在先锋与风土之间：近代上海的市政建筑.pdf

HERITAGE ARCHITECTURE遗产?建筑遗产1182023/1?WARFIELD COLUMN XXIX1890 年，上海工部局在河南路福州路转角处建造中央巡捕房，之后在北侧修建了中央救火站。1913 年，工部局买下该街区内的全部土地，建起三面围合的工部局大楼。1931 年，工部局将中央巡捕房搬到了如今福州路以南的地块，与工部局大楼隔街相望。这些建筑都由工部局的建筑师设计，而这条短短 150 m 的街道也成为近代上海市政建筑最集中的区域。工部局大楼将在大卫奇普菲尔德的设计下被改造成新的商业综合体。In 1890,the Shanghai Municipal Council constructed the Central Police Station at the corner of Fuzhou Road and Henan Road and subsequently built the Central Fire Station to its north.In 1913,the Council purchased the entire land in the block,where it erected the three-side encircled Shanghai Municipal Council Offices.In 1931,the Council moved the Central Police Station to the present-day area south of Fuzhou Road,which faced the Municipal Offices across the street.All these buildings were designed by architects affiliated with the Council;this street of a mere 150 m long has become the most concentrated area of municipal architecture in early 20th-century Shanghai.The Municipal Offices will be converted into a new commercial complex designed by the British architect David Chipperfield.从福州路看原上海公共租界中央巡捕房，照片右侧是改造中的原上海工部局大楼（摄影：段德生）Former Central Police Station of the International Settlement viewed from Fuzhou Road;on the right edge of the photo is the former Shanghai Municipal Council Offices under renovation.(Photograph:Duan Desheng)遗产?119HERITAGE ARCHITECTURE建筑遗产2023/1?自 1843 年开埠后，现代市政制度在上海的引入与本土化伴随着“一市三治”的城市格局的形成。1854 年，上海的外国租界共同成立了工部局，开始更加系统地管理租界市政；法租界于 1862 年退出工部局，另设公董局；华界自清末开始在南市、闸北等地试办市政，至 1927 年上海特别市政府成立，最终确立统一的市政机构。不同的市政机构将建筑与城市空间的建设作为自身合法性的重要来源，从而将租界和华界的分治、对治理效率的追求、不同文化与意识形态的竞争投射到市政建筑的设计和建造之中。市政建筑则为城市的治理、警务、消防、邮政、卫生与流动提供了环境和基础性支持，而这构成了上海城市化与现代化的必要条件。市政建筑项目一般由租界和华界的政府部门投资，并委托职业建筑师设计。他们委托的对象既包括邬达克等明星设计师，也包括公和洋行等大型设计公司。来自上海特别市政府的公共项目也令中国第一代“海归”建筑师得以崭露头角。此外，还有一些建筑师直接供职于市政机构的设计部门。例如，公共租界的工部局大楼就由工部局工务处的建筑师特纳设计。为了提高市政管理的效率，市政机构需要考虑选址地附近的交通条件、覆盖居民的数量、部门的组织方式以及不同站点间的协同工作，市政建筑的设计因此呈现?建筑In-between the Avant-garde and the Vernacular:Municipal Architecture in Modern Shanghai?Wen Zengxin?Zhang Xiaochun?Duan Desheng?Translated by Zhu Yayun标准化与制度化的倾向。这尤其体现在巡捕房、救火站和邮局建筑在城市中的分布，以及这三类建筑对转角地块的偏爱。这些建筑沿着近代上海城市的形成和?展，出现在主要的商业区与居住区附近。其中，巡捕房几乎是伴随租界每次扩张最早设立的市政建筑，宣示着对新的土地的控制；为了侦察到更大范围的火情并快速出警，救火站往往选址在道路转角并配合建造高耸的瞭望塔；各国邮局特别重视建筑转角的设计，其中地处四川路桥北端的邮政总局大楼拥有最引人注目的塔楼，也是往来的航船在拐进苏州河后见到的第一座地标。除了为城市治理提供专业化的空间，市政建筑也成为不同势力进行宣传和文化竞争的工具。公共租界、法租界与华界都尝试通过行政中心的设计彰显各自的影响和在场。1922 年落成的工部局大楼源自侨民不断增长的自治诉求，大楼的设计参考了英国本土和其他殖民地的市政厅，并由英国皇家建筑学会审核。在 1929 年开始的“大上海计划”中，上海特别市政府希望在江湾新建一个由中国人控制的市中心，这个目标通过“中国固有式”的市政府大楼、博物馆、图书馆等核心建筑以及“布扎式”的十字型城市平面实现。作为回应，公董局在 1934 年委托赉安洋行在如今襄阳公园的位置规划一座新的市政厅，并在风格、材料和平面上强调现代主义与法国的联系，后因战事的爆发而取消。市政建筑不仅是近代上海社会结构的背景与表征，还通过其他附属的构筑物与设施，形塑着人们的行为、组织和文化，并在更长的时段内规定了城市公共空间的秩序和形态。医院、市场、供水和排污设施在不知不觉中改造着市民的身体，使得“卫原法租界中央巡捕房（摄影：段德生）Former Central Police Station of the French Concession(Photograph:Duan Desheng)HERITAGE ARCHITECTURE遗产?建筑遗产1202023/1生”“洁净”等现代观念有了更加可感的形式和材料。火车站与铁路设施的建设既体现了市政机构与铁路管理局、地方社群间的矛盾，也对这些组织和个体的行动施加了有形的限制，甚至令此后的市政工程、道路建设与城市规划产生了持久的路径依赖。这些影响使得市政建筑穿过百年的历史，与当下的城市形态和日常生活息息相关。在调研与书写近代上海市政建筑的过程中，我们发现了这些由建筑物聚合起来的丰富联系和内涵，以及市政建筑之于经典的现代建筑历史的反思性价值。在 20 世纪初现代主义先锋日益加深的阴影下，市政建筑曾被学术界贬低为“变质的巧克力”，并被排除在现代建筑的写作之外。然而，正如历史学家约翰 萨莫森所指出的，这些项目才是大多数建筑师需要面对的“迫在眉睫的现实生活中的冒险”。对同时期的上海而言，市政建筑的价值不仅在于为急遽扩张的城市提供足够数量和质量的日常空间，还在于提供了一种先锋派现代主义的替代品，使得这座城市的居民能够在“先锋”缺席的情况下体验与想象现代性。因此，理解近代上海市政建筑的历史有助于突破单一的、英雄主义的与西方中心的现代建筑叙事。另一方面，由于市政建筑依赖专业化的美学和技术知识以及科层化的生产组织方式，这些由职业建筑师设计的建筑往往作为“风土”建筑的对立面出现。我们通常将广泛分布的、“没有建筑师”的里弄住宅视作上海风土建筑的代表，但市政建筑的历史挑战了这一范畴与匿名作者的绑定关系。关于“风土”的讨论中对市政建筑的习惯性忽视，恰恰掩盖了前者更加本质的内涵，即建筑的风土性源自建筑是“一种人人都能参与的营造过程”。如果说栖身于里弄令上海市民构筑了私人生活与这座现代城市的联系，那么在使用与体验市政建筑的过程中，一种现代都市文化中的公共性得以萌芽，而这亦可能是市政建筑之于“风土”的独特价值。