[四六级]大学英语作文布局谋篇八种常用句型.doc

[四六级]大学英语作文布局谋篇八种常用句型
一)原因
    1.A number of factors are accountable for this situation.
    A number of factors might contribute to (lead to )(account for ) the phenomenon(problem).
    2. The answer to this problem involves many factors.
    3. The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that...
    4. The factors that contribute to this situation include...
    5. The change in ...largely results from the fact that...
    6. We may blame ...,but the real causes are... 　
    7. Part of the explanations for it is that ...
    One of the most common factors (causes ) is that ...
    Another contributing factor (cause ) is ...
    Perhaps the primary factor is that …
    But the fundamental cause is that
    二)比较     
    1.The advantage far outweigh the disadvantages.
    2.The advantages of A are much greater than those of B.
    3.A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that...
    4.It is reasonable to maintain that ...but it would be foolish to claim that...
    5.For all the disadvantages, it has its compensating advantages.     
    6.Like anything else, it has its faults.
    7.A and B has several points in common.
    8.A bears some resemblances to B.
    9.However, the same is not applicable to B.
    10. A and B differ in several ways.
    11. Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects.
    12. People used to think ..., but things are different now.
    13. The same is true of B.
    14. Wondering as A is ,it has its drawbacks.
    15. It is true that A ... , but the chief faults (obvious defects )are ...
    三)批驳
    1)It is true that ..., but one vital point is being left out.     
    2) There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact.
    3) Some people say ..., but it does not hold water.
    4) Many of us have been under the illusion that...
    5) A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is. 　
    6) It makes no sense to argue for ...
    7) Too much stress placed on ... may lead to ...
    8) Such a statement mainly rests on the assumption that ...
    9) Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that ...
    四)后果
    1. It may give rise to a host of problems.
    2. The immediate result it produces is ...
    3. It will exercise a profound influence upon...
    4. Its consequence can be so great that...
    五)举例
    1) A good case in point is ...
    2) As an illustration, we may take ...
    3) Such examples might be given easily.
    4) ...is often cited as an example.
    六)证明
    1) No one can deny the fact that ...
    2) The idea is hardly supported by facts.
    3) Unfortunately, none of the available data shows ...
    4) Recent studies indicate that ...
    5) There is sufficient evidence to show that ...
    6) According to statistics proved by ..., it can be seen that ...
    七)开篇
    1) Many nations have been faced with the problem of ...
    2) Recently the problem has been brought into focus.
    3) Recently the phenomenon has become a heated topic.
    4) Recently the issue has aroused great concern among ...
    5) Nowadays there is a growing concern over ...
    6) Never in our history has the idea that ... been so popular.
    7) Faced with ..., quite a few people argue that ...
    8) According to a recent survey, ...
    9) With the rapid development of ..., ...
    八)结尾
    1) From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that ...
    2) It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop ...
    3) It is necessary that steps should be taken to ...
    4) In conclusion, it is imperative that ...
    5) There is no easy method, but ...might be of some help.
    6) To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must ...
    7) In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will crop up.
    8) With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly.
    9) We might do more than identify the cause ; it is important to take actions to ...
