大学英语四级听力技巧.doc

大学英语四级听力技巧
按照新的教学大纲的要求，六级学生在学完1-6级基础阶段的英语课程后，对所给的英语口头材料应达到一定的理解程度。对题材熟悉，内容浅于课文，基本上无生词、语速每分钟为150个单词的材料，一遍可以听懂，准确率不低于70%。 
 通过对历年试卷的听力部分所作的题项分析，充分表明考生听力的高低完全取决于他们是否具备了以下4个方面的基础：
        　一. 坚实的语言基础
        　二. 一定的文化背景知识
        　三. 基本的听力技能
        　四. 正确有效的听音习惯

听力材料的选材原则一般基于以下三点：
一. 对话部分为校园生活中的一般对话，句子结构和内容不太复杂.

二. 短文部分的材料是题材熟情节不太复杂的故事、讲话或叙述等.  

三. 所用词汇不超过教学大纲词汇表规定的范围.

听力内容:
1. 短对话 (Short conversation)
2. 长对话 (Long conversation)
3. 短文 (Passages)
4. 复合式听写(Compound dictation)

注意事项:
　　1. 保持良好的心态，头脑要冷静，一个题听不懂不要过多纠缠。
善于利用时间：
　　（1）播放考场指令时，题目说明和例句时.
　　（2）题与题之间的13秒间隔利用好.
　　阅读选项，猜测谈话话题和可能问的问题：听前从所给的文字材料和答案选项等线索中发现一些背景信息，力求缩小谈话者的话题，它能帮助考生搞清所听内容的类型和结构甚至主题。考生听的时候可避免过分注重每个单词从而影响对全篇中心思想的理解。考生应抢时间阅读试卷上的选项，争取主动，以便在听音时有针对性。根据选项猜测问的是时间、地点、人物、金钱、还是计划、打算、状态等等。

2. 阅读选项要一目十行，提高效率：听力不像阅读，它是单向性的、一次性的。时间有限，提高阅读选项的速度。
3.手耳并用，简单做笔记：录音中的细节，如重要的数字、人物、地名等，仅大脑记忆很难完全记住。因此，考试中可以有目地的、有选择的加以记录，以便听完录音后能快速准确的选出答案。
4.多做真题。十多年来的每年两度的四级考试，光是真题就积累了几十套了。这些真题的命题还是很有规律可循的。要找四级的感觉，就得多做真题。

一．简短对话部分：
该部分一般是日常生活中的对话，即衣、食、住、行、工作、学习、生活等话题，场景可分为校园、公共场所（银行、机场、医院、邮局、交通工具等）、家庭、办公室等方面。每题1分。
简短对话的形式：一般是男士说一句，女士说一句，然后根据他们的对话内容由第三方提出一个问题。该部分一般是日常生活中的对话，即衣、食、住、行、工作、学习、生活等话题，场景可分为校园、公共场所（银行、机场、医院等）、家庭、办公室等方面。每题1分。
简短对话的类型：按照简短对话的内容或句型，我们可以把该部分分为以下类型：

问对话发生的地点和场所：

Where does the conversation most probably take place?
Where does this conversation most likely occur?
Where are the two speakers?

不同的场景下人们交谈用语也不同，例如：
校园：campus, dorm, library (renew the books, overdue, pay a fine, bookshelf), lab, canteen, roommate, professor, semester, term, pass, fail, exam, course, credit, resume，tutor, graduate, presentation, speech, report, lecture, paper, scholarship等。
银行：open an account, cash the check, buy traveler's check, ATM, draw/deposit money, balance, savings等。

餐馆：menu, a table for two, a table in the corner/by the window, full, on diet, treat, order, course, salad, wine, dessert，waiter, reserve, take order等。
机场：board, flight, gate number, check in, boarding pass, seat-belt等。
交通：due to arrive, fast train, non-stop train, xx minutes late, postpone, delay, break down, traffic jam, flat tire, speeding, pay a fine等。
医院：Do you have an appointment?
　　 What's the matter with you?
　　take one's temperature, have a fever, have a sore throat, keep coughing, toothache, headache, physician, surgeon, doctor, nurse, operation-room, emergency room, ward, visiting hours, prescribe, pill, capsule等。

