肺部转移瘤的影像诊断ppt课件.ppt
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1、肺转移瘤(Metastatic tumors of the lung)l肺是转移瘤的好发脏器,大量尸检结果显示,有2054胸外恶性肿瘤的病人发生肺转移。肺转移的途径可以是血行播散、淋巴道转移或邻近器官直接侵犯。以绒毛膜癌、乳腺癌多见,恶性软组织肿瘤、肝癌、骨肉瘤和胰腺癌次之;还有甲状腺癌、肾癌、前列腺癌和肾胚胎癌等。l肺转移瘤以血行转移最为常见,血行转移为肿瘤细胞经腔静脉回流到右心而转移到肺。瘤栓到达肺小动脉及毛细血管后,可浸润并穿过血管壁,在周围间质及肺泡内生长,形成肺转移瘤。淋巴道转移多由血行转移至肺小动脉及毛细血管床,继而穿过血管壁侵入支气管血管周围淋巴结,癌瘤在淋巴管内增殖,形成多发的
2、小结节病灶。常发生于支气管血管周围间质、小叶间隔及胸膜下间质,并通过淋巴管在肺内播散。肿瘤向肺内直接转移的原发病变为胸膜、胸壁及纵隔的恶性肿瘤。l肺部转移性肿瘤较小时,很少出现症状,特别是血行性转移,咳嗽和痰中带血并不多见。大量的肺转移可出现气促,尤其是淋巴性转移。通常起病潜隐而进展较快,在数周内迅速加重。胸膜转移时,有胸闷或胸痛。肺部转移性肿瘤变化快,短期内可见肿瘤增大、增多,有的在原发肿瘤切除后或放疗、化疗后。有时可缩小或消失。典型肺转移多能明确诊断,主要表现为:典型肺转移多能明确诊断,主要表现为:l1.血行转移:多发是肺转移瘤特征(在多发肺结节中,转移瘤占70%80%),表现为两肺多发结
3、节灶,边缘多清楚、密度均匀,以两肺中下野、外周常见,67%见于胸膜下,25%发生在肺野外1/3。较大的病灶可达10cm以上,较小的病灶为粟粒结节病灶,小结节及粟粒病灶多见于甲状腺癌、肝癌、胰腺癌及绒毛膜上皮癌转移;多发及单发的较大结节及肿块多见于肾癌、结肠癌、黑色素瘤、骨肉瘤及精原细胞瘤等的转移。l粟粒样肺转移:DMLD(diffuse micronodular lung disease),each nodule being 3mm in diameter and occupying more than two-thirds of lung volume on chest radiograph
4、,can be differentiated by its distribution.Centrilobular distribution is seen in DPB(diffuse panbronchiolitis),infectious bronchiolitis,H.influenza,bronchogenic disseminated tuberculosis,pneumoconiosis,primary lymphoma,and foreign body-induced necrotizing vasculitis.Perilymphatic distribution is not
5、ed in pneumoconiosis,sarcoidosis,amyloidosis.Random distribution is found in miliary tuberculosis and pulmonary metastasis.The nodules in pulmonary metastatic disease appeared to be slightly larger and are more variable in size than those in miliary tuberculosis.They show relatively well defined mar
6、gins.Miliary metastases are most likely to be due to thyroid,renal carcinoma,bone sarcoma,trophoblastic disease,or melanoma.l2.淋巴道转移:淋巴转移以癌性淋巴管炎及淋巴结肿大为特征。多见于胃癌和乳腺癌。HRCT是诊断淋巴道转移的重要方法,当胸片正常时,HRCT间有典型表现。表现为支气管血管束增粗,并有结节,小叶间隔呈串珠状改变或增粗,小叶中心有结节灶,并有胸膜下结节。可并有肺门淋巴结增大,以单侧为主 l3.肿瘤直接侵犯:肿瘤直接侵犯:纵隔、胸膜和胸壁的恶性肿瘤直接蔓延到
7、肺部,表现为大小不等的转移灶。CT和MRI可以显示肺内转移灶与原发灶的关系和肋骨及胸膜的侵犯情况。临床经常遇到非典型肺转移,就需与其他肺部非恶性疾病相鉴别。临床经常遇到非典型肺转移,就需与其他肺部非恶性疾病相鉴别。临床经常遇到非典型肺转移,就需与其他肺部非恶性疾病相鉴别。临床经常遇到非典型肺转移,就需与其他肺部非恶性疾病相鉴别。其放射学表现包括:其放射学表现包括:空洞、钙化、瘤周出血、气胸、含气间隙病变、空洞、钙化、瘤周出血、气胸、含气间隙病变、空洞、钙化、瘤周出血、气胸、含气间隙病变、空洞、钙化、瘤周出血、气胸、含气间隙病变、肿瘤栓塞、支气管内膜转移、单发转移、瘤内血管扩张、灭活性转肿瘤栓塞
8、、支气管内膜转移、单发转移、瘤内血管扩张、灭活性转肿瘤栓塞、支气管内膜转移、单发转移、瘤内血管扩张、灭活性转肿瘤栓塞、支气管内膜转移、单发转移、瘤内血管扩张、灭活性转移瘤移瘤移瘤移瘤(sterilized metastases)(sterilized metastases)、良性肿瘤肺转移。、良性肿瘤肺转移。、良性肿瘤肺转移。、良性肿瘤肺转移。l一、空洞一、空洞 空洞较少见,仅占4%,较原发肺癌发生率(9)低,其中70%为鳞癌转移。但最近有研究表明,在CT上腺癌和鳞癌发生空洞性转移的几率无显著性差异。此外,转移性肉瘤也可发生空洞,同时合并气胸。化疗也可导致空洞形成。空洞的发生机制常难确定,一般