Since Shanghai became a treaty port in 1843,modern municipal institutions had been in-troduced and appropriated into the citys tri-partite geopolitical structure.The Shanghai Municipal Council of the foreign settlements,co-established in 1854,began to run the munic-ipal affairs in a more systematic manner.The French Concession withdrew from the Council in 1862 and set up the French Municipal Coun-cil in its stead.The Chinese-administered zone had been running provisional municipal offices in Nanshi,Zhabei and other districts since the end of the 19th century,and finally inaugurat-ed a unified municipal organisation when the Nationalist-led Shanghai municipal government came into power in 1927.Different municipal organisations saw architecture and urban space as a primary source of their respective legit-imacy,therefore they imbued the design and construction of municipal architecture with the separate powers of the foreign settlements and Chinese zones,the pursuit of governance effi-ciency,and the competition between different cultures and ideologies.Municipal architecture,on the other hand,provided environmental and infrastructural supports for governance,policing,firefighting,post services,sanitation,and trans-portation,and created the necessary structures for Shanghais urbanisation and modernisation.Municipal architecture projects were gen-erally invested by the governing bodies in the foreign settlements and Chinese zones,and de-signed by professional architects.Some of the projects were assigned to the architects of great renown,such as Lszl Hudec(18931958)and major architectural firms,such as Palmer and Turner(Kung Wo Yeung Hong).Chinas first generation of trained-abroad architects were also given opportunities in public works under the aegis of the Nationalist-led Shanghai munic-ipal government.Others were directly employed by the design department of the municipal authorities.For example,it is Robert Charles Turner,the Public Works Departments in-house architect,who devised the Shanghai Municipal Council Offices in the International Settlement.To improve the efficiency of governance,the municipal organisations needed to consider the transportation condition of the selected sites and their environs,the number of residents cov-ered,the organisational structures of different departments,and coordination between various units.Consequently,the design for municipal architecture tended to appear standardised.This feature was particularly embodied by the location of the police stations,fire stations and post offices,as well as by their preference for street corners.Adapting to the expansion of Shanghais built areas,these buildings ap-peared in the vicinity of major commercial and residential areas.Among them,the police sta-tions were almost the first municipal buildings to be built with every expansion of the foreign settlements,proclaiming control over the newly acquired land.Accompanied by soaring watch-towers,the fire stations were often erected on the street corners to ensure earlier detection of greater fires and swift responses.The post offices of various countries paid particular at-tention to the design of building corners,as ex-emplified by the General Post Office Building at the northern end of the Sichuan Road Bridge,boasting the most imposing turret and serving as the very first landmark seen by the ships ar-riving at Suzhou Creek.Apart from providing specialised spaces for urban governance,municipal architecture became an instrument for po-litical propaganda and cultural competition amongst various forces.The International Settlement,the French Concession,and the Chinese-administered zone all endeavoured to flaunt their respective influence and presence through the design of the municipal centres.For example,the Shanghai Municipal Council Offices,completed in 1922,was erected to meet the ever-growing demand of the expatri-ate community for self-governance.Its