蔬菜腌制的分类.ppt

,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,Click to edit Master title style,*,*,第九章,蔬菜腌制品加工技术,1,蔬菜腌制品的分类和各种腌制品的特点；,掌握蔬菜腌制品的保藏原理；,掌握蔬菜腌制品风味形成的机理；,理解蔬菜腌制过程中微生物的发酵影响；,掌握蔬菜腌制品原料选择及加工工艺。,1,2,3,4,5,主要内容,重点和难点,2,概 述,蔬菜腌制,是利用,食盐,以及其他物质添加渗入到蔬菜组织内，,降低水分活度、提高结合水含量及渗透压或脱水,等作用，有选择地控制有益微生物活动和发酵，,抑制腐败菌的生长,，从而防止蔬菜变质，保持其食用品质的一种保藏方法。,3,概 述,蔬菜腌制是人类对蔬菜进行加工保藏的一种古老的的方法，不论是在我国还是在国外均具有悠久的历史，也是一种广为普及的腌制加工方法。,蔬菜腌制加工简易，成本低廉，风味多样、容易保存，并具有独特的色、香、味，是人们餐桌和烹饪不可缺少的加工制品。,4,概 述,我国广大劳动人民在长期生产实践中积累了丰富的经验，创造出许多独具风格的名特产品。,。,5,概 述,德国的酸甜甘蓝,我国的涪陵榨菜,西欧的酸黄瓜,世界三大名腌菜,6,第一节,蔬菜腌制品的分类,7,第一节 蔬菜腌制品的分类,一、按工艺与辅料不同分类,酱 渍 菜 类,糖醋渍菜类,虾油渍菜类,糟 渍 菜 类,酱油渍菜类,糠 渍 菜 类,清水渍菜类,盐水渍菜类,盐 渍 菜 类,菜 脯 类,菜 酱 类,盐渍菜是以蔬菜为原料，用食盐腌渍而成的湿态、半干态、干态蔬菜制品。,咸菜,8,一、蔬菜腌制按是否发酵可分为两大类：,1,、发酵性蔬菜腌制品,半干态发酵腌渍品,湿,态,发,酵,腌,制,品,腌渍时食盐用量较低，在腌制过程中有显著的乳酸发酵现象。,第一节 蔬菜腌制品的分类,9,第一节 蔬菜腌制品的分类,按是否发酵分类：,2,、非发酵性蔬菜腌制品,盐渍品,酱渍品,盐,渍,香,菇,咸,菜,什,锦,酱,菜,酱,瓜,糖,醋,蒜,糖,醋,黄,瓜,糖醋渍品,酒糟渍品,糟,黄,瓜,糟,白,菜,腌渍时食盐用量较高，使乳酸发酵完全受到抑制或只能轻微地进行,10,三、其他分类,按原料和生产工艺的特点可分为：酱菜类、泡菜类、酸菜类、咸菜类、菜酱类和糖醋菜类等，在生产上常采用这种分类方法。,按产品的物理性状可分为湿态、半干态、干态蔬菜腌制品。,第一节 蔬菜腌制品的分类,11,第二节腌制品加工的基本原理,蔬菜腌渍的基本原理,利用食盐的防腐作用、微生物的发酵作用、蛋白质的分解作用及其他一系列的生物化学作用，抑制有害微生物的活动和增加产品的色香味，增强制品的保藏性能。,1/3/2025,12,4,食盐溶液降低,微生物环境,的水分活度,3,食盐溶液对酶活力,的影响,2,食盐的防腐,作用,1,食盐脱水作用,5,食盐溶液中氧气,的浓度下降,一、盐在蔬菜腌制中的作用,13,一、盐在蔬菜腌制中的作用,4,3,2,1,5,食盐的防腐,作用,食盐溶液降低微生物环境的水分活度,食盐溶液对,酶活力的影响,食盐脱水作用,食盐溶液中氧气,的浓度下降,1,、食盐的脱水作用,食盐溶液具有很高的渗透压，对微生物细胞发生强烈的脱水作用。脱水的微生物细胞导致了质壁分离，微生物的生理代谢活动呈抑制状态，造成微生物停止生长或者死亡从而达到防腐的目的。,常用,10%,以上的食盐溶液，以相当于产生,61105Pa,以上的渗透压，来抑制微生物活动，达到保存的目的。,14,一、盐在蔬菜腌制中的作用,4,3,1,2,5,食盐脱水作用,食盐溶液降低微生物环境的水分活度,食盐溶液对,酶活力的影响,食盐的防腐作用,食盐溶液中氧气,的浓度下降,2,、食盐的防腐作用,食盐溶液中的一些离子，如钠离子、镁离子、钾离子和氯离子等，在高浓度时能对微生物发生生理毒害作用。,15,一、盐在蔬菜腌制中的作用,4,2,1,3,5,食盐脱水作用,食盐溶液降低微生物环境的水分活度,食盐的防腐作用,食盐溶液对,酶活力的影响,食盐溶液中氧气,的浓度下降,3,、食盐溶液对酶活力的影响,食盐溶液中,Na,+,、,C1,-,可与酶蛋白质的肽键结合，破坏了酶的空间构型，使其催化活性降低，使微生物的生命活动受到抑制。