装载机毕业设计翻译.doc

毕业设计（论文）
英文翻译

年级、 专业: 2007级机械设计制造
及其自动化三班
姓 名: 邓 波
学 号: 312007080301312
指 导 教 师: 秦小屿

Loaders
1 Overview

1.1 Basic Concept
A loader is a type of construction equipment (engineering vehicle) machinery that is primarily used to "load" material into another type of machinery (dump truck, conveyor belt, rail-car, etc.).Loaders are used mainly for uploading materials into trucks, laying pipe, clearing rubble, and digging. A loader is not the most efficient machine for digging as it cannot dig very deep below the level of its wheels, like a backhoe can. Their deep bucket can usually store about 3-6 cubic meters of earth. The front loader's bucket capacity is much bigger than a bucket capacity of a backhoe loader. Loaders are not classified as earthmoving machinery, as their primary purpose is other than earthmoving.
Unlike most bulldozers, most loaders are wheeled and not tracked, although track loaders are common. They are succesful where sharp edged materials in construction debris would damage rubber wheels, or where the ground is soft and muddy. Wheels provide better mobility and speed and do not damage paved roads as much as tracks, but provide less traction.
Unlike standard tractors fitted with a front bucket, many large loaders do not use automotive steering mechanisms. Instead, they steer by a hydraulically actuated pivot point set exactly between the front and rear axles. This is referred to as "articulated steering" and allows the front axle to be solid, allowing it to carry greater weight. Articulated steering provides better maneuverability for a given wheelbase. Since the front wheels and attachment rotate on the same axis, the operator is able to "steer" his load in an arc after positioning the machine, which can be useful.
The loader assembly may be a removable attachment or permanently mounted. Often the bucket can be replaced with other devices or tools--for example, many can mount forks to lift heavy pallets or shipping containers, and a hydraulically-opening "clamshell" bucket allows a loader to act as a light dozer or scraper.
In construction areas loaders are also used to transport building materials - such as bricks, pipe, metal bars, and digging tools - over short distances.Loaders are also used for snow removal, using their bucket or a snowbasket, but usually using a snowplow attachment. They clear snow from streets, highways and parking lots. They sometimes load snow into dump trucks for transport.
Front loaders gained popularity during the last two decades, especially in urban engineering projects and small earthmoving works. Many engineering vehicle manufacturers offer a wide range of loaders, the most notable are those of John Deere, Caterpillar, Case, Volvo, Komatsu and Liebherr.
1.2 Applications

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1. loading materials；2. earthmoving；3. forestr engineering；4. snow removing；5. underground work；6. loading and unloading；7. pipe laying；8. maintain pavement；9. land clearing；10. garden work；11. rolling compaction；12. tunnel construction

1.3 Types
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1. mini type loader；2.small type wheel loader；3.medium type wheel loader；4.large type wheel loader；5. track-type loader；6. skid steer loader；7. underground mining loader；8. multi terrain loader；9. wheel backhoe loader；

2 Components and Features
2.1 Components

1、bucket；2. front axle；3.instrumentation console；4. cab and operating system；5.engine and transmission system；6. engine hood；7. counterweight；8. rear axle；9.rear frame；10. electrical system；11. front frame；12. mudguard；13. boom；14. rocker arm cylinder；15. connecting rod；16. rocker arm；17. boom cylinder；18. frame
2.2 Bucket Features

1. Edge steel with extra hardened and toughened wear plates of up to 500 Brinell gives the bucket longer operating life.
2.Bucket shell and side plates of up to 400 Brinell to withstand abrasive wear. Reinforced mounting points where the attachment is installed give less wear.
3.Bucket cutting edges of abrasive-resistant steel of up to 500 Brinell. Replaceable bolt-on wear plates on bucket floor,500 Brinell.
4.Bolt-on edge savers and segments protect the cutting edge from unnecessary wear.
5.Volvo Tooth System with bolt-on or weld-on adapters of up to 515 Brinell gives excellent penetration and less bucket wear.
3 New Technology of Wheel Loader
3.1 Introduction
Komatsu-integrated design offers the best value, reliability, and versatility. Hydraulics, powertrain, frame, and all other major components are engineered by Komatsu. You get a machine whose components are designed to work together for higher production, greater reliability, and more versatility. Komatsu’s highly productive, innovative technology, environmentally friendly machines built for the 21st century.
3.2 High Productivity and Low Fuel Consumption
1. Two Mode Engine Power Select System

This wheel loader offers two selectable engine operating modes — Normal and Power. The operator can adjust the machine’s engine performance to match the condition requirements. This system is controlled with a dial on the right side control panel.
（1） Normal Mode: provides maximum fuel efficiency for most general loading conditions.
（2）Power Mode: provides maximum power output for hard digging conditions or hill climb operations.
2.Automatic Transmission with Four Mode Select System

