新东方大学英语四级强化班——书面.doc

新东方大学英语四级强化班——书面表达
作文
四级作文评分方法
f 五级评分制：2、5、8、11、14分
f 注意字数适中
f 用不同单词表达不同意思

如何打动评卷人
[ 文章的整体脉络清晰
[ 段落的衔接畅顺
[ 用词造句经典
[ 书写美观

英文写作的基本常识
a 清晰的结构
1) 观点鲜明的开头
2) 紧扣主题的结尾
3) 由主题句引导的衔接自然的中间段落
a 统一的中心
a 自然的衔接写作的重中重
：逻辑关系显性化
1) 重复词：概括；直接；齐头
2) 序数词
3) 关联词：递进；转折；因果

平时如何提高写作
{ 阅读四级阅读理解文章等等
{ 背诵18篇优秀四级作文
{ 看电影——阿甘正传、狮子王、老友记30遍

图表类
¶ 特点：有图——趋势透，字数少
¶ 段落安排：
第一段：趋势（变化）
第二段：分析变化的原因
第三段：自己的看法和感想
¶ 正文：
j 第一段：
1. 如图所示
a) As we can see from the chart/graph/table/diagram, ……
b) The…display that standing the ……carefully, we can see.
c) The chart/graph shows/displays that……
d) As can be shown in the table ……,
e) It is clear/apparent from the chart/table that
2. 比例
a) B has the largest percentage/proportion of…….
b) ……account(s) for/take(s) up 10%.
c) On the top of the list is ……, which accounts for 60%.
d) At the bottom is ……,which accounts for 10%.
e) A is ranked/rated first, followed by B at 30% and C at 25%.
3. 增长与下降
a) The number of ……increased/rose suddenly/rapidly/dramatically（戏剧地）/substantially（实质的）/considerably/sharply/steeply（险峻地） from 1990 to 2000.
b) There was a sudden/rapid/dramatic/substantial/considerable/sharp/steep increase/ rise in the number of …… from 1990 to 2000.
c) The number of ……increased/rose steadily（稳定地）/gradually（逐渐地）/slowly/slightly from 1990 to 2000.
d) There was a steady/gradual/slow/slight increase/ rise in the number of …… from 1990 to 2000.
e) 下降：decrease/fall/drop；a decrease/drop/reduction/decline in the number of ……
4. 达到某点
a) The situation/figures reached /hit a peak/high at 60% in …….
The situation/figures peaked at 60% in …….
b) The situation/figures bottomed out at 20% in ……. The situation/figures hit a trough at 20% in …….
5. 倍数
a) A is twice/three/four times what it was in 1990.
A is twice/three/four times the amount in 1990.
A is twice/three/four times as much/many as ……in 1990.
b) The figure was roughly doubled/tripled/quintupled between 1990 and 2000.
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)

j 第二段：As … the number of … 动词+副词 during …
As … early as 数字，the number was ……, then …… it because
……列举
1. First……, second……, last（in addition）
2. For one thing, ……, for another thing , ……, what’s more……On one hand , ……, on the other hand , more over, ……
Therefore all these reasons……the changes.
j 第三段：总结：Hence from the ……
喊口号：①It is high time that +一般过去时
②Only through ……can we……只有……我们才能……
③ +名人名言
¶ 操辞：
h 上升：rise , increase , go up , boon , rocket
h 下降：decrease , reduce , come down , on the decline
h 快速：rapidly , dramatically , sharply（锐）
h 慢：slowly , gradually

