完形填空解题技巧.ppt

完完 形形 填填 空空 20172017高考专题复习之高考专题复习之完形填空完形填空鹤壁高中陈致玲【考纲要求与说明考纲要求与说明】完形填空全面考查学生在阅读理解基础之完形填空全面考查学生在阅读理解基础之上运用词汇和语法的能力和水平。上运用词汇和语法的能力和水平。解题过程要求考生根据文章的整体内容，解题过程要求考生根据文章的整体内容，区分结构的层次和内容的逻辑关系，对语篇中区分结构的层次和内容的逻辑关系，对语篇中的缺失信息进行猜测、推断、验证的过程，通的缺失信息进行猜测、推断、验证的过程，通常我们可以常我们可以借助语篇的上下文线索以及文化背借助语篇的上下文线索以及文化背景知识景知识等进行解题。阅读过程中多注意体会等进行解题。阅读过程中多注意体会作作者的写作意图者的写作意图，加强分析推理能力。，加强分析推理能力。1.以叙为主以叙为主,叙议结合叙议结合;2.篇章短小篇章短小,意义完整意义完整;3.首句完整首句完整,主题明确主题明确;4.结构清晰结构清晰,层次分明层次分明;5.考查语境考查语境,侧重辨析侧重辨析;6.实词为主实词为主,虚词为辅虚词为辅;7.逻辑推理逻辑推理,隐于语篇隐于语篇;8.常识语法常识语法,经常出现经常出现。形形散散意意不不散散 貌貌离离神神不不离离【高考完型命题特点高考完型命题特点】年年 份份体体 裁裁题题 材材作者学习美式手语的经历作者学习美式手语的经历及感受及感受。运输司机冒险救援事故车运输司机冒险救援事故车辆。辆。2017 记叙文记叙文2016 记叙文记叙文2015 记叙文记叙文（夹叙夹议）（夹叙夹议）奉献爱心，助人为乐。（赠人玫瑰，手留余香）【近三年全国卷体裁题材特点近三年全国卷体裁题材特点】【近三年全国卷近三年全国卷考点分布考点分布】年份年份名词名词动词动词形容形容词词副词副词 连词连词 短语短语其他其他20157题题6题题3题题3题题1题题20164题题4题题2题题1题题3题题4题题1题题20175题题9题题5题题1题题主要考查主要考查名词、动词、形容词、副词名词、动词、形容词、副词，占占90%以上。以上。原原词词复复现现同同义义、近近义义复复现现并并列列关关系系转转折折关关系系让让步步关关系系解解释释关关系系语语法法项项目目较较少少考考查查顺顺序序关关系系因因果果关关系系词汇手段词汇手段语法手段语法手段逻辑手段逻辑手段语篇信息语篇信息（语境理解）（语境理解）考查内容考查内容备战完形填空能力必备一、快速阅读能力二、词汇辨析能力三、词汇搭配的理解能力四、逻辑推断能力五、运用常识能力六、揣测作者意图的能力技巧点拨技巧点拨1.注意注意上下文语境上下文语境（context)词汇复现、同现词汇复现、同现2.运用运用词义辨析词义辨析（comparison）3.掌握掌握习惯搭配习惯搭配（phrases&idioms）4.掌握掌握熟词生义熟词生义（new meanings）4.了解了解背景常识背景常识（common sense）5.运用运用语法分析语法分析（grammar analysis)跳过空格，通读全文，把握大意再读全文，反复检查结合选项，综合考虑，初定答案瞻前顾后，先易后难，个个击破 完形填空的解题步骤完形填空的解题步骤把握整体具体分析1、跳读、跳读领会大意（领会大意（23分钟分钟）速读全文要一气呵成，尽管有空格、生词或不明白的地方，仍要快速读下去。通过通览全文、领会大意，概略地了解文章的体裁、背景、内容、结构层次、情节、写作风格等等。完形填空解题三部曲完形填空解题三部曲:跳读跳读-试填试填-复核复核。2.试填试填-瞻前顾后瞻前顾后 上下求索上下求索(8-10分钟分钟)先易后难，逐层深入。紧扣全文内容，联系上下文和语境，展开逻辑推理，注意从上下文中寻找线索，注意词汇的意义、搭配，惯用法，语法，常识等多个角度进行综合考虑。3 复核复核-全面检查，确保语意连贯全面检查，确保语意连贯(2-3分钟分钟)试填后，要把全文再通读一遍，注意看所选答案填入空白处后能否做到文章意思通顺、前后连贯、逻辑严谨、结构完整、首尾呼应。词汇题词汇题1.复现复现 同现同现词语复现词语复现词语复现是指某一个词以原词或同义词等方词语复现是指某一个词以原词或同义词等方式在同一篇中重复出现。语篇中的句子通过复现式在同一篇中重复出现。语篇中的句子通过复现关系达到相互衔接的目的，词语复现又可分为原关系达到相互衔接的目的，词语复现又可分为原词复现、同源词复现（又叫同根词复现）、同义词复现、同源词复现（又叫同根词复现）、同义或近义词复现（包括与近义词的同根词复现，如或近义词复现（包括与近义词的同根词复现，如ill与与sickness）、上下义词复现（即总括与分述，）、上下义词复现（即总括与分述，如如food是是bread、milk、rice等的上义词；等的上义词；r是是flower的下义词）等。的下义词）等。1.(2017全全国国卷卷I)Whilehighschooldoesnot generallyencouragestudentstoexplore new aspects of life,college setsthestageforthatexploration.After that,feeling the need to_52_ further,IdecidedtodropinononeofASLclubsmeetings.52.A.exerciseB.exploreC.expressD.explain原词原词,同根词重现同根词重现.2.