,16,一、盐在蔬菜腌制中的作用,3,2,1,4,5,食盐脱水作用,食盐溶液对,酶活力的影响,食盐的防腐作用,食盐溶液降低微生物环境的水分活度,食盐溶液中氧气,的浓度下降,食盐溶液中,Na,+,、,C1,-,可与酶蛋白质的肽键结合，破坏了酶的空间构型，使其催化活性降低，使微生物的生命活动受到抑制。,4,、食盐溶液降低微生物环境的水分活度,17,一、盐在蔬菜腌制中的作用,3,2,1,4,5,食盐脱水作用,食盐溶液对,酶活力的影响,食盐的防腐作用,食盐溶液中氧气,的浓度下降,食盐溶液降低微生物环境的水分活度,食盐能降低水中氧的溶解度，,O,2,很难溶解于盐水中，形成缺氧环境，抑制好气性微生物的活动降低微生物的破坏作用。,5,、食盐溶液中氧气的浓度下降,18,二、腌制过程中微生物的发酵作用,二、腌制过程中微生物的发酵作用,各种腌制品在腌渍过程中的发酵作用都是借助于天然附着在蔬菜表面上的各种微生物的作用进行的。,具有防腐能力，与腌制品的质量、风味有关,19,二、腌制过程中微生物的发酵作用,乳酸发酵是乳酸细菌,利用单糖或双糖,作为基质积累乳酸的过程，它是发酵性腌制品腌渍过程中,最主要,的发酵作用。,附着在蔬菜表面的,酵母菌,将蔬菜组织中的糖分解成酒精和二氧化碳，并释放部分热量的过程。,在腌制过程中，由于好气性的,醋酸菌,氧化乙醇生成醋酸的作用，称为醋酸发酵。,有益发酵,乳酸发酵,酒精发酵,醋酸发酵,20,二、腌制过程中微生物的发酵作用,（,1,）,正,/,同型乳酸发酵,乳酸菌能将单糖、双糖发酵成乳酸，不产生任何其他物质，此种发酵作用在腌制中占主导作用。,C,6,H,12,O,6,2CH,3,CHOHCOOH,（乳酸）,（,2,）,异型乳酸发酵,异型乳酸菌除将单糖、双糖发酵成乳酸外，还可以产生其他物质（如酒精、二氧化碳）。,C,6,H,12,O,6,CH,3,CHOHCOOH+C,2,H,5,OH,（乙醇）,+CO,2,蔬菜在腌制过程中，前期以异型乳酸发酵为主，发酵后期以同型乳酸发酵为主,。,1,、乳酸发酵,21,二、腌制过程中微生物的发酵作用,2,、酒精发酵,附着在蔬菜表面的,酵母菌,将蔬菜组织中的糖分解成酒精和二氧化碳，并释放部分热量的过程。,C,6,H,12,O,6,2C,2,H,5,OH+2CO,2,+,热量,酒精发酵除生成酒精外，还能生成异丁醇、戊醇及甘油等。在腌制品后熟存放过程中，酒精可进一步酯化，赋予产品特殊的芳香和滋味。,22,二、腌制过程中微生物的发酵作用,3,、醋酸发酵,在腌制过程中，由于好气性的,醋酸菌,氧化乙醇生成醋酸的作用，称为醋酸发酵。,2CH,3,CH,2,OH+O,2,2CH,3,COOH+H,2,O,微量的醋酸可以改善制品的风味，过量则影响产品品质。,因此腌制品要求及时装坛、严密封口，以避免在有氧情况下醋酸菌活动大量产生醋酸。,23,三、蛋白质的分解及其他生化作用,腌制品产生色、香、味的主要来源是什么？,在蔬菜腌制及制品后熟过程中，所含的蛋白质受微生物和蔬菜本身所含的蛋白水解酶的作用逐渐被分解为氨基酸。氨基酸本身具有一定的鲜味、甜味、苦味和酸味。如果氨基酸进一步与其他化合物作用就可以形成更复杂的风味产物。,24,三、蛋白质的分解及其他生化作用,腌制蔬菜,蛋白质的分解,01.,鲜味产生,02.,香气的形成,03.,色泽的形成,25,三、蛋白质的分解及其他生化作用,1,、鲜味产生,蔬菜腌制品鲜味的主要来源是由,谷氨酸,与,食盐,作用生成谷氨酸钠。,COOHCH,2,CHCH,（,NH,2,）,COOH+NaC1,HC1+COONaCH,2,CH,（,NH,2,）,COOH,蔬菜腌制品的鲜味是谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸等多种呈味物质综合的结果。,此外蔬菜腌制的发酵产物如乳酸等本身也能赋予产品一定的鲜味。,26,三、蛋白质的分解及其他生化作用,2,、香气的形成,香气是评定蔬菜腌制品质量的一个指标。,1,蔬菜原料和调味辅料,本身所具有的香气,2,发酵作用产生的香气,吸附作用产生的香气。