二选一类
B 特点：给出两个观点
B 段落安排：
第一段：
1) 引出将要评论的事物或者观点；
2) 提出第一种观点；
3) 本观点支持性分论点。
第二段：
1) 承上启下；
2) 提出第二种观点；
3) 本观点支持性分论点。
第三段：我的观点
B 正文：
第一段：
1) 引言：
i. In recent years, with fast economic growth, ……have appeared in many families in China. 近年来，伴随着经济的快速发展，……在中国很多的家庭中出现了。人们对……有着不同的观点。
ii. With the increase in the general standard of living, some ordinary Chinese families begin to afford a …….Yet, 伴随着人们生活水平的提高，一些中国家庭开始能够买……。但是，人们对……的观点是不同的。
iii.
iv. Ever since early this century,……has become an essential（本质的） part of our modern life.……is the driving force behind the swift（迅速的） progress of industry, agriculture, science and technology. Nobody can deny that the development of our civilization depends on……. 自从本世纪初夜，……已经成为现代生活的一个重要部分。……是工业、农业和科技飞速发展的动力。没有人能够否认人类文明的发展依赖于……。
v. The issue of ……has been widely argued/debated（争论） currently. 关于是否……的问题，如今公众已经展开了广泛的讨论。
vi. ……has become a hot/popular topic among people recently. Opinions vary from person to person. ……已经成为人们谈论的热门话题，不同的人对此有不同的看法。
vii. There is a public/general/much debate/discussion/controversy（论战） today/nowadays about/on/upon/over/as to the problem/issue of……. 关于……的问题，公众已经展开了讨论。
viii. There is an argument/much disagreement/no consensus of opinions among people concerning/over/as to/on……. 关于……，人们的看法不尽相同。
2) There is no consensus of opinion among people as to the view of ……
i. Some people believe/argue/say/maintain/advocate（提倡）/advise/hold/claim/think that…… . 一些人认为……
ii. It is widely/generally/commonly/universally thought/believed/accepted/held that……. To the general/public/poplar mind, ……. 人们通常认为……
iii. Those who criticize/oppose to/object to……argue that……. 那些反对……的人认为……。
分论点
i. There are several advantages in/of…….The fist/biggest one is that……. ……有很多的优点。其中第一个/最大的好处是……。
ii. ……has appositive impact/influence/effect on people’s lives. ……对人类的生活起到了积极的影响。
iii. Most people would agree that there can be no substitute for……. They say that…….Besides, they assert, …… 大多数人认为……是不可替代的。他们认为……。另外他们还认为……。
iv. Another attraction about ……is that…… 另外关于……的另一个优点是……。
v. Moreover, one of the advantages of …… is that…… 另外，……的另一个优点是……。
vi. The most important advantage of …… is that…… ……最重要的优点是……。
vii. We must not lose sight of the fact that there are advantages to ……. More importantly, there can be no substitute for ……. 我们不应当不注意到……有这样的优点。更重要的是，……是不可替代的。
viii. For one thing ……for another thing……What ……we can take it for granted that……