9、认为是肿瘤坏死或向支气管内侵犯形成活瓣所致。空洞以不规则厚壁多见,肉瘤或腺癌的肺转移可为薄壁空洞。肉瘤转移可伴有空洞,但常合并有气胸 lChest CT scans show a spiculated mass in the apex of the left lung with multiple small nodular lesions in both lungs.Some of the nodules appear as cavitary or ring-like lesions.Discussion Cavitation of metastatic nodules is not as c
10、ommon as with primary lung carcinoma.The frequency of it is 4%,in contrast to 9%of primary lung carcinomas.Among metastatic nodules associated with cavitation,70%are metastatic squamous cell carcinoma.The head and neck in males and the genitalia in females are the most common primary organ sites.Cav
11、itation is observed rarely in metastatic adenocarcinoma,particularly that from colon cancer.Metastatic sarcoma can also be accompanied by cavitation,and pneumothorax is a relatively frequent complication.Chemotherapy is known to induce cavitation in metastatic pulmonary nodules.l二、钙化二、钙化肺结节发生钙化常提示为良
12、性,最常见于肉芽肿性病变,其次是错构瘤。但有些恶性肿瘤的肺内转移性结节也可发生钙化或骨化,可见于骨肉瘤、软骨肉瘤、滑膜肉瘤、骨巨细胞瘤、结肠癌、卵巢癌、乳腺癌、甲状腺癌的肺转移和经治疗的转移性绒癌。钙化机制包括:骨形成(骨肉瘤或软骨肉瘤)。营养不良性钙化(甲状腺乳头状癌、骨巨细胞瘤、滑膜肉瘤或经过治疗的转移性肿瘤)。黏液性钙化(胃肠道和乳腺黏液腺癌)。CT是发现钙化的准确方法,但不能区分转移性结节与肉芽肿性病变或错构瘤内的钙化。l三、瘤周出血三、瘤周出血比较典型的CT表现是结节周围出现磨玻璃样密度或边缘模糊的晕(晕轮征)。但晕征不具特异性,还可见于其他疾病,如侵袭性曲霉菌病、念珠菌病、Wege
13、ner肉芽肿、伴咯血的结核瘤、细支气管肺泡癌和淋巴瘤等。胸片上表现为边缘不规则的多发结节。血管肉瘤和绒癌的肺转移最易发生出血,可能因为新生血管壁脆弱而易破裂。lHemorrahgic Metastasis from Choriocarcinoma(绒毛膜癌)Radiologic FindingsChest radiograph shows multiple,ill-defined nodular opacities in both lungs.HRCT scan shows multiple,ill-defined nodules with halo of ground glass atten
14、uation in the periphery zones of both lungs.Diagnosis was made based on clinical history of choriocarcinoma and radiologic findings.Serum HCG level was as high as 59,100 IU/ml.Brief Review The incidence of pulmonary metastases varies with the primary tumor and the stage of the disease.In autopsy ser
15、ies the most common sources of metastases to the lungs include tumors of breast,colon,kidney,uterus,prostate,head,and neck.Tumors such as choriocarcinoma,osteosarcoma,Ewings sarcoma,testicular tumors,melanoma and thyroid carcinoma have a high incidence of pulmonary metastases,but because they are no
16、t as prevalent in the population,lung deposits from these tumors are encountered less frequently.Hematogenous metastases usually result in multiple,large,well-defined nodules and tend to involve mainly the lower lung zones and frequently have a peripheral distribution.On occasion,if the metastases h
17、ave bled into the surrounding lung,they show ill-defined edges.The reported incidence of pulmonary metastasis of choriocarcinoma has ranged from 5.1-67%.The pattern of thoracic metastasis from choriocarcinoma is variable,including pulmonary nodules with surrounding hemorrhage,miliary nodules,nodule