design was inspired by the town halls in Britain and its colonies and certified by the Royal Institute of British Architects.In the Greater Shanghai Plan initiated in 1929,the Nationalist-led 遗产?121HERITAGE ARCHITECTURE建筑遗产2023/1Shanghai municipal government hoped to build a new Chinese-dominated city centre in Jiangwan,which was to be achieved through a group of quintessential Chinese style(Zhong-guo guyou shi)architecture such as the May-ors Building,Shanghai Museum and Shanghai Library,and a city plan featuring the Beaux-Arts cruciform.In response,the French Mu-nicipal Council commissioned the architectural firm Lonard,Veysseyre,and Kruze to con-ceive a new city hall on the site of the present Xiangyang Park,which highlighted Frances association with modernism in style,materials,and layout,but the plan was cancelled later due to the outbreak of war.Other types of municipal architecture and facilities shaped peoples behaviours,organ-isations,and cultures,and defined the order and form of urban public space over a longer period,yet in a less conscious way.Hospitals,markets,water and sewage facilities trans-formed the body of the citizens imperceptibly,lending more palpable forms and materials to modern concepts such as sanitation and hy-giene.The construction of railway stations and infrastructure not only captured the conflicts between municipal organisations,railroad bu-reaus,and local communities,but also imposed concrete restrictions on the actions of these or-ganisations and individuals,and even provided a lasting path dependence for the subsequent constructions and urban planning.These im-pacts have enabled the municipal architecture of a century ago to become bound up with the contemporary urban form and daily life.While investigating and writing on the municipal architecture of modern Shanghai,we have discovered these rich connections and connotations assembled by buildings,as well as the critical value of municipal archi-tecture for the canonical history of modern architecture.In the shadow of the modernist avant-garde that flourished in the early 20th century,municipal architecture was denigrat-ed as stale chocolate and excluded from the writings on modern architecture.However,as?闻增鑫，同济大学建筑与城市规划学院（上海200092）博士研究生张晓春，同济大学建筑与城市规划学院（上海 200092）教授，本文通讯作者段德生，同济大学建筑与城市规划学院（上海 200092）硕士研究生?2023-01-09?国家自然科学基金项目（51878453）Biography:Wen Zengxin,PhD Candidate at the College of Architecture and Urban Planning,Tongji University(Shanghai 200092)Zhang Xiaochun,Professor at the College of Architecture and Urban Planning,Tongji University(Shanghai 200092),corresponding author of this articleDuan Desheng,postgraduate student at the College of Architecture and Urban Planning,Tongji University(Shanghai 200092)Received date:9 January,2023Funding:National Natural Science Foundation of China(51878453)the historian John Summerson(19041992)warned British architects,these projects were actually the real-life adventures which are looming ahead.In Shanghai during the same period,municipal architecture was also crucial,not only in providing the rapidly ex-panding city with everyday spaces of sufficient quantity and quality,but also in serving as an alternative to avant-garde modernism.With this group of buildings,the citys residents were able to experience and imagine modernity in the absence of the avant-garde.Therefore,the histories of municipal architecture in early 20th-century Shanghai enable us to go beyond the singular,heroic,and Western-centred nar-rative of modern architecture.On the other hand,municipal architecture often came to attention as opposite to the ver-nacular architecture,since these buildings de-pended more on the aesthetic and technological knowledge of professional architects,as