大学英语四级写作专题讲解名师优质课获奖市赛课一等奖课件.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本幻灯片资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，如有不当之处，请参考专业资料。,大学英语四级写作专题,第1页,菜单,概述,四级写作难点分析,学生写作现实状况分析,四级写作得高分技巧,四级作文解析,四级考试评分标准,第2页,概述,大学英语四级新题型考试第一部分是写作，写作写得怎样会直接影响以后做题。短文写得得心应手，对后面答题可起到事半功倍作用，不然就有可能功亏一篑。四级写作体裁包含说明文、议论文和应用文。写作素材或要求能够是汉字、英文和图表。写作字数在120字以上，写作时间为30分钟，但你应留少许时间作最终检验。写作既考查你思索判断能力，也考查你表示能力。所以，你应对一些校园、社会新闻和常识有一定认识和看法，并能够有层次地、结构完整地在文章中清楚表示你观点。,第3页,四级写作难点分析,难点一：主观判分，有所影响,难点二：体裁多样，难度较大,难点三：老题新出，千变万化,第4页,学生写作现实状况分析,1.理缺词穷,2.偏爱长句,3.重复烦琐,4.单调无味,5.结构混乱,6.错误连篇,7.无话可说,第5页,学生写作现实状况分析,第一、英语底子太薄。,第二、词汇量太小，且对已学词汇记忆不清。,第三、缺乏思想，深度不够。,第四、缺乏应试技巧。,第6页,四级写作高分技巧,一、卷面整齐，书写清楚。,二、构思简单，少犯错误。,三、中心突出，层次分明。,四、固定经典，名言注目。,五、重在改变，宁简勿滥。,第7页,一、文章基本结构,二、写作实例分析,四级作文解析,第8页,文章基本结构,概论,文章基本结构,写作三段论模式,第9页,一、概论,文章是由段落组成，而段落基本结构是由主题句、支撑句和结尾句所组成，它详细结构能够用以下图表加以表示：,1/2,第10页,二、文章基本结构,2/2,第11页,写作三段论模式,大学英语四级写作通常采取三段论模式，即：,开头段(introduction),主体段(body paragraph),结尾段(conclusion),第12页,(一)开头段,开头段概论,惯用开头段表示方法,开头段惯用关键句型,第13页,开头段概论,对于大学英语四级写作考题来说，限于篇幅，其开头段普通都不长。然而，这寥寥几句话却占有十分主要地位，它表示是整篇文章主题思想。在议论文中，我们称之为中心论点，它起到驾驭全文作用。一个意义清楚、明确开头段，将有利于读者了解全文；一个精彩、新奇开头段还能激起读者阅读欲望。,第14页,惯用开头段表示方法,使用引语（use a quotation）,引用详细或粗略数据（use figures or statistics）,提出问题（ask a question）,给出详细实例或报道（offer relevant examples or reports）,定义法（give definition）,主题句法（use of topic sentence）,第15页,惯用开头段表示方法,使用引语（use a quotation）使用一段名人名言，或人们惯用谚语、习语，以确定文章写作范围和方向。如：“Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity,but to make them.”Colton,a great writer once remarked.But it still has a profound significance now.To a person,in whose lifetime opportunities are not many,to make opportunities is more essential to his success.分析：开头引用Colton名言说明“创造机会”对于成功主要性，点明主题。,第16页,惯用开头段表示方法,引用详细或粗略数据（use figures or statistics）当然对于图表题型，该种方法是必须选择，详细做法是给出一些详细或粗略数据，然后作出概括性分析，点明主题或引出需要叙述问题。如：As is demonstrated in the table,more and more college graduates are out of a job in our country,which is a serious problem to our economic development and social security.It is estimated that in,there are 500,000 unemployed graduates,more than 30%higher than in.分析：文章引用年找不到工作毕业生到达50万这一数据来说明大学生找工作难这一现象严重性，很有说服力。,第17页,惯用开头段表示方法,提出问题（ask a question）提出有争议或探讨性详细问题，然后加以简明回答或展开引导性简短讨论。如：What do you want from your work Money Promotions Interesting challenges Continual learning Work-based friendships The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ,all agree that work provide more than material things.分析：文章开头提出“你想从工作中得到什么”这一问题，然后自问自答，指出工作除了物质利益，还能够给我们带来很多其它收获这一结论。,第18页,惯用开头段表示方法,给出详细实例或报道（offer relevant examples or reports）给出详细生活实例或新闻报道如：As regards the stress for college students,there has been a heated discussion among the public in the society.It was reported that a student killed four of his classmates just because of a trivial matter.It can be easily seen that pressure has become a serious issue we cannot neglect.分析：文章经过引用新闻报道一个实例，说明了大学生心理问题严重性。,第19页,惯用开头段表示方法,定义法（give definition）针对讨论主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨。如：As we all know,practice makes perfect.This is an accumulated experience we inherit from our forefathers,and now it is still widely applied to our daily life.It means that the more we practice,the more likely we are going to do things perfectly.分析：文章用It means that这一句型，说明了practice makes perfect含义。,第20页,惯用开头段表示方法,主题句法（use of topic sentence）文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题，然后围绕主题内容进行发展。如：Nowadays one of the serious problems China is faced with is the increasing illiteracy among the adolescents.According to a recent survey by Dr.Li,dean of Educational Department of Beijing Normal University,about 18%of the children between 8 and 15 years old have dropped out of school across the country.分析：文章开头即提出中国文盲现象日益严重这一问题，然后再用实例数据加以佐证。