邮局：business hours, parcel, postage, letter, stamp等。
家庭：darling, sweet heart之类的比较亲近的称谓语，watch TV, fix the washing machine, grocery, mow the lawn, sofa, kitchen, dining-room, have a bath等。
旅馆：check in/out, make a reservation, register, reception desk等。
找房子：价格高，太吵，难找．

这样的问题的答案选项一般是由介词in或at后面加一个地点构成的。如：
　　M: How many hours are you taking this semester?
　　W: Eighteen, plus two hours of lab.
　　Q: Where does the conversation most probably take place?
　　A. In a restaurant.   B. In a bank.
　　C. At an office.    D. In a university.
　　该题的关键词是semester和lab.

提问人物关系或人物的身份：

此类对话提供一个情节，能反映所涉及的人的关系或身份，关键词可以参考第1点中列出的。

（1） 问人物的关系:
What's the probable relationship between the two speakers? 如：
　　M: Good evening, Madam. There is a table for two over there. This way, please.
　　W: Thank you. Could I see the menu, please?
　　Q: What's the relationship between the man and woman?
　　A. Husband and wife.   B. Waiter and customer.
　　C. Salesman and customer.  D. Host and guest.
　　该题的关键词是menu和Madam.

（2） 问人物的职业身份：Who is the man/the woman? 如：
　　M: According to your ad in this morning's paper, you have an apartment for rent.
　　W: Yes, I have. It's on the second floor. Would you like to have a look? Come this way, please.
　　Q: Who is the woman?
　　A. A bank clerk.  B. A secretary.
　　C. A landlady.   D. A doctor.
　该题的关键词是an apartment for rent和ad.

计算类。一般涉及时间和价钱的运算。

（1）问活动发生的时间或具体几点。该类的题一般不会直接告诉我们时间，会涉及到时间的一些简单的加减运算。要注意一些关键词，如：a quarter (to/past), half (past), daily, weekly, fortnight等。

W: Bob, are you going straight home after school today?
　 M: No. I have a class until one o'clock, and after that I'm going to spend a couple of hours at the library before going home.
　　Q: When is Bob going home this afternoon?
　　A. Around 5:00.   B. Around 3:00.
　　C. At 2:00.    D. At 1:00.
本题的关键是until one o'clock，和to spend a couple of hours at the library before going home。

（2） 商品的价格。该类的题也涉及到一些简单的加减乘除运算。要注意一些关键词，如：10% off, discount, double, half the price, couple, pair, dozen, a real bargain, on sale，change等。
尤其要注意单件商品的价格，买多件商品是否优惠，找零，以及最后的问题是说话人要付的钱、单件商品的价格、还是买若干商品需要付的钱。如：

W: Here's a ten-dollar bill. Give me two tickets for tonight's show, please.
　　M: Sure. Two tickets and here's a dollar forty cents change.
　　Q: How much does one ticket cost?
　　A. $ 8.60.  B. $ 4.30
　　C. $ 6.40.  D. $ 1.40
　　本题的关键是ten-dollar bill, two tickets, a dollar forty cents change.

人物的计划或打算。

这类问题中第一个说话人往往会提出一种观点或提议或建议，要仔细听第二个说话人是同意还是反对。

（1） 第二个说话人同意第一个人的观点或提议或建议.　　如：
　　W：You need a rest. You've finished your exams. So why don't you go away somewhere for a long weekend?
　　M: That's a good idea. Perhaps Monica will come with me.
　　Q: What will the man probably do?
　 A. To have a good rest.      
B. To see Monica.
　 C. To go abroad for the weekend.    
D. To take an exam.
　　本题的关键是That's a good idea，说明第二个说话人同意第一个说话人的观点。

（2）第二个说话人不同意第一个人的观点或提议或建议，大多数情况下是礼貌委婉地表达自己的不同意见，所以要特别注意：
如：
　　M: Mary, would you like to go to the movies with me after dinner?
　　W: Well, I'll go if you really want me to, but I'm rather tired.
　　Q：What can we learn from the conversation?
　　A. The woman does not want to go to the movies.
　　B. The man is too tired to go to the movies.
　　C. The woman wants to go to the movies.
　　D. The man wants to go out for dinner.
　　本题的关键是…but…

人物的感觉状态。

除了根据说话人的语气判断之外，对话中出现的关键词可能有：excited, disappointed, overjoyed, relieved, upset, unhappy, blue, depressed, relaxed, anxious, tense, worried，angry等。

W: Weren't you nervous when the professor called on you in class?
　　M: I'd say I was shaking all over.
　　Q: How did the man feel when he was called on?
　　A. Worried and frightened.
　　B. Very relaxed
　　C. Quite unhappy.
　　D. Angry with the professor.
　　本题的关键是I was shaking all over.

