中考英语阅读理解及其解题技巧.doc

中考英语阅读理解及其解题技巧
阅读理解及其解题方法
阅读理解能力的培养是中学英语学习的一项重要任务,也是中考的一项重要内容。中考阅读理解题主要考查学生的语篇阅读能力、分析和判断力。要求学生能较快地通过阅读理解短文大意,获取其中的主要信息,能做出正确判断,然后根据试题的要求从A, B, C, D四个选项中选出最佳答案或回答出所提问题等等。要求阅读速度为每分钟40-50个词。
阅读理解的阅读材料的选取一般遵循三个原则:
1. 阅读文章不少于三篇,阅读量在1,000单词左右;
2. 题材广泛,包括科普,社会,文化,政治,经济等;
3. 体裁多样,包阔记叙文,说明文,应用文等;
一、中考阅读理解考查的主要内容
1. 考查掌握所读材料的主旨和大意的能力。
此类考查主旨和大意的题大多数针对段落(或短文的主题,主题思想,标题或目的,其主要提问方式是:
(1 Which is the best title of the passage?
(2 Which of the following is this passage
about?
(3 In this passage the writer tries to tell us
that______.
(4 The passage tells us that______.
(5 This passage mainly talks
about_______.
2. 考查把握文章的事实和细节的能力。
此类考查事实和细节的题目大多数是针对文章的细节设计的,其主要提问方式是:
(1 Which of the following is right?
(2 Which of the following is not mentioned?
(3 Which of the following is Not True in the
passage?
(4 Choose the right order of this passage.
(5 From this passage we know ________.
3. 考查根据上下文猜测生词的含义的能力。
此类猜测词义的题目要求考生根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。其主要提问方式是:
(1 The wo rd “ ” in the passage probably means ________.
(2 The underlined word “It” in the passage refers to _______.
(3 In this story the underlined word “ ” means ________.
(4 Here “it” means________.
4. 考查对阅读材料全篇的逻辑关系的理解,对文章各段,各句之间的逻辑关系的理解能力。
此类题目主要考查的是句与句之间,短语短之间的逻辑关系,其主要提问方式是:
(1 Many visitors come to the writer’s city to ________.
(2 Air pollution is the most serious kind of pollution because _____.
5. 考查依据短文内容和考生应有的常识进行推理和判断的能力。此类题目文章中没有明确
的答案,需要考生再理解全文的基础上进行推理和判断。其主要提问方式是:
(1 We can guess the writer of the letter may be a ______.
(2 We can infer from the text that _______.
(3 From the story we can guess ______.
6. 考查推断作者意图和态度的能力。其主要提问方式是:
(1 The writer writes this text to ______.
(2 The writer believes that ______.
(3 The writer suggests that ______.
二、阅读理解题的方法和技巧
1.如何获取段落的主旨和大意?
最有效的办法是找出主题句。一篇文章(或一段文章通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的。而这个中心意思往往由一个句子来概括。这个能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主题句。因此,理解一个段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要学会寻找主题句。在一篇短文或一个段落中,大部分主题句的情况有三种:
(1主题句在段首或篇首。
主题句在段首或篇首的情况相当普遍。一般新闻报道、说明文,议论文大都采用先总述,后分述的叙事方法。
例如:
All living things on the earth need other living things to live. Nothing lives alone. Most animals must live in a group, and even a plant grows close together with others of the same kind. Sometimes one living thing kills another, one eats and the other is eaten. Each kind of life eats another kind of life in order to live, and together they form a food chain(食物链。
Some food chains become broken up if one of the links disappears
59. Which of the following do you think is the best title for this passage?
A. Animals
B. Plants
C. Food Chains
D. Living Things
(2主题句在段末或篇末。
用归纳法写文章时,往往表述细节的句子在前,概述性的句子在后,并以此结尾。这种位于段末或篇末的主题句往往是对前面细节的总结,归纳或结论。
例如
If you buy some well-made clothes, you can save money because they can last longer.
They look good even after they have been washed many times. Sometimes some clothes
cost more money, but it does not mean that they are always better made, or they always
fit better. In other words, some less expensive clothes looks better than more expensive clothes.
(3无主题句
有时,一篇文章里并没有明显的主题句。这时我们应该怎样来确定文章的主题或中心意思呢?其实这也不难。我们可以首先找出每一段的中心意思,各段的中心意思往往都是围绕一个中心来展开的,或者说是来说明一个问题的。这个中心或这个问题就是这篇文章的主题或中心意思。
例如
Killer bees started in Brazil 1957. A scientist in Sao Paulo wanted bees to make more honey(蜂蜜. So he put forty-six African bees with some Brazilian bees. The bees bred(繁殖 and made a new kind of bees. But the new bees were a mistake. They didn’t want to make more honey. They wanted to attack. Then, by accident, twenty-six African bees escaped and bred with the Brazilian bees outside.
Scientists could not control(控制 the problem. The bees increased fast. They went from Brazil to Venezuela. Then they went to Central America. Now they are in North America. They travel about 390 miles a year. Each group of bees grows four times a year. This means one million new groups every five years.
Why are people afraid of killer bees? People are afraid for two reasons. First, the bees sting(叮 many more times than usual bees. Killer bees can sting sixty times a minute nonstop for two hours. Second, killer bees attack in groups. Four hundred bee stings can kill a person.