    10) Taking all these into account, we ...
    11) Whether it is good or not /positive or negative, one thing is certain/clear...
四级考试写作秘籍
(二)解决办法
    第一，首先必须熟悉英语四级写作具体要求。英语四级考试要求考生在30分钟内写出120字的文章。体材主要有议论文(分为“Topic题型”和A&B又称“正反观点题”)应用文(主要是书信)、图表文等。针对不同的体裁，写作思路是不同的。比如，以议论文举例来说：
    1.议论文写作思路
    2.议论文分类：阐述主题型作文(Topic)；正反观点型作文(A&B)
    3.阐述主题型作文写作：(这类题型作文要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述)
    (1)基本写作格式
    5. 正反观点型作文(A&B)(这类题型作文通常从正反两方面来分别论述，最后得出你自己的结论。采用论点加论据写作形式。)
    (1)基本写作格式
    第二，熟悉英语写作的几个重要概念。
    1.英语文章段落结构特点
    英语文章段落结构一般有三部分构成：主题句+扩展句+结尾句
    (1)主题句：所谓主题句，就是英语文章段落的中心思想句。它是英语文章段落的灵魂，在英语文章段落中居于主导地位。我们都知道英语文章一般喜欢开门见山，所以主题句一般位于英语文章段落的句首。其他句子都要围绕它而展开。
    (2)扩展句：所谓扩展句就是为主题句起解释说明或论证的句子。通常我们写扩展句所采用的方法是举例子(for example, for instance, such as, a case in point is that---)、列数据(according to the recent study/survey,---)等。
    (3)结尾句：所谓结尾句就是总结句。英语写作也类似于汉语写作，最后再把自己本段落的写作目的陈述一下。但是在英语写作中结尾句毕竟还是少数。
    因此我们通常看到英语的文章段落结构 60%-70%都是由主题句+扩展句构成。
    2.主旨句
    作为主旨句就是英语文章的中心思想句。英语文章一般首先用一句话概括一下作者的写作目的或意图，我们就把这句话称之为主旨句。没有受过写作训练的考生是不会写主旨句的。因此这样的文章就不能够称之为好的英语文章，自然也得不到阅卷人的青睐了。
    第三，学会遣词造句
    1.遣词：
    (1)词汇等级
    所谓词汇的等级就是，我们在写作的过程中，如果想出一个基本词汇来之后，能够在这个基本词汇的基础上把它在提升一下，也就是我们一般写作所提倡的用“难词”。比如，我们一提到“重要的”，大多数同学首先会想到“important”这个单词，那么提升一下的话就可以想到它的如下同义词：significant, vital, main, basilica, crucial, momentous etc
    (2)词汇准确性
    所谓词汇的准确性是指，我们在有一个词近而想到它的同义词之后，要结合语境选择恰当的用词。在这里必须指明的是，并不是词汇等级越高越好，必须还要考虑到适合于不同的语境。比如，眼睛大，这个“大的”形容词，我们首先会想到big,近而想到great, large, huge, vast, titanic, enormous etc。那么是不是用后面的词就可以了呢？或者说用上enormous等词更能博得阅卷人的好感呢？答案是否定的。在这里很明显用后面的词来修饰眼睛是不可以，只能用big，因为我们听过一首英文歌曲叫做“I am a big big girl, in a big big world.”big表示眼睛大而迷人可爱的。
  　2.造句：
    (1)词组
    很多考生平时写作不太擅长用词组，对于他们而言最习惯的就是想到汉语，然后对应汉语思维写出英语句子，这种写作只能是单词的罗列组合，谈不上什么技巧文采可言，因此，写出来的文章必然就是所谓平淡如流水，没有英语的味道。如果我们能够在单词的基础上，进一步想到与之同义的词组，那么文章就会显得与众不同，更具有英语的味道。比如上面所说的“重要的”这个单词，当我们想到important的时候，如果从语法角度再稍加考虑一下，我们会想到“be of importance”。因为，语法中规定：形容词等于of加这个形容词的名词形式。如果再提升一步，我们还学过一个常用的词组叫做“play an important role in---”。很多同学说自己的文章凑不够字数或是没有文采，那么采用词组进行写作是不是就可以解决以上问题了呢？
    (2)句式
    除了采用词组，要使文章更具英语的味道，我们还需要变换句式。没有受过正规作文训练的考生，通常采用的句式多为主谓宾、主系表。于是我们看到大多数的文章充斥着这样的形式：I am a good boy, and I am a student. I study in Shandong University, and I have three years experience in Qilu Hotel.这样流水帐式的文章显然不能得到高分。
    写作中阅卷人喜欢的句式有以下两种：一是插入语；二是倒装。
    第一，插入语。
    所谓插入语，英语中有两种形式。一种是有两个逗号之间引起的成分称之为插入语；第二种是有两个半破折号引起的成分称之为插入语。如下所示(黑体划线处)：
    Jinan, the Spring City, is a famous tourist city.
    Other people may give us instrumental support—financial aid, material resources, and needed services—that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.
    插入语的作用主要有两个，一个是突出主语，比如说：He, who would like to play basketball, is a good student.
    第二个作用是解释说明，比如说：People, especially students, should work hard.
    第二，倒装
    倒装是我们写作中需要用到的。虽然略显俗套，但是却是很能满足阅卷人的主观感受的。常用的倒装形式有以下几种：
    Only + 时间状语
    Only when all of us join in the efforts of eliminating cheating at all levels can we expect to have a cleaner society and a more beautiful future.
    Only + 介词词组
    Only by planning his time care fully can he improve efficiency and make achievements.
    Only in this way can we master the writing skills step by steps.
    否定词位于句首(hardly when; never; not only---,but also---; seldom)
    在我一生当中很难遇到这样的人
    Seldom in my life have I met such a kind-hearted man.
    地点方位名词位于句首
    In no other place in the world can one find such enthusiasm for applying for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games.
    (3)修辞
    无论是汉语写作还是英语写作，修辞其实非常的重要。它是作者写作功底具体事例地展现。所谓修辞包括比喻、拟人、排比等等。英语写作中的修辞问题我已经专门写过一篇文章(见《英语写作几种修辞手法》)。这里仅举一个比喻例子，还是拿“重要的”来举例。当你用完词组之后，如果你用上下面比如句子，则文章就会显得神采飞扬，试比较：
    The bicycle is important for us.
    The bicycle is of importance for us.
    The bicycle plays an important role in our life.
    The bicycle, environmental friendliness vehicle, plays an important role in our life.
    The bicycle is like the air, water, and sunshine and cannot be parted with a moment in our life.
    那么很明显，最后一个句子是我们最终拿到考场上去搏击高分的句子。