新视野大学英语第二册课堂笔记2.doc

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Unit 2 Section A
Environmental Protection Throughout the World
Ⅰ. Abstract
Environmental awareness takes second place to economic development in most nations of the world. As damage to our environment increases, however, some nations are developing programs to protect their natural resources. The passage describes some of these national programs
Canada has closed the area to cod fishing and set strict limits on catches of other species.
Brazil promises it will protect the region’s native people.
Eastern European countries and other nations, including the United States, have set up special funds for environmental clean-ups and improving the region's power plants.
The government of Indonesia has succeeded in increasing use of birth control from 10 percent of the population 20 years ago to 49 percent today.
Ⅱ. Culture Notes
1. Islam is a religion and social way of life based on the teachings of Muhammad as preserved in the Koran(《可兰经》) and the Sunna (伊斯兰教规)。It is centered in Mecca(麦加)，and includes the worship of gods represented by holy stones called the Kaaba(建于麦加的伊斯兰教寺院内的圣堂)。
2. Pacific Ocean is the largest of the world’s oceans, divided into the North Pacific and the South Pacific. It extends from the western America to eastern Asia and Australia. It separated America from Asia and Australia. Its length is 15,000 km. Its width from Panama to Malaya is 19,000 km. With its coasts it makes up a great volcanic area.
III. Analysis of each part
Part one(para.1):
Introduction
Part two(paras 2-14)
Make examples of some nations that have taken some new measures to protect the enviroment.
IV.Language points:
1. undertake:
vt.(1)(start to) make oneself responsible for 担任，承担
(2)agree or promise to do sth. 同意做，要做，答应
例：She undertook the organization of the whole plan.
她承担了整个计划的组织工作。
例：He undertook to finish the job by Friday.
他答应星期五之前完成这项工作
[相关词语]
underestimate n./v.估计不足，低估；undergo v.遭受，经历；
underground a.地下n.地铁；
underlie v.构成……的基础；
underline v.在……下面划线；
underwear n.内衣
2 abundant:
a. 1)more than enough;plenty很多的，丰富的，充裕的
2)(in/with) having plenty of sth.富于，富有
[搭配]
be abundant (rich) in/with sth.富于……
Eg: This is a land abundant in minerals.
这是一块矿藏丰富的土地。
[派生词] abundance n.
an abundance of: a great deal of大量的，充足的
辨析
① plentiful 指“大量的”、“丰富的”,
如:a plentiful supply of food 大量的食物供应
② abundant 指“丰富的”、“充裕的”, 语气比 plentiful 强, 数量比 plentiful 多,
如:Our country is abundant in resources.我国资源丰富。
③copious 指“富饶的”, 语气比 abundant 强,
如: a copious harvest大丰收
④ ample 指“充分的”、“足以满足需要的”,
如:His savings are ample to see him through this crisis.
他的积蓄足使他能渡过这场危机
3. diverse
a.(1)of different kinds;various 种类不同的，多种多样的
(2)different(from each other);not the same 不同的，相异的
diversify v.使不同，使多样化
diversity n.差异，多样性
[搭配] be diverse from与……不同
[辨析]
different，diverse，divergent，distinct，various 意思都含“不同的”。
①different普通用语, 指事物间的区别或本质上的不同, 侧重“相异的”,
如: The two boys are different in their tastes.
这两个男孩的兴趣是相异的。
② diverse指“性质、种类十分不同的”,
如: The word is now used in a sense diverse from the original meaning.
在某种意义上说, 此词现在的含义与最初的含义完全不同。
③ divergent指“分歧的”、“差异的”, 强调“不相容的”,
如:divergent schools of thought 不同的思想流派。
④ distinct指“两个或更多个东西各自有其特点, 不容混淆”, 含有“明显”和“性质上不同”的意思,
如:things similar in form but distinct in nature 形式相似, 实质不同的东西
⑤ various强调“种类或性质的不同与多样”, 而不强调“其本质的差别”,
如:representatives from various parts of the country全国各地的代表。
4. reverse
vt. 1. turn (sth.) the other way round or up, or inside out
反转，颠倒，翻转
Writing is reversed in the mirror.
文字在镜子里是倒着的。
2. exchange (two functions, positions, etc.)
互换（功能、地位等）
The husband and the wife have reversed their roles.
丈夫和妻子互换了他们的职责。
Their situations are now reversed as the employee has become the employer.
由于雇员成了雇主，他们之间的地位发生了变化。
3. remove or wipe out
撤消，取消
reverse the decision of the lower court
撤消下级法院的判决
n. 1.（sing.）a thing that is the contrary or opposite to what is expected
相对，相反
In hot weather, the reverse happens.
