非谓语动词作状语及定语讲义.doc

非谓语动词作定语
【知识点拨】
1．不定式作定语
　①不定式的一般式通常表示一个将来或经常性的动作，完成式则表示该动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
　例如：She is always the first (one) to come and the last to leave.
　② 如果作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词有动宾关系,在不及物动词后通常要加上适当的介词.
　例如：Let's first to find a room to live in / to put the things in.
　　　We have nothing to worry about.(=There is nothing for us to worry about.)
2．-ing分词作定语
　①-ing分词作定语一般要求其动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或是在说话时该动作正在进行，否则，要用从句作定语。
　例如：Do you know the boy talking ( = who is talking ) to the teacher?
　　　　Did you notice the boy sitting ( = who was sitting ) at this desk yesterday?
　　　 The man shaking ( = who is now shaking ) hands with Mr. Li visited our class yesterday.
　比较：误：He is the man visiting our class yesterday.
　　　　正：He is the man who visited our class yesterday.
　② 单个的-ing分词作定语一般前置,说明名词的性质、特征或用途等,-ing短语作定语一般后置；强调动作的单个-ing分词也常后置。
　例如：a sleeping car ( = a car for sleeping )
　　　　a sleeping child ( = a child who is sleeping )
　　　　the boy standing there ( = the boy who is standing there )
　　　　The girl singing is my classmate. 3．-ed分词作定语
3. -ed分词作定语一般表示一个被动或已完成动作,-ing分词表示一个主动或正在进行的动作,
-ing分词的被动式则表示一个正在被进行的动作。
　例如：a developed/developing country
　　　He is a student loved by all the teachers.
　　　The building being built will be the third Teaching Building of our school.
4．像定语从句一样，分词作定语也有非限制性的，其作用相当于一个非限制性定语从句。
　例如：The students, wearing their school uniforms, marched into the playground.
　　　The substance, discovered almost by accident,has greatly changed the world.
【典型例题】
　　1．(北京2000, 单项填空)The picture _______ on the wall is painted by my nephew.
　　　A. having hung B. hanging C. hangs D. being hung
　　正确答案：B 根据题干判断，句中需要一个既作定语又表状态的非谓语动词，所以选B。
　　2．（NMET97，单项填空）The Olympic Games,______in 776 B.C., did not include women
　　　　players until 1912.
　　　A. first playing B. to be first played
　　　C. first played D. to be first playing
　　正确答案：C 此题考查分词作非限制性定语的用法，有被动意义，动作已完成，所以选C。
　　3．（NMET94，单项填空）The first text books _______ for teaching English as a
　　　　foreign language came out in the 16th century.
　　　A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written
　　正确答案：D 此题考查分词的限制性定语用法，其他与例2类似，所以选D。

