑龙江大兴安岭 19882005 年的雷击火呈聚集分布且存在热点区。臧桐汝等(2022)研究了黑龙江大兴安岭 19682010 年的雷击火分布规律与驱动因素,认为
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