气候炎热时，时常出现反常的天气。
The exact reverse was the case.
情况正好相反。
2. [C] other side or back of sth.
背面，反面
The British ten-pence piece has a lion on the reverse.
英国十便士硬币的反面有一狮子图案。
His name is on the reverse of the medal.
勋章的背面刻着他的姓名。
3. [C] change for the worse; bad luck or trouble
挫折，不幸
He used to be rich, but he met with reverses in his business.
他过去很富有，但后来在生意上连遭厄运。
The Party's fortunes went into reverse.
该党的时运发生了逆转。
a.contrary or opposite to what is expected
相对的，相反的，颠倒的
Please read the names on this list in reverse order.
请以倒序念这名单上的名字。
The record showed a reverse trend to that in other countries.
记录显示了一个与其他国家截然相反的趋势.
[词组]
reverse a car倒车；
into reverse朝相反方向
quite / just the reverse 恰恰相反
5. finance
vt. provide money for (a project, etc.)
为（项目）提供经费，为……提供资金
The project is partly financed by the government.
这项工程的部分经费来自政府。
The repairs to the school will be financed by a private company.
学校的修缮费用将由一家私营公司提供。
n. 1. [U] management of (esp. public) money
理财（尤指公款），金融财政
The company needs a man who knows finance.
这家公司需要一个懂财政的人。
State finance has also entered a new stage.
国家财政也已开始进入一个新阶段。
2.（pl.） money available to a person, company or country
（个人、公司、政府的）财源，资金
Are the firm's finances sound?
这个公司的资金充实吗？
Whether it can be done depends on your finances.
这件事能否做成取决于你的财力。
[搭配] the minister of finance财政部长
[派生词] financial a.财政的，金融的
例:The project is partly financed by the government.这工程部分经费来自政府。
例:Are the firm’s finances sound?这家公司的财务状况可靠吗？
6. conflict
n. 1. [C, U] (of opinions, desires, etc.) opposing; difference; clash
（指意见、欲望）冲突，抵触
the conflict between one's duty and one's desire
责任与欲望的冲突
It is not surprising that such a view has led to great conflict.
这样的一种观点引起很大的意见分歧是不足为怪的。
2. [C, U] struggle; fight
斗争，战斗
A conventional conflict might become a nuclear war.
一场常规战有可能会变成核战争。
vi. be against or in disagreement with; clash
与... ...相反, 抵触, 冲突
The statements of the two girls conflict.
这两个女孩的陈述不一样。
Has France ever conflicted with England in modern history?
在现代史上，法国与英国之间发生过冲突吗？
[搭配] conflict with与……相冲突；
in conflict with与……相抵触；不一致
l[近义词]
lconflict多指对立的思想或意识所导致的冲突，分歧
lfight 指短兵相接的肉搏，厮杀
lcombat指个人或部队间的单独斗争，战争等
lbattle多指敌对双方使用武器而进行的大规模的斗争
7. contaminate
vt. make sth./sb. dirty or polluted by adding dangerous or disease-carrying matter
污染，玷污，弄脏，污损
This river has been contaminated by chemicals.
这条河流已经被化学物质污染了。
They are contaminating the minds of our young people with these rotten ideas.
他们正用这些腐朽的思想污染着我们青年人的头脑。
Contamination n.
[辨析] contaminate, pollute
contaminate 为正式用词，主要只有读物提（如细菌、病毒、核辐射等）进入某处或解除某物造成缓慢、不易发觉的“污染、毒害”等；pollute为常用词，多只显而易见的对身心健康或生命造成危害的污染。
10. generate
vt. 1. produce
生成，产生（光、热、电等）
Steam can generate electricity.
蒸汽能发电。
Two surfaces rubbing together generate heat.
两个表面互相摩擦会产生热。
2. cause to exist; produce
引起，产生
Her latest film has generated a lot of excitement.
她最近拍的电影让许多人激动。
The new development will generate 1500 new jobs.
新的发展将带来1500个新的工作职位。
[相关词语] generation n.一代人，产生;
generator n.发电机
regenerate vt.复兴，重建，革新；
degenerate v.退步，堕落
ingenerate a.天生的，固有的
self-generated a. 自家产的
8. impact:
n. 1. [C] （usu. sing.） strong impression or effect on sb./sth.
对... ...的强烈的印象或影响
Her speech made a great impact on everyone.
她的发言对每个人都产生了极大的影响。
The news did not make much impact on me.