(2015全国卷全国卷I)Thenmy17-year-oldsuggestedgivinghima_47_.Ithoughtaboutit.Wewere_48(low)_oncashourselves,butWhenIhandedhimthegiftcard,sayinghecoulduseitfor_54(whatever)_hisfamilymightneed,heburstintotears.47.A.dollarB.jobC.hotmeal D.giftcardthegiftcard原词重现原词重现3.(广东卷)therearemanywaystopreventthisfromhappening:hangingaknifeoverthebabysheadwhilehesleptorcoveringhimwithsomeofhisfathersclotherswerejusttwooftherecommended_27_.A.casesB.toolsC.stepsD.methods解析解析:methods与前文中的与前文中的ways同义词复现同义词复现4.(2017全国卷全国卷II)Ihadadvisedthekidsthatwhileverbsmaybedull,mostofthe_50_thingstheydothroughouttheirliveswillbeverbs.50.A.simpleB.uniqueC.funD.clever 解析解析:fun与与 dull为反义词复现为反义词复现5.(2011四川卷四川卷)Wefellinlove.Inthebeginning,Ididntwanttodiscuss_,becausethesadnessoflosingMumstillfeltgreat.Paulunderstoodthatandneverpushedmebut,bysummer,wegotmarried.A.travelB.businessC.childrenD.marriage解析：解析：marriage与文中的与文中的married属同根属同根词复现词复现。6.(湖北卷)hetaughtherhowtorelyonherother_,speciallyherhearing.A.feelingB.organsC.skillsD.senses解析解析:senses为为hearing的上义词复现的上义词复现7.7.Ididverybadlyatschool.MyheadteacherthoughtIwas_andwhenIwas14hesaid,“Youarenevergoingtobeanythingbutafailure.”A.brightB.uselessC.simpleD.hopefulB利用首句信息利用首句信息8.Theschooldecidedthatwhenthedriveropenedboththefrontandbackdoor,studentswhoweregettingoffthebusshouldgetofffirst,andstudentswhoweregettingonshouldgeton_.A.soonerB.laterC.fasterD.earlierB词语同现。词语同现。词语同现：词语同现：某些语义相关联的词语在语篇中共同出现的性，叫词语同现，也有人称之为“词场”。同现词之间有反义或相对关系，或者同类互补关系等。如：differentvssame,cruelvsfriendly,death&destruction9.ThesetellthestoryofamotherwhosebabygrowsandpaleA.sickB.slimC.shortD.smallA解析：与解析：与pale同现的单词，应该是同现的单词，应该是sick。10.On_days,sheworeheavyclothesandapairofwoolengloves.A.sunnyB.rainyC.cloudyD.snowy解析解析:与与heavyclothes和和woolengloves同现同现的应该是的应该是snowydays。D2.词义辨析词义辨析1.(2017全国卷全国卷I)IwatchedastheASLClub_47_theirtranslationofasong.Boththehandmovementsandthevery_48_ofcommunicatingwithoutspeaking_49_me.47.A.recordedB.performedC.recitedD.discussed48.A.ideaB.amountC.dreamD.reason49.A.disturbedB.supportedC.embarrassedD.attracted解析：根据句中的关键词watch可知，作者看到美式手语社团的成员表演(perform)。record 记录;recite背诵;discuss讨论.48 题和49题手部动作和无须用语言交流的想法（idea）吸引（attract）了我。2.Iclimbedthestairsslowly,carryingabigsuitcase,myfatherfollowingwithtwomore.BythetimeIgottothethirdfloor,Iwas1andthesametimefeelinglonely.1.A.helplessB.lazyC.anxiousD.tired解析：解析：在把握上文在把握上文“我提着衣箱缓慢地上楼梯我提着衣箱缓慢地上楼梯”的情况下，可知答案为的情况下，可知答案为D.tired，即当我到达三楼，即当我到达三楼时，已经很累了；时，已经很累了；3.