交通或交通工具。

该类的对话一般涉及交通工具晚点或交通出现了某些问题。
对于交通工具晚点的问题，有时会谈论正点时间和推延的时间，然后再说原因。
这类题的关键词是：be caught in a traffic jam, the rush hour, flat tire, break down, traffic accident, behind schedule, due等。

W: I'm sorry, sir. The train is somewhat behind schedule. Take a seat, and I'll tell you as soon as we know something definite.
　　M: Thank you. I'll just sit here and read a magazine in the meantime.
　　Q: What can we conclude about the train from the conversation?
　　A. The train is crowded. B. The train is late.
　　C. The train is empty.   D. The train is on time.
　　本题的关键是behind schedule.

请求或建议。

表示请求的句型一般有：Can you…? Would you…? Would you mind …?
表示建议的句型一般有：If I were you, I'd … Shall we…? Why not…? Perhaps we should…. It would be better if…How about …?

M: Can I use your new car, Auntie?
W: Yes, of course, if you drive it carefully.
Q: What's the aunt's answer?
　A. She agrees to lend him the car.   
B. She offers him the car.
　C. She refused to lend him the car.   
D. She is pleased to lend him the car.
　本题的关键是Yes, of course,虽然后面又附加了条件if you drive it carefully.

释义、替换或上下义。

该类对话的选项中会用单词替换或解释对话人表达的意思，同时考查听力和词汇。

W: Have you finished reading my research report? I put it on your desk last week.
　　M: Yes, but you have to revise some parts of it, if you want to get it published.
　　Q: What does the man suggest that the woman should do?
　　A. Put her report on his desk.
　　B. Read some papers he recommended.
　　C. Mail her report to the publisher.
　　D. Improve some parts of her paper.
　　本题的关键是理解revise的同义词是improve.

M: Nancy, why were you late today?
　 W: I overslept and missed the bus.
　 Q: Why was Nancy late?
　A. She got up later than usual.
B. The bus was late.
　C. She forgot she had class.
D. Her clock was slow.
　overslept也就是got up later than usual。

有些题尽管问题可能问的是含义之类，但其实考查的是同学们对上下义关系的掌握。如：
M: Let me see. I've printed my family name, first name, date of birth and address. Anything else?
W: No, that's all right. We'll fill in the rest of it if you just sign your name at the bottom.
Q: What has the man been doing?
A. Having an interview. B. Filling out a form.
C. Talking with a friend. D. Asking for information.
上义词为概括性词语，下义词所表示的则是具体的东西。本题中能够概括男士所做之事的应该是选项B。

人物对某件事物的观点或态度，或考生从对话中能获得什么信息或结论。

该类的题难度较大，类型也比较繁多复杂。需要考生全面理解对话内容。
What does the man mean (imply) ?
What does the woman's answer suggest?
What can we learn from the conversation?
What can be concluded from this conversation?

W: You seem to have a lot of work to do at your office. You're always staying late and working overtime.
M: That's true. But it's no bother to me. The work is interesting. I don't mind working extra hours at all.
Q: How does the man feel about his job?
A: He enjoys it very much.
B: He doesn't care much about it.
C: He doesn't mind even though it's tedious.
D. He hates working overtime.
本题的关键是The work is interesting.

询问对方的观点和态度问题中有一大类是含有虚拟语气的。该类型一直是英语四级热门考点。这就要求同学们了解虚拟语气的表意功能，根据虚拟语气判断正确选项。如：
　　W: I'm thinking of going to Austin for a visit. Do you think it's worth seeing?
　　M: Well, I wish I had been there.
　　Q: What do we learn from the conversation?
　　A. The man is planning a trip to Austin.
　　B. The man has not been to Austin before.
　　C. The man doesn't like Austin.
　　D. The man has been to Austin before.
　　I wish I had been there.说明说话人没有去过。
　　含"but"的题型
　　该题型中第二人的答话由两部分组成,先是一个简单的短句,后是一个较长的句子,短句和长句之间用but连接.but后的长句是答案的关键.