这消息并没有对我产生多大的影响。
2. [U] hitting of one object against another
碰撞，撞击
The cup hit the wall and broke on impact.
杯子碰在墙上时碎掉了。
v. 1. to leave a powerful effect on a situation or person
影响，作用
These accidents will impact our school's name.
这些事故会影响到我们学校的声誉。
Falling trade rates have impacted on the country's economy.
贸易成交率的下降对这个国家的经济造成了影响。
2. strike, hit
碰撞，撞击
The ball impacted against the bat with a loud noise.
球撞击球棒时发出了很大的声响。
Have a …impact on…对…有影响
On/upon impact 在撞击时
[比较] impact, affect, influence
limpact:强烈的，有冲击性的影响
eg：How will the war impact on such a poet?
laffect:着重 “影响”的动作，含有对 “产生不利影响”的意思
eg: This article will affect my thinking.
linfluence:潜移默化的影响
eg:Influenced by a high-school biology teacher, he took up the study of medicine.
9. shelter
n.住所，躲藏处，保护
vt. give shelter to （sb./sth.）; protect （sb./sth.）
掩蔽，遮蔽，庇护
The trees shelter the house from the wind.
这些树为这所房子挡风。
He is trying to shlter his boss from critical comment.
他竭力使他的老板不受批评。
vi. find a place that gives shelter; take shelter
躲难，避难
shelter within the walls
躲在围墙内
We sheltered under a tree until the rain passed.
我们躲在树下直到雨过去。
[搭配] give shelter to sb./sth. 掩蔽，遮蔽，庇护；
ltake shelter from躲避…….
lshelter sb. from sth.庇护……，使……免受……
lshelter oneself 掩护自己，为自己辩护；
lfood, clothing and shelter食，衣，住（注意次序）；
l a bus shelter公共汽车站候车亭
10. induce
vt. 1. persuade or influence sb. to do sth.
引诱，诱导
We couldn't induce the old lady to travel by air.
我们无法劝服那位老太太乘飞机旅行。
What induced you to do such a stupid thing?
是什么使得你做出了这样的蠢事？
2. bring sth. about; cause
导致，引起
The actor's acting induces strong feelings in his audience.
那位演员的表演激起了观众强烈的情感。
Overworking induces a lot of illness.
过度劳累会引起许多疾病。
[短语] induce sb to do sth劝说，促使
leg: Nothing could induce her to do foolish thing.
[形近词] induce引诱，诱导induct使…正式就任 deduce演绎，归纳
11. convert
v.1. change one's belief, attitude, etc.
（使）改变（信仰或态度等）
He honestly converted to Christianity.
他真诚地改信了基督教。
My daughter has converted me to pop music.
我女儿使我喜欢上了流行音乐。
2. change sth. from one form or use to another
改变，转变
This seat converts easily into a bed.
这椅子可以很容易地改变为一张床。
They converted their money from pounds into dollars.
他们把英镑兑换成了美元。.
[搭配] convert …to…/into…=turn…into…
例：They converted their money from pounds into dollars.
他们把英镑兑换成了美元。
例：My daughter has converted me to pop music.
我女儿使我喜欢上了流行音乐。
IV. Phrases
1.concern oneself with
忙于，从事，关心
例:I didn‘t concern myself with political matters.我过去不关心政治。
例:A good doctor should concern himself with the health of his patients.
好的医生应该随时关心病人的健康。
2.regardless of
不管，不顾
例:Regardless of the danger, he climbed the tower.他不顾危险的爬上了高塔。
例:Regardless of whether he is right or wrong, we have to obey his decision.
不论他是对还是错，我们都得服从他的决定。
3.spring up:
突然出现，发生，长出
例： A strange idea sprang up in my mind.一个奇妙的想法突然出现在我的脑海里。
4.Off(Para2.)
prep.in the sea near…
Eg: He lived on a small island off the coast of France.
他住在离法国海岸线不远的一个小岛上。
Eg: The ship sank six miles off Shanghai.
船在离上海6英里处的海面上沉没。
5. as a result of l因….
Eg: He was late as a result of the snow.
因为大雪，他迟到了。
6.aim at
intend or try to do意欲或试图做……
例：We must aim at increasing trade.
我们必须努力增加贸易额。
7. agree to
同意，允诺，赞成
leg: He agreed to let me go home early.
他同意让我早些回家。
8.set up:
establish or create建立，创立
[相关用语]
set up a claim to sth.表明主张
set up applications安装应用程序
set up shop开店
9. lead to
导致
eg: This misprint led to great confusion.
指个印刷错误造成很大的混淆。

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