This operator controlled system allows the selection of manual shifting or three levels of automatic shifting modes (low, medium, and high). The operator can match the machine’s operating requirements with optimum performance efficiency. This system is controlled with a dial on the right side of the control panel.
（1）Manual: The transmission is fixed to the gear speed and selected with the gear shift lever.
（2）Auto Low: Low mode provides smooth gear shifting at low engine speeds suitable for general excavating and loading while offering reduced fuel consumption.
（3）Auto Medium: Medium mode provides gear shifting at mid-range engine speeds required for more aggressive conditions.
（4）Auto High: High mode provides maximum rim pull and fast cycle times by shifting the transmission at high engine speeds. This mode is suitable for hill-climb and load and carry operations.
3.Dual-Speed Hydraulic System
Komatsu’s automatic dual-speed hydraulic system increases operational efficiency and productivity by matching the hydraulic demands to the work conditions.
（1） Digging Operations

Engine power used to operate the switch pump is transferred to the transmission to provide increased rimpull when digging.
（2） Lifting Operations
The switch pump assists the loader pump to provide increased lifting speed and power when lifting and loading.
3.3 Increased Reliability
1. Komatsu Components

Komatsu manufactures the engine, torque converter, transmission, hydraulic units, and electrical parts on this wheel loader. Komatsu loaders are manufactured with an integrated production system under a strict quality control system.
2. Flat Face-to-Face O-Ring Seals

Flat face-to-face O-ring seals are used to securely seal all hydraulic hose connections and prevent oil leakage.
3.Cylinder Buffer Rings

Buffer rings are installed to the head-side of the all-hydraulic cylinders to lower the load on the rod seals, prolong cylinder life by 30% and maximize overall reliability.
4. Wet multi-disc brakes and fully hydraulic braking system

The wet disc service and parking brakes are fully sealed and adjustment-free to reduce contamination, wear and maintenance. Added reliability is designed into the braking system by the use of two independent hydraulic circuits providing hydraulic backup should one of the circuits fail. If the brake oil pressure drops, a warning lamp flashes and an alarm sounds intermittently. If the brake pressure continues to drop, the parking brake is automatically applied providing a double safety system.
5. High-Rigidity Frames

The front and rear frames along with the loader linkage have high rigidity to withstand repeated twisting and bending loads to the loader body and linkage. Both the upper and lower center pivot bearings use tapered roller bearings for increased durability.
译文：
装载机
1 概述
1.1 基本概念
装载机是一种主要用于向另一种机械（自卸车、输送皮带、铁路运输车辆等）“装载”物料的建设机械（工程车辆）设备。装载机主要用于向卡车装载物料，以及铺设管道、清理碎石和挖土等工作。作为挖土作业装载机不是最有效的机械，与挖掘机不同，装载机不适用于轮胎支承面以下较深处的挖掘作业。装载机的深底铲斗一般可装载3～6立方米的土壤。铲斗前置装载机的斗容量远大于挖掘装载机的斗容量。装载机不属于铲土运输机械，因其主要用途并非土方运输。
尽管履带式装载机是普遍的，但与大多数推土机不同，大多数装载机是轮式的而并非履带式。履带式装载机适用于棱角锐利的建筑材料会破坏橡胶轮胎的场合，或者在松软泥泞道路上的作业。轮式装载机具有良好的机动性和较高的工作速度，并且不像履带那样破坏铺装路面，但其所能提供的牵引力较小。
与安装前置铲斗的标准拖拉机不同，许多大型装载机不使用汽车转向机构。取而代之，它们通过液压驱动的安装于前、后桥之间的转向铰接装置转向。这种转向称为“铰接转向”，它可使前桥固定，并使其承受更大的重量。对于一定的轴距铰接转向提供了较好的机动性。由于前轮与工作装置绕同一车轴旋转，驾驶员在使机械定位后可使铲斗沿弧线“转向”，这一点是实用的。
装载机的工作装置可以是更换式的或者是固定安装。铲斗常常可用其它装置或工具更换，例如，许多装载机可以安装叉车工装提升重型货物或者装运集装箱，装备液压开启式“蛤壳”型铲斗可以使装载机像推土机或铲运机一样作业。
在各种建筑工地上装载机也经常用来近距离转运建筑材料，例如砖块、管材、钢筋、各种挖掘工具等。借助铲斗或除雪铲，装载机也用于除雪作业，但通常使用除雪装置。它们用来清除街道、公路和停车场上的积雪。有时用装载机将积雪装载到自卸车上进行运输。
近20年来，特别是在城市建设工程和小型土方运输工程中，装载机获得了普遍的应用。许多工程车辆制造商可生产多种类型的装载机，其中最知名的有约翰迪尔、卡特彼勒、凯斯、沃尔沃、小松和利勃海尔等品牌。
1.2 应用