表示同意与肯定的常用语(*表示跟表面意思相反的、需要特别注意的表达方法)

1．同意或肯定对方陈述的观点
　如：Tony is very hard-working.
　　表示同意的常用语就有：
　　(1) With no doubt.
　　(2) There is no denying.
　　(3) * I can't agree more.

2. 对询问观点的句子的肯定回答
　　如： How was the concert?
　　表示肯定的常用语就有：
　　(1) Not bad.
　　(2) It was terrific!
　　(3) It was amazing!
　　(4) It was fantastic!
　　(5)* I've never been to a better one.

3．同意帮助对方
如：Can you help me with the math problem?
　　(1) No problem.
　　(2) You can count on me.
　　(3) It's a piece of cake.
　　(4) Sure.

4. 同意对方的提议
　　如：Shall we go to the seaside for the weekend?
　　（1）* Why not?
　　（2）* I really can't wait.
　　（3）That's what I have in mind.

表示怀疑与否定的常用语
(*表示跟表面意思相反的、需要特别注意的表达方法)

1．怀疑与否定对方陈述的观点
　　如：Tony is very hard-working.
　　表示否定的常用语就有：
　　(1) Are you kidding?
　　(2) I know you don't mean it.
　　(3) He is by no means hard-working.
　　(4) He is anything but hard-working.
　　(5) * He is the last man that I think hard-working.

2. 对询问观点的句子或知识性的问题的否定回答
　　(1) 对询问观点的句子
　　如： How was the concert?
　　表示否定的常用语就有：
　　① I've never been to a worse one.
　　② Just so-so.
　　③ It sent me to sleep.
　　④ I couldn't help dozing off.
　　⑤ It was a waste of time and money.
　　⑥ *Well, I should have stayed at home.

(2) 对知识性的问题
　　如： Who invented the computer?
　　① Who knows?
　　② It is beyond me.
　　③ * It is at the tip of my tongue…

3.拒绝帮助对方
　　如：Can you help me with the math problem?
　　(1) You are driving me mad.
　　(2) I don't want to be interrupted before I finish my term paper.
　　(3) * I'd like to, but I've got an appointment with a professor at two o'clock.
　　(4) * I wish I could, but I afraid that I've got to rush now.
　（5）*I'm afraid I just ran out of time.

4. 拒绝对方的提议或要求
　　(1) 拒绝对方的提议
如：Shall we go to the seaside for the weekend?
　　① I'd like to, but my paper is due next Monday.
　　② I'll go if you really want me to, but I want to have a good rest at home.
　　(2) 拒绝对方的要求
如： Try not to make mistakes in your exam.
　　① * Well, easier said than done.

否定句型在这类题型中，最重要的线索是抓住否定性的关键词。值得注意的是这类题一般都不是以明显的否定方式出现的，所以需要考生多加注意。包含否定性的关键有：
否定副词和形容词：hardly, rarely, little, seldom, few, never等。
否定代词和连词：nothing, nobody, neither, nor, none等。
否定前缀和否定后缀：im-, un-, dis-, non-, -less等。
表否定意义的其他词：fail, miss, avoid, deny, refuse, doubt, far from, anything but, instead of, rather than等。

二.长对话(Long conversations)
听力长对话（Long Conversations）的长度一般在6-20句之间，字数在120-250字之间。针对每篇长对话的问题可能会有2-5个。与短对话相比，长对话涉及的内容更深入，人物态度，语气，情感变化更复杂，一般不能简单依赖某个关键词来判断整篇对话的含义。一人一句的短对话涉及的只是一个¡°点¡±，而长对话涉及的是一个¡°面¡±。短对话的答案一般是¡°显而易见¡±的，而长对话有时更依赖于推断和判断。尽管如此，长对话必然有一个中心议题，中心议题正是该¡°面¡±的凝聚点，对话双方都是围绕该中心而展开话题，对于长对话而言，做出正确选择的关键就是把握住对话的中心思想。

