航空英语证书考试(PEC)-飞行器术语.doc

航空英语证书考试(PEC)-飞行器术语

Abort - Early mission termination due to failure(s) that preclude mission continuation. Return to Earth of the crew is accomplished inside the spacecraft designed for Earth return and landing (see Abort to Earth, Abort to Orbit).
Abort to Earth - Early mission termination, with direct return to the Earth's surface as the immediate objective.
Abort to Orbit - An early mission termination that has an immediate objective of placing the flight system (CEV) in Earth orbit, prior to return to the Earth's surface.
Acceptance Tests - Tests conducted to verify that hardware delivered to higher-level assembly prior to delivery to the flight test and prior to delivery to the operational inventory or for operational spares conforms to program requirements. Acceptance testing also includes final "sell-off" of the fully assembled CEV.
Annunciate - To provide a visual, tactile or audible indication.
Ascent - The time from liftoff from the Earth's surface, to spacecraft insertion into Earth orbit.
Ascent Abort - Early mission termination due to failure(s) that preclude mission continuation. Return to Earth of the crew is accomplished inside the spacecraft designed for Earth return and landing.
Attitude and Pointing Constraints - Constraints, restrictions or requirements on the vehicles orientation in space. These may include things such as requirements to orient a sensor at a specific target (such as a specific star), or a constraint limiting the amount of time a vehicle axis can be oriented toward a particular target (such as the sun, or deep space). They also include constraints or restrictions on maneuver rates and attitude deadbands.
Automated control - Automatic, as opposed to human operation or control of a process, equipment or a system; or the techniques and equipment used to achieve this. Automation is the control or execution of actions with no human interaction. Automated control does not exclude the capability for manual intervention / commanding, but manual intervention / commanding is explicitly not required to accomplish the function.
Autonomous operations - Defined as a flight vehicle operating independent of external commands or control (i.e., commands from mission control on Earth). Autonomous operations can be fully automated or require some degree of manual commanding/intervention by the onboard crew. Autonomous operations that do not require onboard crew involvement are, by definition, automated; therefore, the term "autonomous operations" used in the requirements assumes onboard crew involvement in the operations.
Berthing - A method of mating two or more Exploration elements in space. During a berthing operation, the two elements are mechanically connected prior to the structural capture and final mating (i.e., one element grapples the other with a robotic arm). One element controls the trajectory and attitude of the other element for the contact and capture. Final mating is generally performed by the berthing mechanism.
Catastrophic Hazard - A condition that may cause death or permanently disabling injury, major system or facility destruction on the ground, or major systems or vehicle destruction during the mission.
CEV Acquisition Strategy Phase 1 - This is the formulation phase for the CEV. This phase begins in 2005 with contract award to multiple contractors and continues through PDR for each design.
CEV Acquisition Strategy Phase 2 - This is the implementation phase for the CEV. This phase begins in 2008 with down select to one contractor and continues through 2014, with the first human launch of the CEV. This vehicle is a spiral 2-capable vehicle that also satisfies all spiral 1 capabilities.
CEV Acquisition Strategy Post-Phase 2 - This is both the initial operations phase and the spiral 3 upgrade phase for the CEV. The initial operations phase begins in the negotiation of firm options into the 2008 contract for additional CEV flight and also includes the sustaining engineering of the production vehicles. The spiral 3 upgrade phase has the contractor upgrade their CEV design to incorporate all spiral 3 capabilities. This phase will not occur if the contractor incorporated all spiral 3 requirements in their original design.
CEV System - Includes the spacecraft and all CEV-unique ground systems needed to support standalone and integrated operations.
CEV System Flight Tests - Operating flight tests during the development phase used to qualify that the integrated flight vehicle system (including the launch vehicle) and ground support equipment, as procured and verified by the acceptance test procedures, conform to the Constellation program requirements.
CEV System Level Requirements (CEV) - Requirements that will be developed by Constellation SE&I in conjunction with the CEV prime contractors. Includes performance/functional requirements for the CEV system and External Interface Requirements (EIRD) to other Constellation systems.
Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) - Commercially available products that can be purchased and integrated with little or no customization, thus facilitating customer infrastructure expansion and reducing costs.
Component - An elementary device or piece of equipment that is a basic part of a subsystem.
(Constellation) Ground Support System - This system provides all Constellation common ground-based capabilities (e.g., mission control, launch-site processing) needed to execute Exploration missions. It does not include ground based In-space Support Systems. Facilities and capabilities that are unique to a single Exploration system, such as the CTS, will be included as part of the system it supports.
Constellation System of Systems - The system of systems that includes all capabilities and systems that are critical to enabling safe and successful human and robotic missions across the solar system.
Consumables - Resources that are consumed in the course of conducting a given mission. Includes propellant, power, habitability items (e.g., gaseous oxygen), and crew consumables. Limited quantity items (such as propellants, power and life support fluids/gases) that are used during the course of the flight. Consumables are budgeted and managed to support all mission needs.
Consumables Product Development - The effort to produce planned usage profiles for all consumables that can constrain a mission by nature of their limited quantity (such as propellants, metabolic oxygen, and power generation). Used for preflight planning and real-time flight operations.
Contingency EVA Capability - An EVA capability provided to deal with critical failures or circumstances, which are not adequately protected by redundancy or other means.
Control Board - The board, panel or forum chartered to have authority over a particular subject or item (ex. Flight Rules Control Board, Crew Procedures Control Board, etc)
Crew Activity Scheduling Constraints - Constraints, restrictions or requirements on the scheduling of the flight crew. Includes such information such as required amounts of sleep, amount crew sleep can be shifted, amount of time for crew meals and exercise, etc.
Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) - The CEV provides crew habitation and Earth re-entry capability for all Exploration Spirals. In Spirals 2 and 3, the CEV has been functionally defined as the vehicle in which the exploration crew will be transported to the lunar vicinity and subsequently returned to the Earth surface. The CEV will also have the capability to perform automated and/or autonomous operations (loiter), from LSAM separation from the CEV for descent to the lunar surface, until the end of the lunar surface mission.
Crew Exploration Vehicle Launch Segment (CEVLS) - The CEVLS consists of a Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV), a Crew Launch Vehicle (CLV), and all the dedicated ground support infrastructure necessary to launch the CEV to Earth orbit.
Crew Launch Vehicle (CLV) - The CLV is an element of the CTS. The CLV will be human-rated, and will deliver the CEV into a mission-specific Earth Ascent Target Orbit.
Crew Member - Human onboard the spacecraft or space system during a mission.
Crew Operations - The activities performed by the flight crew while in the vehicle or during a mission. A subset of the Integrated Flight Operations Execution that begins with crew ingress into the CEV prior to launch and concludes with the crew egress from the CEV post landing
Crew Transportation System (CTS) - The CTS encompasses the flight elements needed to deliver a human crew from Earth to a mission destination, and return the crew safely to Earth. In Spiral 1, the CTS includes the CEV and CLV. For Spirals 2 and 3, the CTS includes the CEV, CLV, plus other elements to be defined at a later date such as EDS and the LSAM. The CTS must interact with the Ground Support System (GSS) during all Spirals; current architectures require delivery of the EDS and LSAM through use of the CDS to rendezvous orbits.
Critical Hazard - A condition that may cause a severe injury or occupational illness, loss of mission, or major property damage to facilities, systems, or flight hardware.
Demo Flight - The 2008 demonstration flight performed as part of the flight test program.
Depot Operations - The operations performed offline to receive and accept new flight hardware components, recertify previously flown hardware components for reuse, and to perform maintenance and repairs within the Line Replaceable Units (LRU's).
Destination Surface to Destination Vicinity Phase - Starts with the initiation of the ascent (T0) from the destination surface. Representative mission activities include: ascent, abort, and orbit insertion or libration capture. Phase ends after successful destination vicinity insertion/capture.
Destination Vicinity Operations Phase A - Starts at the successful insertion/capture at the destination vicinity. Representative mission activities include: loiter and phasing, vehicle and system checkout, crew-cargo transfers, undocking and separation. Phase ends at the successful separation of surface lander system for descent burn.