Already several hundred people are dead. Now killer bees are in Texas. In a few years they will reach all over the United States. People can do nothing but wait.
在这篇短文的后面就出了一道这样的阅读理解题:
59. The best title of the passage is ____________.
A. How to make more honey
B. Killer bees
C. A foolish scientist
D. How to feed killer bees
2.如何根据上下文猜测词义?
猜测词义也是一种英语阅读能力。英语阅读理解试题中有不少这样的题目。任何一个实词,只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一个确定的词义。所谓上下文(context,正如英语辞典所解释的,其作用就是帮助确定上下文中的词、短语或句子的意义。据此,我们可以尽可能地利用上下文来猜测词义,即从已知推求未知,也就是用我们所熟悉的词或短语来猜测我们不熟悉的词的词义。猜测词义时,我们可以从三个方面来考虑:1根据上下文已知部分进行逻辑上的推理。2运用语法知识进行语法分析。3依靠常识和经验做出判断。
(1根据上下文已知部分进行逻辑上的推理猜测义:
例:
As they go around town, the police help people. Sometimes they find lost children. They take the children home. If the police see a fight, they put an end to it right away. Sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. The police can always tell the people which way to go. They know all the streets and roads well.
文章后面有这样一道题:
53. In the text, “put an end to” means “___________”.
A. stop
B. cut
C. kill
D. fly
3.如何确定细节和事实?
在阅读理解题目中,有相当一部分是考查细节和事实的题目。这类题目相对容易一些。这些题目有两个共同特点:(1凡属针对特定细节的考题,其正确答案大都可以在阅读材料中找到对应的文字部分作为验证。这一部分可能是一个词或短语,也可能是一个句子或相关的若干句子,但句式、用词和表达方式不同。(2干扰项往往是主体思想与细节混杂,正确答案细节和非正确答案的细节混杂,甚至真假混杂。因此,要做好阅读理解中的确定细节和事实的题目,一要在文章中找出相应的信息点,二要排除干扰项。
4.如何进行推断?
所谓推断,就是根据阅读材料中所提供的信息,推断出未知的信息。即把有关的文字作为已知部分,从中推断出未知部分。据以推断的有关文字可能是词或句子,也可能是若干句子,甚至是全文。
中考英语试题中的推断题很多,包括的面也很大。
其类型主要有以下几种:
(1事实推断:这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节,是比较简单的推断。进行这种推断,要首先在文章中找出据以推断的有关文字,然后加以分析,尤其要悟出字里行间的意
思。
例如
Secondly, a news story has to be interesting and unusual. People don’t want to read stories about everyday life. As a result, many stories are about some kind of danger and seem to be “bad” news.
(2逻辑推断这类题目往往是要求根据文章所提供的背景,人物的表情,动作和语言来推断出人物的态度或感觉。
(3对作者的意图和态度的推断
这一类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断,如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对,还是犹豫不定,对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠,还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来,而往往隐含在字里行间。因此,进行这种推断时,我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提,又要注意作者的措辞,尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。
Let’s have a try
The undersea world is very beautiful. Now more and more people want to dive in the water to find the secrets there. Scuba diving is a new sport today. It can take you into a wonderful undersea world.
You will find many strange animals in the sea. Some are as large as a school bus. Many sea animals give out light in the dark and some have sharp teeth.
During the day, there is enough light. Here, under the sea, everything is blue and green. When fish swim nearby, you can catch them with your hands. When you have bottles of air on your back, you can stay in deep water for a long time. However, you can’t dive too deep. And you must be very careful when you dive in deep water.
The deep sea is not an easy place to live in. It’s cold, and it’s dark, too. The deeper it is, the less sunlight there is. At about 3,000 feet, there is no light at all. It is dark in the sea. Many fishes have no eyes. Some have big eyes.A few have eyes on one side.Besides (除了 the cold and darkness, deep-sea animals face a third danger --- other animals.
Animals eat! They must find food to eat. Many animals eat plants. However, some Animals eat meat.
This means these sea animals have animals have two big jobs. They need to find animals as food, and they have to try not to become other animals’ meal.
1. Why do people want to dive in the sea? Because
________.
A. they want to catch fish
B. they want to find the secrets of the undersea world
C. the sea is deep
D. there are all kinds of plants in the sea
2. In the daytime, when you dive in the sea, you _________.
A. can see everything green and blue
B. can’t be in danger
C. can catch nothing
D. can’t see anything clearly
3. How many dangers will animals meet in the deep sea?
A. One.
B. Two.
C. Three.
D. Four.
4. When you do scuba diving, you can __________.
A. stay in deep water for a long time
B. dive very, very deep
C. live in deep water easily
D. dive freely without any dangers
5.Which of the following is WRONG?
A. One animals finds something to eat, and it may be eaten by others.
B. At the depth of 3,000 feet under the sea, many animals can find their way by hearing and feeling.
C. The deeper the sea is, the darker and colder it is.
D. At the depth of 3,000 feet under the sea, all animals can find their way by seeing.
寄语
阅读理解题取材广泛,但仍然有规律可循。
平时要多阅读并善于总结,积累解题技巧。
考试时要研读好文本,不放过文本中细节。
做完题后要仔细检查,每篇材料应有完整情节。