由于对话较多，长对话的场景就显得格外重要，准确判断对话的场景（situation），对把握对话的中心思想是非常有帮助的。这里所谈到的场景，是指人物，身份或职业，议论的问题，时间，地点等等的综合概念。清晰的场景会在考生头脑中形成氛围，容易把握对话的发展脉络，使对话情节的发展更加顺理成章。

对长对话的题型分析，不易于采取诸如：¡°关键词，因果关系，But转折，情感，态度¡±等分类方法。根据多年的实践经验，依据场景的不同，对长对话进行分类，有助于考生对¡°面¡¯的把握能力的提高。下面是对长对话经常涉及到的几种情况做了归类，主要分成三大类：学习相关类，生活相关类和工作相关类。顾名思义，学习相关类与学习有密切联系，比如：选课，考试，论文等；生活相关类主要涉及到家庭，校院生活，娱乐，运动等；生活相关类多是找工作，面试等题材。下面列举几个常用典型场景的题型。

学习相关类
学习相关类往往是长对话的重点。内容粗略可分为教务场景，选课场景，补课场景和论文场景等。
（1）教务场景
场景人物：由教师（导师）或学监等教务人员向学生说明一些学校课程的安排情况。
场景涉及内容：学期计划，调课信息，考试安排，课程介绍等。
解题思路：教务人员总是细致地描述各项事务的细节问题，时间，地点，计划推迟或变更的原因往往是考查的重点。

经常出现的问题和答案
Q: Who is the speaker?
A: teacher, professor, instructor, advisor
Q: When does the talk take place?
A: at the beginning (in the middle, at the end of the semester)
Q: Where does the talk take place?
A: classroom, lecture hall
Q: What is the topic?
A: changes in the schedule, the schedule of this semester, exam schedule, information about on course
常用的词汇和词组：midterm, finals, count for 50% of your score, class discussion, seminar, workshop(讲习班), take attendance(点名), elementary, intermediate, advanced等。

（2）选课场景
场景人物：师生之间或学生之间谈论选课的话题
场景涉及的内容：学生是否有资格选某一门课，对于老师的谈论，课程的难易程度，选某一门课的好处和坏处。
解题思路：学生觉得课程太难，负荷太重。
常用的词汇和词组：required, compulsory, elective, selective, optional, course, description, catalog, bulletin, prerequisite course(预修课程), preliminary course(预备课程), such a heavy load, excellent reputation, drop a course(退修课程)等。

（3）补课场景
场景人物：同学之间补课。
场景涉及的内容：通常是某学生因为某些原因迟到或旷课了，事后找另一个同学补课，所以必会牵扯到专业内容。
解题思路：迟到或旷课的学生大多是男生，帮他补课的一般是女生。男生在补课过程中常会问一些愚蠢问题，而女生将一一给与澄清。结尾处，男生会感叹不上这堂课很遗憾

经常出现的问题和答案：
Q: Why was the man late for class? (Why did the man ask the woman about the lecture?)
A: He overslept (was sick, had some trouble with his car, had to go to see the doctor, dentist, had an emergency)
Q: What confused the man?
A: 专业课的内容。
Q: What does the man promise to do at last?
A: He will not be late again (oversleep again)

常用的词汇和词组：fill sb. in (暂代某人), You¡¯ve really lost me there(你真的让我糊涂了), make sense, miss a pretty important class, clarify the misunderstanding, check the notes等。

（4）论文场景
场景人物：教授与学生，或者学生之间进行讨论。
场景涉及的内容：讨论论文写作的相关事宜，比如：论文题目，查找资料等等。
解题思路：论文的题目难以确定，资料太难找（题目太偏，查不到资料；题目太大，要查的资料太多，太杂）。
常用的词汇和词组：explore the topic, published resources, bibliography/reference, intellectual dishonesty, plagiarism(剽窃), get an early start, gather materials等。

生活相关类
包括体育场景，娱乐场景，租房场景等。

（1）体育场景
场景人物：同学，朋友或家庭成员一起出去郊游。
场景涉及的内容：往往是一些热门的运动，如cycling, rock climbing, skiing.
解题思路：目的不在于比赛，而是好玩，健身，交友。一些运动，如cycling，往往是以team, club或association的形式存在的。
常用的词汇和词组：ski, boots, po