Destination Vicinity Operations Phase B - Starts after the successful destination orbit insertion or libration point capture, following ascent from destination surface. Representative mission activities include: phasing, vehicle-system checkout, crew-cargo transfer, undocking and separation maneuver, element disposal and/or safing. Phase ends at the completion of the Trans-Earth Injection burn.
Destination Vicinity to Earth Phase - Begins with completion of Trans-Earth Injection burn and includes mid-course corrections, cruise to Earth vicinity, element separation and element disposal. Ends with arrival at Earth entry interface or successful Earth orbit injection.
Destination Vicinity to Surface Phase - Starts at the initiation of the descent burn from destination vicinity (destination deorbit burn or libration departure burn to destination). Representative mission activities include: descent to destination surface, descent aborts, landing, propulsion system shutdown and safing. For libration architectures, additional activities include orbit capture, phasing, and de-orbit maneuvers. Phase ends when the vehicle has completed all landing activities on the destination surface, including propulsion system shutdown and safing.
Development Tests - Any test that provides data needed to reduce risk, to design hardware or software, to define manufacturing processes, to define qualification or acceptance test procedures, or to investigate anomalies discovered during test or operations. Verification credit cannot be taken during development testing.
Docking - A method of mating two or more Exploration elements in space. In a docking operation, the structural mechanisms are brought into contact and captured through independent control of the two vehicles' flight path and attitude. Final mating is generally accomplished by the docking mechanism.
Earth Ascent Target Orbit - The planned CEV orbit, upon completion of ascent (separation from Crew Launch Vehicle).
Earth Departure Stage (EDS) - EDS will be used to provide the propulsive force needed to transfer the various flight elements to destination phasing orbits (including the CEV and LSAM). EDS will be launched on a Cargo Launch Vehicle, and are considered part of the CDS, except when mated to and operating with a crew-occupied flight element.
Earth Orbit Operations Phase A - Starts with completion of Earth orbit insertion. Representative activities include: phasing, rendezvous, docking and loiter. Ends with completion of a burn to leave Earth orbit (i.e., Trans-Lunar Injection burn or de-orbit burn).
Earth Orbit to Destination Vicinity Phase - Starts after completion of vehicle injection burn (i.e., Trans-Lunar Injection) and includes mid-course corrections, element separation/disposal, and cruise to destination vicinity. Ends with successful insertion/capture at destination vicinity.
Earth Re-entry Phase - Begins with completion of Earth orbit injection. Ends with de-orbit burn completion. Encompasses activities necessary to successfully execute direct-to-Earth aborts during ascent.
Earth Reference Orbit - The orbit designated for assembly of Exploration System elements prior to departure for exploration destinations, defined by the following parameters: Inclination: 28.5-29.0 degrees; Launch Azimuth: 90+/- 5 degrees; Altitude: 307 km - 407 km.
Earth to Orbit Phase - Starts with liftoff. Representative activities include liftoff through ascent to orbit, ascent crew escape/abort and re-entry/descent during aborts, disposal of elements. Ends with insertion to a stable, 24 hour Earth orbit or return to Earth.
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) - What occurs when electromagnetic fields from one device interfere with the operation of some other device.
Entry footprint - Region on Earth's surface defined by the boundaries of the CEV Earth entry corridor.
Escape - Early mission termination that requires emergency egress of the Crew from the failing spacecraft, possibly using an escape system (e.g., extraction, ejection, escape pod).
Evaluation Factors - Criteria (cost and non-cost) by which a contractor's proposal will be evaluated to make a contract award.
Exploration Spiral 1 (Crew Transportation System Earth Orbit Mission) - Encompasses the capabilities necessary to insert humans into Earth orbit and return them safely to Earth, employing a post-Space Shuttle flight system. A programmatic constraint has been imposed on Spiral 1: "NASA shall conduct the initial test flight for the Crew Exploration Vehicle before the end of the decade in order to provide an operational capability to support human exploration missions no later than 2014". The flight elements of the Exploration Spiral 1 Crew Transportation System are the Crew Exploration Vehicle and Crew Launch Vehicle. Robotic Precursor Missions that are scheduled to launch prior