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l.装载材料；2.铲土运输；3.林业工程；4.除雪作业；5.井下作业；6. 装卸货物；7.铺设管道；8.维修路面；9.场地清理；10.园林工作；11.碾压路面；12.隧道作业
1.3 类型
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1.微型装载机；2.小型轮式装载机；3. 中型轮式装载机；4. r大型轮式装载机；5.履带式装载机；6. r滑移转向装载机；7.井下作业装载机；8. 多功能装载机；9.轮式挖掘装载机；10.侧卸式装载机
2 组成与特点
2.1 组成

1. 铲斗；2. 前桥；3.仪表盘；4.驾驶室及操作系统；5.发动机及传动系统；6. 发动机罩；7.配重；8.后桥；9.后机架；10.电气系统；11. 前机架；12.挡泥板；13.动臂；14. 摇臂油缸；15.连杆；16.摇臂；17.动臂油缸；18.机架
2.2 铲斗特点

1. 铲斗棱边为超硬耐磨钢板，布氏硬度达到500，具有较长的使用寿命。
2. 铲斗壳体与侧板的布氏硬度达400,以抵抗磨料磨损。经强化处理的附件安装铰点减少了磨损。
3. 铲斗切削刀刃为抗磨料磨损钢材，布氏硬度达500。铲斗底板上安装有耐磨衬板，由螺栓紧固可更换，布氏硬度为500。
4. 螺栓紧固的边缘节省块和分段防止了切削刃的不必要磨损。
5. 沃尔沃斗齿系统配备有螺栓紧固型或焊接型连接器，布氏硬度达515，具有最佳的插入深度和较小的磨损。
3 轮式装载机新技术
3.1 简介
小松集成设计可获得最大的价值、最高的可靠性与多功能性。液压系统、传动装置、机架等主要部件均由小松制造。机械部件通过设计使其共同协调工作，以获得更大的生产能力、更高的可靠性和更多的功能。小松的高生产率、技术创新与环境友好型机械产品为21世纪而制造。
3.2 高生产率与低燃料消耗
1. 双模式发动机功率选择系统

本轮式装载机设置了两个可选发动机工作模式——正常与动力工作模式。驾驶员可以调节机器发动机特性，使其与工况要求相匹配。这一调节系统用右控制台上的旋钮进行控制。
（1）正常工作模式：在大多数负载条件下提供最大的燃油效率。
（2）动力工作模式：在坚硬土壤挖掘条件下或在爬坡行驶时提供最大的动力输出。
2. 四工作模式自动变速箱

这一由驾驶员控制的系统允许其进行人力换挡或三级（低、中、高）自动换挡模式选择。驾驶员能够使作业要求与最佳性能相匹配。这一系统由控制台上右边的旋钮进行控制。
（1）人力换挡模式：变速箱齿轮速度固定并通过变速杆进行选择
（2）自动低档模式：抵挡模式保证发动机低速工况下的平稳换挡，适用于普通铲装作业，具有较低的燃油消耗。
（3）自动中档模式：提供发动机中速范围换挡操作，适用于更加主动的作业工况。
（4）自动高档模式：提供发动机高速工况下的换挡操作，可产生最大的铲掘力与快速的作业循环。这一模式适用于爬坡、铲装与转运的循环作业。
3. 双速液压系统
小松自动双速液压系统通过使液压需求与工况相匹配提高了作业效率和生产率。
(1)铲装作业

铲装作业时，用来驱动转换泵的发动机功率输入变速箱以增加铲掘力。
(2) 提升作业

提升装载作业时，转换泵辅助装载机主泵以增加提升速度和功率。
3.3 提高可靠性
1. 小松部件

该轮式装载机上小松制造了发动机、变矩器、液压装置和电器元件。小松装载机制造采用了严格质量控制下的集成生产系统。
2. 扁平面对面O型圈密封

对所有液压软管连接采用扁平面对面O型圈进行安全密封，以防液压油泄露
3. 液压缸缓冲密封圈

缓冲密封圈安装在全液压油缸的头部以降低推杆密封载荷，可延长液压缸寿命30%并使总可靠性最大。
4. 湿式多片制动器与全液压制动系统

行车与停车湿式盘式制动器完全密封并无需调节，从而减少了污染、磨损和维护。在制动系统中采用两个独立液压回路，作为当某一液压回路发生故障时的贮备，从而增加了系统的可靠性。当制动压力降低时，报警灯闪烁，报警器间歇鸣叫。如果制动压力持续降低，停车制动器将自动启动，形成双安全系统。
5. 大刚度车架

前、后车架及装载机铰接机构具有较大的刚度，以抵抗重复扭转与弯曲载荷对装载机机身和铰接机构的作用。上、下中心枢轴轴承均采用圆锥滚子轴承以提高寿命。