非谓语动词作状语
一、不定式的用法：
1．主要用作目的状语。
He sat down to have a rest.他坐下来休息。
They stopped to ask the way.他们停下来问路。（停下来的目的）
2．作结果状语。表示出乎意料的结果。做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾，常见的不定式动词有：to find, to hear, to see, to be told, to form, to give, to make, to produce 等。
He woke up to find everybody gone. 他醒来发现大家都走了。
His family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。
The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf．这男孩个子不够高，手伸不到书架。
I hurried to school, only to find the gate is locked.
二、分词作状语可以作:
1．作时间状语
Hearing the noise, I turned round. 听见响声我转过身去。
2．表示原因。往往位于句首，表示发生某一行为的原因。
Not having received a reply, he decided to write again. 没有收到答复，他决定再写一遍。
3．表示条件。
Reading carefully，you'll learn something new．只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。
4．表示伴随或方式。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan．他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)
5．表示结果。现在分词作结果状语表示自然的结果。充当结果状语的现在分词的逻辑主语有时并不是句子的主语，而是句子的内容或部分内容。
A lot of good land has gone with them, leaving only sand. 许多好地也随之消失了，留下来的只是沙漠。
The child slipped and fell, hitting his head against the door.那孩子滑了一跤，头撞到了门上。
三、现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。
1．现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。
2．过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。（过去分词和现在分词一般被动式及完成被动式作状语，两者无多大区别。见下。）
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。
注意：分词或分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句中的主语相同
Entering the room, I found the walls newly-painted．（对）
我走进房间时，发现墙壁油漆一新。
Entering the room，the first thing that met eyes was the newly-painted walls．（错）
Badly wounded the soldier was sent to hospital at once．（对）
士兵受了重伤，立即被送到医院。
Badly wounded，we sent the soldier to hospital at once．（错）
Being very busy，I could not afford the time to go to the cinema．（对）
我因为太忙，不能花时间去看电影了。
Being very busy，the film tickets were given to others．（错）
四、如果分词或分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语不是句中的主语，分词必须有自己的主语。这种带主语的分词结构称作分词的独立结构，或独立主格。有时也可用“with(或without)+名词(或代词宾格)+分词”的结构，表示伴随情况。
The professor entered the lab，his students following him．
那位教授走进实验室，学生们在后面跟着。
The day being very wet，Mary wore her new mackintosh．
因为这天是阴雨天气，玛丽穿上她的新雨衣。
Weather permitting，the ship will leave the harbour at dawn．
如果天气不错的话，船将在黎明时离港。
The rain having stopped, the soldiers continued their match.
雨停后，战士们又继续行军了。
The boys returned, their face covered with sweat.
孩子们回来了，满脸是汗。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning.他亮着灯睡着了。
The teacher entered the classroom, with a bag (being) in his hand.
老师进了教室，手中提着一个包。
五、有些现在分词和过去分词已具有介词或连词的性质，由它们组成的词组作状语时其逻辑主语和整个句子的主语不必保持一致。如：
1．He couldn't attend the meeting owing to illness．
他因病没能出席会议。
2．According to the text，please answer the following questions．
请按照课文的内容，回答下面问题。
3．The boy did quite well considering the circumstances．
考虑到具体情况，可以说这孩子干得很不错了。
4．Regarding the case，he knew nothing．
关于这件事，他一无所知。
经常这样用的分词有：
assuming that（conj．if，假定）
considering（prep．in view of．．．，having regard of．．．鉴于，就……而论）
concerning（prep．about，关于）
owing to（prep．because of．．．，on account of．．．，因为……，由于……）
providing ／provided that（conj．on condition that，假若，倘使）
regarding（prep．with reference to．．．，about，关于，有关）
seeing that（conj．in view of the fact that；considering，鉴于……的事实，由……的缘故）
You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you don’t mind taking the night train. 如果你不介意搭夜班火车，你就能早点儿到北京开会。
六、只有一些分词或分词短语可用来表示说话人的态度或看问题的角度，这些分词或短语已转变为独立成份，含有“泛指”之意，在句中常作插入语，这时分词或分词短语的逻辑主语也可以不必和全句的主语保持一致。如：
Judging from his appearance，he looks like an old doctor． 从外表看，他像一位老医生。
Strictly speaking，her pronunciation is not quite good． 严格地说，她的发音不十分地道。
Taken as a whole，there is nothing wrong with the article． 总地来说，这篇文章没有什么问题。
Looking at the question objectively，what he said is something believable． 客观地看，他说的话还有些可信之处。
经常这样用的分词短语有：
frankly speaking 老实地说，坦率地说
generally speaking 一般地说
strictly speaking 严格地说
properly speaking 确切地说来
taken as a whole 总地来说
这种分词短语可以说是一种句子状语，也可以看作是一个句子的独立成份。
非谓语动词——状语、定语 练习题
1. Mrs. White showed her students some old maps ______ from the library.
A. to borrow B. to be borrowed C. borrowed D. borrowing
2. With Father’s day around the corner, I have taken some money out of the bank________ presents for my dad.
A. buy B. to buy C. buying D. to have bought
3. _______ at my classmate` faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.
A. looking B. look C. To look D. looked
4. I’m calling to enquire about the position_________ in yesterday’s China Daily.
A. advertised B. to be advertised C. advertising D. having advertised
5. It rained heavily in the south, ______ serious flooding in several provinces.
A. caused B. having caused C. causing D. to cause
6. Many buildings in the city need repairing, but the one ______ first is the library.
A. repaired B. being repaired C. repairing D. to be repaired
7. _________the city centre, we saw a stone statue of about 10 meters in height.
A. Approaching B. Approached C. To approach D. To be approached
8. That is the only way we can imagine _______ The overuse of water in students` bathrooms.
A. reducing B. to reduce C. reduced D. reduce
9. The retired man donated most of his savings to the school damaged by the earthquake in Yushu, ________ the students to return to their classrooms.
A. Enabling B. having enabled C. to enable D. to have enabled
10. Dina, _______ for moths to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency.
A. struggling B. struggled C. having struggled D. to struggle
11. So far nobody has claimed the money _______ in the library.
A. discovered B. to be discovered C. discovering D. having discovered
12. I have a lot of readings ______ before the end of this term.
A. completing B. to complete C. completed D. being completed
13. The lady walked around the shops, ______ an eye out for bargains.
A. keep B. kept C. keeping D. to keep
14. He had a wonderful childhood, ______ with his mother to all corners of the world.
A. travel B. to travel C. traveled D. traveling
15. A great number of students ______ said they were forced to practice the piano.
A. to question B. to be questioned C. questioned D. questioning
16. The lawyer listened with full attention, ______ to miss any point.
A. not trying B. trying not C. to try not D. not to try
17. The news shocked the public, ______ to great concern about students’ safety at school.
A. having led B. led C. leading D. to lead
18. ______ from the top of the tower, the south foot of the mountain is a sea of trees.
A. Seen B. Seeing C. Having seen D. To see
19. His first book ______ next month is based on a true story.
A. published B. to be published C. to publish D. being published
20. Lots of rescue workers were working around the clock, ______ supplies to Yushu, Qinghai province after the earthquake.
A. sending B. to send C. having sent D. to have sent
A. being weighed B. to weigh C. weighed D. weighing
1-5：CBAAC；6-10：DABAC； 11-15：ABCDC； 16-20：BCABA；

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