(2017全国卷全国卷II)In 1973,I was teaching elementary school.Each day 27kids_“The Thinking Laboratory.A.built B.entered C.decorated D.ran解析：根据上文一句，作者在一所小学教学，孩子门当然是每天进入（enter）思想实验室了。built建造;decorate装饰；run跑步，经营4.(2014全国卷全国卷I）Mywheelchairexperimentwassoon54.Itmadeadeepimpressiononme.Afewhoursof“disability”gavemeonlyatasteofthe55(challenges),bothphysicalandmental,thatdisabledpeoplemustovercome.54.A.forgottenB.repeatedC.conductedD.finished语境语境-词义辨析词义辨析3.习惯用法和习惯用法和固定搭配固定搭配311.(2013江西江西)“Youshouldntswimthatday,”theman45(advised).“Thereisastormcomingup.”“Youshouldmindyourown46!”Dianerepliedandwalkedintothegentlewaves.46.A.businessB.SwimsuitC.friendsD.parentsMind your own business!不要多管闲事！不要多管闲事！2.(2014全国全国I)Forexample,onChristmasmorning,childrenareexcitedabout43withtheirnewtoys.43.A.workingB.livingC.playingD.going语境语境-固定搭配固定搭配playwith(toys)333.(2012全国新课标)Bodylanguageisthequiet,secretandmostpowerfullanguageofall!Itspeaks36thanwords 36.A.straighterB.louderC.harderD.furtherAction speaks louder than words.习语谚语习语谚语:事实胜于雄辩事实胜于雄辩4.熟词生义熟词生义1.Oneafternoon，theheadmastercalledmyfriendtodiscussoneessaywithhiminalivelyspirit.“Iwasinterestedinthis48youmakehere.Ithinkyoumighthavegonefurther.Tellmewhatyouhadinyourmind.”A.aimB.goalC.pointD.opinionpoint 观点，要点观点，要点2.Hecamebacktomelikeamanwhohadhadaverynarrow54andImadeupmymindtomakeeveryefforttostudymytranslations.A.surpriseB.escapeC.hopeD.chancenarrowadj.勉强的，好不容易的anarrowvictory险胜3.Scottandhiscompanionswereterriblydisappointed.WhentheygottotheSouthPole,theyfoundtheNorwegians（挪威人）hadbeatenthemintheracetobethefirstevertoreachit.After37theBritishflagatthePole,theytookaphotographofthemselvesbeforetheystartedthe950-milejourneyback.A.growingB.puttingC.plantingD.layingplantvt.立稳，竖立，安放立稳，竖立，安放4.TodayIdecidedtolookuptheword“hero”inthedictionarytoseeexactlywhatitmeant.It_“apersonwhodoessomethingbrave”.AsIreadon,italsosaid“apersonwhoisgoodandnoble”A.wroteB.toldC.describedD.readreadvt.(指示牌等指示牌等)写着，（仪器等）显示写着，（仪器等）显示5.Hethenreturnedtohisoffice,satisfiedthatifapictureisworthathousandwords,thenthefourphotosmustbeagood31!Hesatdownwithasmile.Hiswife32thosepictures.ShecarriestheminherpursenowandshowsthemtoanyonewhoasksifsheismarriedA.descriptionB.preparationC.excuseD.lectureA.toredB.savedC.developedD.destroyedlecturen.教训，训斥教训，训斥savev.保留，保存保留，保存4.生活常识和生活常识和文化背景文化背景1.