,第21页,开头段惯用关键句型,As opposed to generally accepted views,I believe that The arguer may be right about,but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that.Although it is commonly agreed that,it is unlikely to be true that.There is an element of truth in this statement,but it ignores a deeper and more basic fact that.In all the discussion and debate over,one important fact is generally overlooked.,第22页,开头段惯用关键句型,On the surface（At first thought）,it（this）may seem a sound（an attractive）suggestion（solution/idea）,but careful weighing on the mind（on closer analysis/on second thought）,we find that Although many people believe that,I wonder whether the argument bears much analysis,第23页,开头段惯用关键句型,The danger（problem/fact/truth/point）is that.I agree with the above statement because I believe that.,There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of.Those who object to argue that.But people who favor,on the other hand,argue that.,第24页,开头段惯用关键句型,Currently（In recent years/In the past few years/For many years now）,there is（hasbeen）a（n）general（widespread/growing/widely held）feeling towards（concern over/attitude towards/trend towards/awareness of/realization of/illusion of/belief in）.As far as I am concerned,however,I believe that.Now it is commonly（widely/generally/increasingly）believed（thought/held/accepted/felt/recognized/acknowledged）that.But I wonder（doubt）whether,第25页,(二)主题段,主体段概述,主体段段落扩充方法,第26页,主体段概述,主体段写作方法是各种多样，而不一样方法会产生不一样效果，不一样方法需用不一样组织形式。所以，在动笔之前，必须先选择好所采取方法，然后依据自己所选方法确定对应结构形式，才能把文章写好。,第27页,主体段段落扩充方法,一、,列举法（Listing）,二、,举例法（Exemplification）,三、,分类法（Classification）,四、,比较对照法（Comparison and Contrast）,五、,因果法（Cause and Effect）,第28页,列举法（Listing）定义,也叫枚举法。是一个在主题句中提出论点，然后列举一系列论据或原因对主题进行论证或阐述方法。列举次序能够按照所列各点内容相对主要性、时间、空间次序等进行。,第29页,列举法作文例子,To get the most out of your textbook you should follow several steps very carefully.First,you should make a preliminary survey of each book to get a general idea of what the book contains.Second,you should read for deeper understanding and formulate questions as you read.Next,make notes of the major point of each chapter.Then,test yourself to be sure that you can answer questions likely to be raised in class or in examinations.Finally,review your notes and reread any parts of the book that are unclear to you.,第30页,惯用于列举法过渡连接词,first,second,third,etc.;in the first place,in the second place;first of all,first and foremost;to begin with,to start with;for one thing,for another;also,besides,furthermore,moreover,in addition,what is more;above all;next;beyond that;initially;eventually,last but not least.,第31页,举例法（Exemplification）定义,作者经过举出详细事例来阐述、说明主题句内容。严格地讲，举例法也是列举法一个，它们区分在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力争全方面；而举例法侧重经过举出经典事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少。,第32页,举例法作文例子,There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes.For example,those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games.For another example,if they prefer to exercise alone,they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening.Besides,people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter.In short,no matter what their interests are,people can always find more than one sport that is suitable to them.,第33页,举例法中常见过渡性词语,for example,for instance,as an example,as an illustration,such as/such,a case in point is,to illustrate,in particular,specifically,say,next,namely,that is,like,take as an example,etc.,第34页,分类法（Classification）,定义,在阐述某一概念段落中，惯用分类法。经过对概念中所包含事物进行分门别类地叙述，使读者有更为清楚认识。,第35页,分类法作文例子,Ever since humans have lived on the earth,they have made use of various forms of communication.Generally,this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech,when there is a language barrier,communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions stand for letters,words and ideas.Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression.Many of these symbols of whole words are very vivid and exact and can be used internationally;spelling,however,cannot.Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions,either intentionally or unintentionally.A nod signifies approval,while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction.Other forms of language can be found in signal flags,Morse code and picture signs.,第36页,常见用以分类词语,动词：sort(into),divide(into),classify,group,fall into,etc.,名词：sorts,classes,groups,categories,types,kinds,aspects,etc.,第37页,比较对照法（Comparison and Contrast）,定义,比较对照法由比较和对照两部分组成，但二者往往一起用以阐述二者或者更多事物间异同，惯用于说明文和议论文写作。比较描述是所比对象相同、类似点，而对照则强调所描述对象之间不一样，甚至相反之处。,惯用比较对照结构模式有两种，即整块比较法和逐点比较法。,在整块比较法中先集中描述A，再集中描述B。其模式为：A1、A2、A3B1、B2、B3,第38页,第一个模块例子,Computers have both favorable and unfavorable aspects.,First,computers can calculate.They can make work more efficient for they have a high speed of calculation.Besides,people can communicate with each other by E-mail,which costs people less money and less time.Most important of all,computers create wide communication around the world.People can communicate with each other via the Internet.They can make friends all over the world.,But every coin had two sides.The negative aspects are also apparent.To begin with,since computers can do a lot of work for us,such as calculation,we may rely too much on then and become lazier and lazier.To make matters worse,although it is convenient for people to communicate with each other by E-mail,the original warm relationship may become cold,for people will have fewer opportunities to talk to each other face to face.Worst of all,computers can spread viruses caused by electronic hackers resulting in a lot of important information being lost.,第39页,第二种模块及例子,逐点比较法是A、B双方同时逐点描述，其模式为：,A1 B1 A2 B2 A3 B3比如：,A proverb says,“Like father,like son.”But the proverb doesnt seem to fit my grandfather and my father because they have more differences than similarities.,First,my grandfather is introverted,while my father is extroverted.We can easily read what is on my fathers mind,but it is hard to find out what my grandfather is thinking about.Next,my grandfather is always indifferent to children.He seldom talks with children and the children are somewhat afraid of him.In contrast,my father is very warm-hearted to children.He likes to talk with them,so the children in my family all like him.Finally,my grandfather is obstinate.Once he had made a decision,he never changes it.However,my father,even after he has made a decision,will ask others for opinions.If he thinks the opinions are reasonable,he might change his mind.,Although my grandfather and my father resemble each other very much in appearance,they differ in character,thinking and behavior.,第40页,常见比较对照过渡性词语,惯用表示比较过渡性词语有：,similarly,likewise,correspondingly,in a similar way,in the same way,too,like,resemble,similar to,equal to,equally,important,bothand,the same as,惯用表示对照过渡性词语有：,on the one hand,on the other hand,on the contrary,in/by contrast,in contrast to,in sharp contrast,conversely,otherwise,however,nevertheless,but,yet,(al)though,even though,whereas/while,it is truebut,instead,unlike,rather than,in spite of,contrast with,differ(ent)from,contrary to,第41页,因果法（Cause and Effect）定义,因果法经惯用以阐述原因，回答“为何”这类问题，分析事物发展前因后果，也多见于说明文和叙述文。因果关系普遍性决定了因果关系复杂性，通常因果关系模式有一因一果、一因多果、一果多因和多果多因等，而以因果方式扩展段落时通常可采取先因后果或先果后因一因多果或一果多因模式，其中多因或多果用通常以枚举方式列举。,第42页,因果法作文例子,The role of women in todays society is changing.One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the womens movement.Also,women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home.Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields of interest serve as role models for other women.Moreover,men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.,第43页,惯用表示因果关系过渡性词语,because,as,since,for,owing to,because of,due to,on account of,as a result of,for the reason,result from,thus,so,therefore,accordingly,consequently,for this reason,on that account,as a result,as a consequence,it follows that,result in,contribute to,第44页,（三）结尾段,结尾段概述,惯用结尾段表示方法,结尾段惯用关键句型,第45页,结尾段概述,开头和结尾往往是读者注意最多部分。开头引发读者注意，提出主题；结尾与开头呼应，使读者感觉全文叙述完整，圆满结束。从某种意义上来说，结尾更轻易给读者留下深刻印象。人们常把好文章结尾称作是“画龙点睛”，可见结尾部分对整篇文章所起作用。,第46页,惯用结尾段表示方法,总结归纳,重申主题,预测展望,提出提议,提出问题,引用格言,第47页,惯用结尾段表示方法,总结归纳简明总结归纳文章关键点，方便深化主题印象。如：In conclusion I would like to say that children need to be understood but children also need to understand their parents.It is only when parents and children come to understand each other that we can solve problems effectively and narrow the generation gap.分析：文章经过in conclusion引出对前面所作叙述归纳，使主题愈加明确。,第48页,惯用结尾段表示方法,重申主题再次强调和确定文章开头阐述中心思想。如：Admittedly,science has created atomic bombs and produced pervasive pollution.But it has transformed the lives of millions of people.It has multiplied mans energy,hopes,ambitions and understanding.It has elevated and will continue to elevate man intellectually and spiritually.分析：文章对前文观点进行了重复，使之愈加鲜明。,第49页,惯用结尾段表示方法,预测展望立足当前，放眼未来。如：So to sum up,we should offer our help to all who are in need.We expect to get love from others and we also give love to others.I believe that the relationship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in.分析：文章经过对未来主动展望，说明了爱在生活中主要性。,第50页,惯用结尾段表示方法,提出提议提出处理问题路径、方法或呼吁人们采取对应行动。如：As the issue plays such a key role in our society,sufficient attention should be paid from both the government and the public.The government should make sure that the census is well carried out and the people should be actively involved in the census.分析：文章在结尾从政府和公众两个角度提出提议，以确保人口普查顺利进行。,第51页,惯用结尾段表示方法,提出问题提出含有发人深省问题，从而突出中心思想。如：Old people may choose to live alone for themselves and even embrace this living pattern.But in the deep part of their hearts,they must feel lonely.They need their children to stay with,to talk with,and take care of them.Why cant young people think of the days when they are getting old分析：文章最有用一个反问句“年轻人为何不想想自己年老时情形”来提醒他们将心比心，设身处地，去关心父母双亲。,第52页,惯用结尾段表示方法,引用格言用格言、谚语或习语总括全文中心思想。如：Many yeas ago,a great philosopher Francis Bacon remarked that“Knowledge is power.”This can now be translated into contemporary terms.In our social setting,“Knowledge is change”and accelerating knowledge-acquisition,fueling the great engine of technology,means accelerating change.分析:文章借用培根“知识就是力量”名言结构，指出“知识就是改变”以深化主题，给读者留下深刻印象。,第53页,结尾段惯用关键句型,From what has been discussed above（Taking into account all these factors/Judgingfrom all evidence offered）,we may safely draw（reach/come to/arrive at）the conclusion that.All the evidence（analysis）supports（justifies/confirms/warrants/points to）a（n）unshakable（unmistakable/sound/just）conclusion that.It is high time that we place（lay/put）great（special/considerable）emphasis onthe improvement（development/increase/promotion）of.,第54页,结尾段惯用关键句型,It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated（unhealthy/undesirable/deplorable）situation（tendency/phenomenon）of.We must look（search/call/cry）for an immediate action（method/measure）,because the present（current）situation（phenomenon/tendency/state/attitude）of,if permitted（allowed）to continue（proceed）,will surely（certainly）lead to（result in）the end（destruction/heavy cost）of.,第55页,结尾段惯用关键句型,There is no easy（immediate/effective）solution（approach/answer/remedy）tothe problem of,but might be useful（helpful/beneficial）.No easy method（solution/recipe/remedy）can be at hand（found/guaranteed）to solve（resolve/tackle）the problem of,but the common（general/public）recognition of（re