第二段：
1) 承上启下
i. 即使有其优点，但是它们仍然有自身的缺陷。
ii. However, like anything else, they also have their own weakness/limits/negative effects. 和其它事物一样，它们也有着自身的缺点。
iii. However, they are not without shortcomings/faults. 但是它们并不是没有缺点的。
iv. Of course, the disadvantages can not be ignored. 当然，缺点也是不能忽视的。
v. However, just as every thing has two sides, ……also has many drawbacks. 但是正如每个事物都有两面性一样，……也有很多缺点。
vi. Yet others speak of the problems of ……have brought. They complain that……. 但是还有人在谈论它所带来的……问题。他们抱怨……。
vii. However, ……may also bring with it problems our society had not previously faced. 但是，……也有一些我门未曾遇到的问题。
viii. Despite the increase in efficiency and convenience generated by ……,the changes they bring could very well lead to potentially adverse consequences. 抛却……所产生的效率和方便，它们所引发的变化也许会导致潜在的不良后果。
ix. This may be so, but it must be pointed out that …… also that has its drawbacks. 这也许是这样（有好处），……自身的缺陷也应当被指出。
x. However, ……may also cause/bring about/lead to/result in/contribute to some problems. 但是，……依然会带来一些问题。
2) 第二种观点
i. （However a coin has two side）On the contrary , some others think/believe/argue/emphasis/claim/maintain……because……,besides……
ii. However, the negative aspects are also apparent/obvious/evident. To begin with, …….To make matters worse, …….Worst of all, ……. 然而，不足之处也是显而易见的。首先，…。更糟糕的是，……。最后……。
iii. The side effects …… has exerted on human beings can be boiled down to several major ones as follows. First, …….Second, …….In addition, ……. ……对人类所产生的副作用归纳起来有以下几个方面。其一，……。其二，……。此外，……
第三段：
1) As far as I am concerned the former point of view coincides with mine. From what has been discussed above, we may easily draw the conduction that……
2) Unquestionably, the challenge of …… means we all should consider how we can control them, so that they well not control us. 毫无疑问，……的挑战意味着我们应该思考怎样控制它们而不是被它们控制。
3) Whether the …… are a blessing or a curse is a difficult question to answer, yet the desire for the comfort and independence …… can bring will not be eliminated. ……究竟是一个祝福还是诅咒是一个很难回答的问题，但是它所产生的舒适和对立是不会被忽视的。
4) Anyway/Anyhow/In any case, whether the effect is good or bad, one thing is certain: it has changed and will continue to change the way of our entertainment, our leisure and our life. 总之，不管是好还是坏，可以确定的是：它已经并且还将改变我们的娱乐、读家和生活方式。
5) Given the choice between these two methods of ……, I prefer ……. This is because I am the sort of person who finds it difficult to concentrate on ……. 在……两者之间做一个选择，我会选……。这是因为我是这样的一种人，我发现要专注于……是很困难的。
6) ……, I feel, is the only one in which most people feel comfortable applying all their energies to the all-important task of ……. 我认为……是唯一的（一种方式），从而人们在把精力投入到很重要的事情……上的时候会觉得很舒适。
7) There is no doubt in my mind that A nowadays is a far better way to …… than B. 毫无疑问，我认为现在对于做……A是比B更好的方式。
8) In my opinion, the advances made in …… recently have made …… obsolete. 我认为，最近……方面的进步使得……过时了。
9) Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach/draw/come to conclusion that……. 考虑到所有这些因素， 我们得出结论……。
10) Al reliable evidences point to one saying/reflect one fact, that is ……. 将所有可靠的因素归结为一点就是……。
11) For the reasons presented/stated above, I strongly commit to the notion that ……. 从上面提到的原因，我强烈地支持这样的概念是……。
12) While it is true that the argument I disagree hold a little bit of water, I think that ……. 有一个事实是，虽然我不支持的论点也有一些优点，但是我还是认为……。
13) Therefore/So/Hence/Thus, it is safely to draw the conclusion that……. 于是我们得出结论……。
14) To put all into a nutshell, I ……. 综上所述，我……。
15) In my opinion, it is wise to support the statement that it is better to …… . 我认为，最好同意……的论点是明智的。
16) From my point of view, it is wise to chooses A rather than B. 从我的观点来看，选择A而不是选择B将更加明智。
17) At the risk of addressing the issue too direct, the advantages of A outweigh that of B. 请原谅我说得直接一些，A的优点要大于B的优点。
18) There are different views as to/concerning this topic. In my part, I would like to vote for …… . 关于这样一个论题有各种各样的观点，就我个人而言，我倾向于同意……。
19) As far as I am concerned, I have a preference for A over B. 就我个人的观点来看，我选择A而不是B。
20) Both patterns of …… present advantages and disadvantages, however, ……. 以上两种情况都有优缺点，然而……。
21) Certainly, I am aware of that both methods have shortcomings, nevertheless, from my point of view, I am for/vote for ……. 确切地来说两种情况都有一些缺陷，然而从我的观点来看，我倾向于……。
22) The advantages claimed for A over B are4 now being doubted/debated. Nonetheless, measure for measure , I confess that B is more advantages. A要优于B的观点越来越受到质疑，经过左右权衡，我认为B拥有更多的优点。
23) The advantages of A carry more weight than those of B. A的优点大于B的优点。
24) In my point of view, A is as important as, if not more important than, B. so it is sagacious to choose A. 从我的观点来看，A和B一样重要，如果不是更重要的话。所以选择A是比较明智的。
25) No doubt, I prefer A, since there are too many benefits that outnumber its disadvantages of not choosing it. But B, on the other had, has advantages no more than its disadvantages. 毫无疑问我选择A，因为A的益处大大超过了不选择它的缺点，现饭B的缺点要大于它的好处。
26) As to me, I think the merits outweigh/carry more weight than the demerits. 我认为利大于弊。
27) But for me, I think what is more important is its positive side. 但就我而言，我认为它积极的一面更加重要。
28) The advantages of/derived from …… far outweigh/are much greater than the disadvantages/problems …… entails. ……的优点远远多于它所引发的问题。

阐释类
¯ 特点：提纲比较随意；与前两类文章有千丝万缕的关系
¯ 文章分类：举现象、说原因、谈感受、论影响
¯ 举现象
ø 单举：For example / For instance / a case in point / take an example for
ø 多举：1. For example……next to……further more……
2. For example……and……also……even……
3. For example……besides……
¯ 论影响：The inspect / effect / influence （harm）of rumor has become more them obvious at that moment . For one thing……for another thing……
Recently the phenomenon has 引起了关注 / …… become a hot topic among people recently / Nowadays,…has become a problem we face.
¯ 解决问题：The key factor to solve this problem is …… / There is no immediate solution to the issue of ……, but ……might be helpful.
¯ 正文：
第一段：引出话题