（2013全国卷I）AssoonasIsatdown,my41madethechairbegintoroll.Itswheelswerenot42（locked）.41.A.height B.force C.skillD.weight生活常识生活常识常识、背景知识常识、背景知识2.BorninAmerica,IspokeEnglishnotChinese，thelanguageofmyancestors.WhenIwasthree,myparentsflashedcardswithChinese36atmyface,butIpushedthem37(aside),36.A.customB.gamesC.charactersD.language3：Itwasanearlymorninginsummer.Inthestreets,sleepy-eyedpeopleweremovingquickly,headingtowardstheir1.Thiswasthebeginningofanother2dayinNewYorkCity.1.A.jobsB.homesC.busesD.offices2.A.workingB.hotC.sameD.ordinary解析：按生活经验，人们起床后，各自奔向自己的工作岗解析：按生活经验，人们起床后，各自奔向自己的工作岗位。而这种情况是天天发生，是平平常常的，因此位。而这种情况是天天发生，是平平常常的，因此2题答题答案是案是D.ordinary。A.jobsD.ordinary4.WhenIwasjust20monthsold,Isufferedserious_13(burn)_ afterabowl ofhotoil fellonmyhead.Iwas_14_tohospitalandhadto stay there for weeks while the doctors_15_formylife.14.A.rushedB.ledC.invitedD.forced15.A.learnedB.foughtC.returnedD.decided解析：根据背景常识，在孩子受伤后，肯定会被快速送往医院。rush急忙地送（。到某地）。急诊病人被送医院后，医生定会竭尽全力抢救。fight为而战，为而努力争取。1.1.语法手段语法手段2.2.逻辑手段逻辑手段句际关系句际关系1.1.语法手段语法手段（2015全国卷全国卷I）When I handed him the gift card,saying he could use it for _54_ his family might need,he burst into tears.54A.whoeverB.whatever C.whicheverD.whenever语法语法-连接代词连接代词 逻辑手段逻辑手段2.2.逻辑手段逻辑手段让步关系让步关系转折关系转折关系因果关系因果关系解释关系解释关系顺序关系顺序关系并列关系并列关系识别语篇标志识别语篇标志,理清逻辑关系理清逻辑关系语篇关系是指句群语篇关系是指句群,段落段落,篇章之间的关系篇章之间的关系。联系联系他们之间的词语被称为语篇标志词他们之间的词语被称为语篇标志词。常见的语篇标志性的词语有以下几种:顺序关系:firstly,secondly,thirdly等;因果关系:thus,therefore,so等;递进关系:besides,whatsmore,further等;转折关系:but,while,yet,however等做完型时,如果能充分利用这些标志性词语,就能迅速理请文章的脉络,弄清上下文关系。1.(2017全国卷I)Yetinsteadofbeingdiscouragedbymy_progress,Iexcited.A.slowB.steadC.normalD.obvious转折关系转折关系2.Ourfatherwasastruggling36(lawyer),butIalwaysknewhewas37(special).Henevercriticizedus,butused38tobringoutourbest.38.A.helpB.peaceC.smileD.praise转折关系转折关系3.（2013全国卷全国卷I）MyhandsstartedtoacheasI51(turned)theheavymetalwheels.Icametoknowthatcontrollingthe52(direction)ofthewheelchairwasnotgoingtobea(n)53task.53.A.easyB.heavyC.majorD.extra因果关系因果关系 4.(2014全国卷I)Theworldisfullof46stampalbumsandunfinishedmodels,eachstandingasamonumenttosomeones47（passing）interest.46.A.well-organizedB.colorfully-printed C.newly-collectedD.half-filled同类并列关系同类并列关系 5.First of all,a pen should fit comfortably in your hand,.Then the writing point of the pen 52 ,the pen should make a thick,dark line.52.A.MeanwhileB.GenerallyC.AfterwardsD.Finally顺序关系顺序关系 失分原因失分原因:know whyknow why出错主要原因有两类：一是：基础知识不牢，词汇障碍严重。二是文章整体阅读能力低。因此完形填空的训练重在落实，体现在：全篇主要意思是否明白；重要动词（或短语）是否会用；中西文化背景是否清楚；语境中词语筛选是否合理；是否根据常识进行推理；惯用法及搭配是否恰当；是否纠正了平时的习惯错误。