18、or masses with arteriovenous aneurysm formation,and pulmonary or pleural metastasis with spontaneous hemothorax.l四、自发性气胸 少见,文献报道骨肉瘤的肺转移最易并发气胸,见于57的病例。其他肉瘤或易发生坏死的恶性肿瘤发生气胸也有报道。发生机制可能是胸膜下转移瘤发生坏死形成支气管胸膜瘘所致。骨肉瘤病人发生气胸时应高度警惕肺转移。五、含气间隙病变 腺癌的肺内转移可以类似细支气管肺泡癌,沿完整的肺泡壁向肺内蔓延。放射学表现类似肺炎,可表现为含气间隙结节、伴含气支气管征的实变、局灶或弥漫的
19、磨玻璃密度、伴晕征的肺结节。可见于胃肠道腺癌、乳腺癌和卵巢腺癌的肺转移。由于这种类型的转移瘤在组织学上与细支气管肺泡癌表现相似,因此在诊断细支气管肺泡癌之前,应先除外肺外腺癌的存在。六、肿瘤栓塞六、肿瘤栓塞实性恶性肿瘤病人尸检中有24260可在镜下见到瘤栓。瘤栓常较小,常位于小或中等肺动脉分支内。恶性肿瘤病人如出现急性或亚急性呼吸困难和低氧血症,而胸片正常,则常提示肿瘤栓塞的可能。此时行放射性核素灌注扫描常常显示出多发、小的周围性亚段灌注缺损。典型的肺动脉造影表现为段肺动脉充盈延迟及三、四级肺动脉分支突然截断和扭曲,偶可见亚段肺动脉内充盈缺损。瘤栓的CT表现为周围亚段肺动脉分支多处局限性扩张、
20、串珠样改变,并可见肺梗死所致的以胸膜为基底的楔形实变影。CT和肺动脉造影能发现主、叶或段肺动脉内的较大瘤栓。原发瘤常见于肝癌、乳腺癌、肾癌、胃癌、前列腺癌及绒癌。l七、支气管内膜转移七、支气管内膜转移 发生率低,肉眼可见的大气道内转移仅见于2的病例。原发瘤常为肾癌、乳腺癌和结肠直肠癌。多表现为肺叶或一侧性肺不张,CT上可能见到圆形支气管内膜转移灶,但难与原发支气管癌相鉴别。支气管内膜转移的途径有:通过吸人肿瘤细胞、淋巴或血行直接播散转移至支气管壁。淋巴结或肺实质内的肿瘤细胞沿支气管树生长,并突破支气管壁形成腔内病变。l八、单发转移八、单发转移 无恶性肿瘤史的病人单发肺转移的发生率低(0490)
21、。有胸外恶性肿瘤史的病人发生单发肺结节时2546为转移瘤。其中有头颈部、膀胱、乳腺、宫颈、胆管、食管、卵巢、前列腺及胃癌瘤史的病人发生原发肺癌的几率远多于单发转移性病变;而黑色素瘤、肉瘤和睾丸癌发生单发肺转移较原发肺癌多见。lWhen a solitary nodule is detected in a known case of malignancy,the possibility of its being a metastasis is 25%1.Usually metastatic pulmonary nodules are well-circumscribed with smooth
22、margin.Because tumor cells hematogeneously transferred to the lung proliferate into the perivascular interstitium,they appear interstitial lesions having clear,smooth margins.However metastatic tumors can actually grow out the vessels into the adjacent interstitium and alveolar air-space and then pr
23、oliferate,destroying the lung parenchyma.Metastatic nodules with irregular margins can the expected to be relatively common.In one study regarding CT of pulmonary metastasis with pathologic correlation 2,well defined,smooth margins on HRCT corresponded histopathologically to an expanding type and to
24、 an alveolar space-filling type;those with poorly defined margins,to an alveolar cell type,and those with irregular margins,to an interstitial proliferating type.A solitary metastatic nodule with irregular margin may be difficult to differentiate from a primary lung cancer.Actually development of a
25、solitary pulmonary nodule in patients previously treated for breast cancer may represent something other than recurrent disease.Casey et al 3 found that 52%of breast cancer patients presenting with a solitary pulmonary nodule had primary lung cancer,43%proved to have metastatic breast cancer,and 5%p
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