,3,27,三、蛋白质的分解及其他生化作用,（,1,）褐变,（,2,）吸附外来色素,蔬菜腌制品中的辅料酱油、酱、食醋、红糖等，在腌制过程中，蔬菜组织细胞吸附辅料中的色素与风味物质，使腌制品呈现某种色泽。,腌制原料本身或在腌制过程中添加食用色素，也可使腌制品具有相应色泽。,色泽的形成,蔬菜中含有多酚类物质、氧化酶类，所以蔬菜在腌制加工中会发生酶促褐变,对于深色的酱菜、酱油渍和醋渍的产品来说，褐变反应所形成的色泽正是这类产品的正常色泽。,而对于有些腌制品来说，褐变往往是降低产品色泽品质的主要原因。所以这类产品加工时就要采取必要的措施抑制褐变反应的进行，以防止产品的色泽变褐、发暗。,28,五、腌渍蔬菜的护绿与保脆,1,、护绿,失绿的原因：,（,1,）叶绿素在酸性介质中叶绿素容易脱镁形成脱镁叶绿素，变成黄褐色而使其绿色无法保存。,（,2,）在腌制非发酵性的腌制品时，叶绿素消退后也会逐渐变成黄褐色或黑褐色。,1/3/2025,29,2,、蔬菜在腌制中为了保持蔬菜绿色，常采取哪些措施？,先将原料经沸水烫漂，以钝化叶绿素酶，防止叶绿素被酶催化而变成脱叶醇叶绿素。,在烫漂液中加入微量的碱性物质如碳酸钠或碳酸氢钠，可控叶绿素变成叶绿素钠盐，也可使制品保持一定的绿色。,在生产实践中，将原料浸泡在井水中（这种水含有较多的钙，属硬水）。,1/3/2025,30,3,、保脆有哪些措施？,（,1,）晾晒和盐渍用盐量必须恰当，保持产品一定含水量，以利于保脆；,（,2,）蔬菜要成熟适度，不受损伤，加工过程中注意抑制有害微生物活动。,（,3,）腌制前将原料短时间放入溶有石灰的水中浸液，石灰水中的钙离子能与果胶酸作用生成果胶酸钙的凝胶。,1/3/2025,31,六、蔬菜腌制与亚硝胺,蔬菜中亚硝酸盐的来源？,在酶或细菌作用下，硝酸盐可以被还原成亚硝酸盐，提供了合成亚硝基化合物的前体物质。,硝酸盐含量在各类蔬菜中是不同的。,叶菜类根菜类果菜类,1/3/2025,32,如何减少腌制菜中亚硝酸盐含量？,（,1,）在加工过程中对含硝酸盐较多的蔬菜尽量低温贮存,（,2,）注意厌氧条件和清洁卫生防止杂菌感染,（,3,）培育硝酸盐少的优良蔬菜品种都可以减少亚硝酸盐,。,1/3/2025,33,西南农业大学研究泡酸菜中亚硝酸盐含量一般均低于,10mg/kg,，即使人均每日食用,100g,，也远远低于肉制品中亚硝酸盐含量应小于,30mg/kg,的国家标准和世界卫生组织,(WHO),建议的日允许摄入量,(ADI)0.2mg,kg,体重。,科研实例,1/3/2025,34,七、影响腌制的因素,1.,食盐浓度,（,1,）食盐浓度对微生物有抑制作用,一般说来，对腌制有害的微生物对食盐的抵抗力较弱。霉菌和酵母菌对食盐的耐受力比细菌大得多，酵母菌的抗盐性最强。,可以利用适当浓度的食盐溶液来抑制腌制过程中有害微生物的活动。,1/3/2025,35,用途,用盐量,调味,1%,泡酸菜,4%-6%,糖醋菜,1%-3%,半干态盐渍菜,10%-14%,酱渍菜,8%-14%,用盐保存原料或盐渍半成品菜,饱和或接近饱和的食盐溶液,蔬菜腌制中食盐浓度参照表,（,2,）食盐浓度具有调味、控制生化变化作用,36,2.,酸度,pH,值在,4.5,以下时，能抑制大多有害微生物活动。,pH,值对原料中的果胶酶和蛋白酶的活性也有影响。,蛋白酶在,pH,值为,4.0,5.5,时活性最强，所以一般,pH,值为,4.0,5.0,时对于保脆和蛋白水解有利。,1/3/2025,37,3.,温度,对于腌制发酵来说，最适宜温度在,20,32,，但在,10,43,范围内，乳酸菌仍可以生长繁殖，为了控制腐败微生物活动,.,生产上常采用的温度为,12,22,，仅所需时间稍长而巳。,1/3/2025,38,4.,原料的组织及化学成分,原料体积过大，致密坚韧，有碍渗透和脱水作用。为了加快细胞内外溶液渗透平衡速度。,可采用切分、搓揉、重压、加温来改变表皮细胞的渗透性,。,1/3/2025,39,5.,气体成分,蔬菜腌制中有益的乳酸发酵和酒精发酵都是嫌气的条件进行的，而有害微生物酵母菌和霉菌均为好气性。,6.,腌制蔬菜的卫生条件和腌制用水质量,1/3/2025,40,Diagram,Add 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