如何提高能力技巧如何提高能力技巧一、提高阅读能力（速度、理解）二、打好语法基础（固定搭配）三、扩充词汇量（动词、名词）四、增长生活常识，培养广泛的兴趣爱好五、多做多练，以提高实战能力复习备考复习备考首先要熟练地掌握学过的全部语法知识，牢首先要熟练地掌握学过的全部语法知识，牢记习惯用法。记习惯用法。特别是动词短语；注意对动词、名词、形容特别是动词短语；注意对动词、名词、形容词、副词等词汇意义的真正理解，要懂得词词、副词等词汇意义的真正理解，要懂得词汇的内涵、外延、褒贬及一定的修辞色彩。汇的内涵、外延、褒贬及一定的修辞色彩。注意它们的同义词、近义词、反义词及其辨注意它们的同义词、近义词、反义词及其辨析。析。其次要有计划地多做一些完形填空的练习，其次要有计划地多做一些完形填空的练习，多阅读一些短文，增强英文阅读能力，提高多阅读一些短文，增强英文阅读能力，提高理解能力理解能力【真题演练真题演练】新课标新课标20152015全国卷全国卷I I解题三部曲：读解题三部曲：读-填填-读读MykidsandIwereheadingintothesupermarketovertheweekend.Ontheway,wespottedamanholdingapieceofpaperthatsaid,“41myjob.FamilytoFeed.”Atthisstore,a42likethisisnotnormal.My10-year-oldnoticedhimandmadea43onhowbaditmustbetohavetostand44inthecoldwind.Inthestore,Iaskedeachofmykidsto45somethingtheythoughtour“friend”therewould46.Theygotapples,asandwichandabottleofjuice.41.A.Quit B.Changed C.Lost D.Finished42.A.condition B.place C.sight D.show43.A.suggestion B.comment C.decision D.call44.A.by B.proudly C.outside D.angrily45.A.draw B.say C.arrange D.pick46.A.appreciate B.supply C.order D.discover语境、语境、词义词义上下文上下文Thenmy17-year-oldsuggestedgivinghima47.Ithoughtaboutit.Wewere48oncashourselves,butwell,sometimes49fromourneedinsteadofourabundanceis50whatweneedtodo!Allthekids51somethingtheycoulddoawaywithfortheweek.Whenwehandedhimthebagof52,helitupandthankeduswith53eyes.WhenIhandedhimthegiftcard,sayinghecoulduseitfor54hisfamilymightneed,heburstintotears.47.A.dollar B.jobC.hot meal D.gift card48.A.easyB.lowC.soft D.loose49.A.giving B.savingC.spending D.begging50.A.yetB.evenC.still D.just51.A.declared B.sharedC.ignoredD.expected52.A.foodB.medicineC.toysD.clothes53.A.sleepy B.wateryC.curious D.sharp54.A.whoeverB.whateverC.whicheverD.whenever 原词重现原词重现上下文上下文语法语法语境、词义语境、词义词义词义辨析辨析Thishasbeenawonderful55forourfamily.Fordaysthekidshavebeenlookingforotherswecan56!Thingswouldhaveplayedoutso57ifIhadsimplysaid,“No,wereallydonthave58togivemore.”Steppingoutnotonlyhelpedabrotherin59,italsogavemykidsthe60tasteofhelpingothers.Itllgoalongwaywiththem.55.A.message B.exampleC.experience D.adventure56.A.rely on B.respectC.learn from D.help57.A.suddenly B.vividlyC.differently D.perfectly58.A.time B.powerC.patience D.money59.A.need B.loveC.fear D.memory60.A.strong B.sweetC.strange D.simple语境、词义语境、词义试题分析试题分析1.从设题的层次来看，句组层次题最多，达从设题的层次来看，句组层次题最多，达15个，个，这也反映了其突出考查考生的连贯性理解能力的这也反映了其突出考查考生的连贯性理解能力的命题原则，因此，考生需要较强的逻辑推理能力。命题原则，因此，考生需要较强的逻辑推理能力。2.提示我们在平常的英语学习中不要再在近提示我们在平常的英语学习中不要再在近义词辨析及用法上下太多功夫，知道词义即义词辨析及用法上下太多功夫，知道词义即可。可。