1) 当前我国/我们社会所面临的最棘手的问题是……。由于它已经严重影响了……，所以也引起了公众的关注。
2) 最近有一项官方报告表明，有至少百分之十/超过四分之一/四分之一的大学毕业生/年轻人/看电视的人……（和1990年相比）。……现象已经引起了公众的关注。
3) Nowadays, …… has become a problem we have to face. 如今……已经成为我们必须面临的问题。
4) Nowadays, more and more people are concerned about the problem …… . 现在越来越多的人开始关注……的问题。
5) Once in a newspaper, I hit upon/came across a report that ……. 我曾经在报纸上看到一篇关于……的报道。
6) Recently, the issue/problem/question of …… has been brought into focus/brought to public attention/posed among public attention. 最近……问题已经成为人们关注的焦点。
7) In recently years, many cities/nations/people have been faced/troubled with the serous problem of ……. 在最近几年里，很多城市/国家/人已经面临……问题/受到……的干扰。
8) Nowadays, more and more people come to realize/be aware of the importance of ……. 越来越多的人开始意识到……的重要性。
9) It undeniable/There is no denying the fact that …… has become the utmost concern among people nowadays. 不可否认，……已经成为人们最关注的问题。
10) Recently, the rise in the phenomenon of …… has drawn/aroused/captured world wide attention. 最近……现在日益增多已经引起了全世界的注意。
第二段：细节论证
1. 分析原因
i.
ii. 在人们所提出的对……最重要/有说服力的原因当中，有一点值得强调……。
iii. 这个趋势/增长/现象应当被看成是……的一种象征/结果。
iv. ……的增长/改变/失败/成功的主要/部分原因是这样的……。
v. 我们应当在……方面批评……，但这个问题的产生是有更深层次的原因的。
vi. 产生这个显著/非凡增长/变化/下降的原因有很多。一、……
vii. 导致该变化/上升/下降/成功/失败/发展的因素有很多。
viii. 产生……的另一个因素是……。
ix. 另一个因素是……。
x. 为什么……？首先……。其次……。也许最重要/首要的原因是……。
xi. ……是导致……增长/下降的另一个/部分/主要/唯一的原因。
xii. 产生……的原因是众多的，也许它们存在于这样的事实……之中。
xiii. 我们可能百密一疏，产生……的根本原因是……。
xiv. 产生这个复杂现象/趋势的因素是多样的，要把它们找出来不是一件容易的事情。
2. 后果
i. 它将导致……的巨大变化/增长。
ii. 它将产生一系列问题。
iii. 它将对……产生深远的/巨大的/有益的/灾难性的影响
iv. 这会导致一些严重的/致命的后果。
第三段：提出解决方案
1. People have found many solutions/approaches to dealing with this problem. 人们已经找到了许多解决这个问题的办法。
2. We can figure out many ways to relieve the present crisis. 我们可以想出很多办法来缓解目前的危机。
3. Then, how should we solve this problem? Here are some suggestions, which may be of some help. 那么，如何来解决这个问题呢？这里有些建议可能会有帮助。
4. Faced with, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. 面对……，我们应该采取一系列的措施来应付目前的形势。
5. It is high time that ……. Here are a few examples of some of the measures that might be taken immediately. 是……的时候了。这里有几个可以马上付诸实施的措施。
6. 为了扭转局势，我们必要采取有效的措施。
7. 并没有很容易的方法来解决这个问题，……有可能会有帮助。
8. （大家）建议我们全力以赴……。

记叙类
v 记述
È 明确中心思想
È 情节人物对话的描述围绕中心展开
È 六要素：时间、地点、人物、起因、经过、结果
È 按顺序：事物发展顺序，或者提纲的顺序
È 详略得当
È 时态：一般过去时，插叙用过去完成时
È 使用副词，使文章生动
v 介绍地点
O 抓住所介绍地点的基本特征，说出一事物与另一事物区别的特征，使读者在短时间内获得足够的信息
O 遵循一定的顺序，使文章条理清楚中心突出（时间、空间、逻辑）
O 运用恰当的方法进行特征描写
O 语言做到准确无误，尤其是方位词
v 书信：
例文：
December 26, 2004
Ken
NEW EASTNER
Dear Mom and Dad,
I am most happy to hear from you / receive your letter. How are you?（领导：I am sorry to occupy your precious time ,but I really have something to tell you. ）
….
I am looking forward to your reply.

Best regards,
Dan
开头段：
1. 告知对方你的身份（假如对方不认识你）
Dear Sir or Madam:/ Mr.Promentheus,
a) I was a student at your college, enrolled in Philosophy Department.
b) I am a …… at your……
c) I am a …… at your college, enrolled in the …… course.
d) My name is ……, I am…….
2. 问候收信人（假如他/她是你的朋友）
Dear Prometheus,
a) Hello
b) Hi. How are you?
c) I hope everything is fine.
d) How are things going with you?
e) How are you getting on in/getting along with……?

3. 解释写信的原因
a) 致谢
i. I deeply appreciate（感激） your courtesy（谦恭） and I hope to reciprocate（酬答） your favor when the opportunity.
ii. I am greatly indebted（感恩的） to you for（the double）you have gone to on my behalf.
iii. Thank you for your letter about studying in Canada.
iv. I am writing to you to express my heartfelt（衷心的） gratitude.
v. I am writing to tell you how grateful I am