well as the bureaucratic organisation of production.While we usually consider the lilong(lit.lanes and alleyways)housinga form of architec-ture without architects spreading all over the cityas the canon of Shanghais vernacular architecture,the histories of municipal archi-tecture have challenged this categorys prob-lematic fixation on anonymous authors.The habitual dismissal of municipal architecture in the vernacular discourse veils the latters more essential meaning:architectural vernac-ular lies in a process of arrangement in which every normal man may participate.If the citys residents constructed their private lives by dwelling in the lilong housing,then in the process of utilising and experiencing municipal architecture,the publicness of modern urbanity began to sprout,and this may also be the ver-nacular value of municipal architecture.Summerson J.Bread&Butter and Architecture J.Horizon,1942,6(34):236-243.Scruton R.The Aesthetics of Architecture M.London:Methuen&Co.Ltd.,1979:16.HERITAGE ARCHITECTURE遗产?建筑遗产1222023/1近代上海的邮政虽由各国领事馆或海关经营，但邮政设施的建设离不开市政机构的配合。工部局也曾下设邮政部门，直到 1897 年被大清邮政总局兼并。1905 年竣工的德国邮局是邮局建筑的代表，由德国建筑师海因里希贝克尔设计。建筑最吸引人的部分是转角处的巴洛克钟楼和穹顶。但在 20 世纪 40 年代的一场火灾后，建筑外观被大大简化，在 50 年代以后的风波中，穹顶几乎消失，并与加建的楼层齐平。相?之下，1924 年建成的邮政总局大楼要幸运得多。如今，游客仍然可以从不同角度欣赏建筑的立面、转角，以及朝向苏州河的精致钟楼。The postal services in early 20th-century Shanghai were functioned by the consulates or customs of various countries,but the construction of postal facilities relied on the cooperation of the municipal organisations.The Shanghai Municipal Council had once set up a postal sector,which was taken over by the Great Qing Imperial Post Office in 1897.The German Post Office,designed by the German architect Heinrich Becker and completed in 1905,was a representative example of post office buildings.The most spectacular section of the building was the Baroque clock turret and the dome on the corner.After a fire in the 1940s,however,the buildings appearance was significantly simplified,and the dome,having all but vanished,became flush with the added top floor from the turbulent 1950s onward.In contrast,the General Post Office Building,constructed in 1924,fared much better.Today,visitors can still appreciate its faade,corner,and delicate clock turret overlooking Suzhou Creek from various vantage points.原德国邮局现状（摄影：段德生）Current condition of the former German Post Office(Photograph:Duan Desheng)原邮政总局大楼（摄影：段德生）Former General Post Office Building(Photograph:Duan Desheng)遗产?123HERITAGE ARCHITECTURE建筑遗产2023/1由于功能特殊，救火站?其他市政建筑具有更明显的规律性。除底层带车库的主体建筑，车库后方会建造高耸的瞭望塔用以观测火情。虹口救火站体现了这种特殊的空间技术如何与更大范围的道路和城市空间结合。建筑利用近 120的街道转角与弧形的立面设计，从而获得更宽阔的车库出口与阳台，也令后退的建筑主体与瞭望塔的高度在视觉上更接近 1 2 的?例。工部局最晚设立的宜昌路救火站位于公共租界的边缘，它简洁的立面和白墙说明了现代主义（作为一种风格）对 20 世纪 30 年代上海的影响。Because of their distinctive function,fire stations tend to have more pronounced uniformity than other municipal buildings.The main building is equipped with a garage on the ground floor,and a soaring watchtower is erected behind the garage to detect fires.The Hongkou Fire Station exemplifies how this unique spatial technology is integrated with the more expansive street and urban space.This building utilises the nearly 120 angle of the street corner and the arc-shaped front elevation to allow wider access to the garage and balconies,and to make the height ratio of the retreated main building and the watchtower closer to 1:2 visually.The Yichang Road Fire Station,the last one set up by the Shanghai Municipal Council,was sited on the edge of the International Settlement,whose simple faade and white walls illustrated the influence of modernism(as a style)on Shanghai in the 1930s.原虹口救火站（摄影：段德生）Former Hongkou Fire Station(Photograph:Duan Desheng)原宜昌路救火站（摄影：闻增鑫）Former Yichang Road Fire Station(Photograph:We