全球生态文明发展历程和公众的生态觉醒.pdf

79International Communication and CollaborationECOTHE NEW ERA OFECOLOGICAL CIVILIZATION全球生态文明发展历程和公众的生态觉醒 文/温波译/黄煜媛人类文明的进程始终与生态环境息息相关。那些或因客观因素、或人为原因，不计生态保护的古代文明和历史阶段，无不是以自身的消亡而告终。生态文明既是人类社会生生不息存在的奠基石，也是发展走向。生态文明涉及到政治、经济、教育、农业、人口等各种社会领域，是一种基于生态原则的人类文明。生态文明的实现需要进行长期系统化的环境和社会变革。“生态文明”概念的起源“生态文明”概念的起源1984 年，前苏联环境专家在科学共产主义第二卷上发表了一篇题为 成熟的社会主义条件下培养个人生态文明的途径 的文章，提出了“生态文明”一词。1987 年，生态文明的概念在中国出现，由农业经济学家叶谦吉提出。其从生态科学和环境哲学中定义了生态文明。1995 年，罗伊莫里森在他的生态民主一书中首次将“生态文明”作为为一个术语在英文书籍中表述。2014 年 4 月，国际生态安全合作组织与联合国文明联盟（United Nations Alliance of Civilizations）宣布合作成立“联合国文明联盟生态文明委员会”。2015 年6 月，以“生态文明”为主题的国际会议（Seizing an Alternative:Toward an Ecological Civilization）在波莫纳学院，汇集了来自世界各地的大约 2000 名与会者和众多环境运动领导者参加。此次会议也作为第九届国际生态文明论坛。会议成果之一是创立了生态文明研究所，并于 2019 年出版了生态文明：危机、希望和地球的未来一书。忽视生态文明的历史教训忽视生态文明的历史教训人类发展史本身就是一部人与自然的关系史，生态变迁无时不在地决定着人类文明之兴衰。世界曾产生了众多的文明：玛雅文明、古巴比伦文明等等。虽时代不同，皆殊途同归地走向了衰落和灭亡。探寻这些文明消失的起因，可以看到人口膨胀、盲目开荒、水资源管理不善、过度砍伐森林的踪迹。这些历史有力地证明了对资源破坏性使用会导致文明的失落和衰败。毋容置疑，水资源、自然生态系统消亡、气候变化等愈加成为左右世界文明兴衰的主因。玛雅人依赖于简易的刀耕火种，导致地力枯竭。叠加气候变化造成严重旱灾，地表水干涸。古代玛雅人口增加和聚集，玛雅低地属于热带雨林地区，蚊虫传播的传染病常见，导致疫病蔓延，人口锐减。由于农业发展、人口增长，玛雅人所仰仗的生存系统崩溃，玛雅文明走向衰败。古巴比伦文明的凋零也为生态破坏带来灾难的另一个佐证。在美索不达米亚平原上的古巴比伦文明处于幼发拉底河和底格里斯河的两河流域。公元前 4000年，苏美尔人和阿卡德人在两河流域发展灌溉农业，违背自然规律的灌溉方式和森林破坏，使河道和灌溉沟渠淤塞。人们被迫重新开挖新的灌溉渠道，如此恶性循环，土壤盐碱化问题严重，最终农业败落，古巴比伦文明消失。在中国新疆，早在公元 2 世纪以前，楼兰就是西域一个著名的“城郭之国”，属西域 36 国之一。曾经是丝绸之路上的植被茂密的绿洲和重镇，中原王朝在西域的政治和军事中心。楼兰文明消亡在于没有考虑生态承载力，盲目发展，最终归于黄沙。历史上生态文明意识的觉醒历史上生态文明意识的觉醒当原始人在采集和狩猎时，很可能意识到自身与作者简介：温波，CDP全球环境信息研究中心中国代表，世界农场动物福利协会日本资助项目 负责人，曾任美国国家地理学会空气与水保护基金项目主任。80国际交流合作ECOTHE NEW ERA OFECOLOGICAL CIVILIZATION生态系统的联系。人类活动引起的动物和植物消减灭绝自古有之。后来者中，南亚吠陀圣人在他们诗歌中赞美野生森林，道家推崇“天人合一”的理念，而佛教则教导人们慈悲众生。人类不顾后果地索取自然，只会釜底抽薪。一旦生态环境残破，文明也随之衰落。任何文明社会存在之本，都在“生命支持系统”的存续。文明得以可持续发展的关键在于保持了土地上森林、草原、河流等资源的可持续性。五千年前，印度河文明的摩亨佐 达罗古城的人们已经认识到污染对人类健康的影响，并实行了废物和环境卫生管理。古代的中国、印度和南美洲印第安人社区都深刻了解土壤侵蚀的影响，并通过建立梯田、作物轮作和养分循环来保护土壤。2000 多年前古希腊医生希波克拉底和盖伦开始观察环境健康问题，如铜矿的酸性污染对矿工的威胁。希波克拉底的书空气、水和地点是现存欧洲最早的人类生态学著作。在16世纪，荷兰艺术家老彼得勃鲁盖尔绘画出污染物排入河流的场景。人类社会历史中，可以视为环境活动群体的第一波人当属印度 Khejarli 的比什诺伊印度教徒族群。他们为保护自然环境，制定出 29 条戒律。但最终这群人因试图阻止砍伐森林，遭到统治者的杀害。18 世纪见证了现代环境抗争的曙光。在费城发生黄热病疫情后，本杰明 富兰克林请愿，要求管理废物并拆除制革厂，将清洁空气作为一项“公权”。在英国，杰里米 边沁写了道德与立法原则导论，主张动物权利。托马斯 马尔萨斯提出人口论，警告过度人口增加将导致生态破坏。亨利梭罗开创性的生态著作瓦尔登湖也激励了环境运动后来者。19 世纪末，在德国耶拿，动物学家恩斯特 海克尔发表生物形态学一书，讨论了物种之间的关系，并创造了 kologie 一词。在希腊语中，oikos 意思是家，这也是英文 Ecology 生态学的词源。公众是生态文明的推动者公众是生态文明的推动者1892 年，约翰 缪尔在美国成立了塞拉俱乐部，以保护美国的荒野。70 年后，塞拉俱乐部在加拿大西海岸的一个分支独立而为，成为绿色和平组织的开端。奥尔多 利奥波德在沙乡年鉴和雷切尔 卡森的寂静的春天在美国成为自然生态保护的启蒙著作。寂静的春天描述了化学杀虫剂对生物多样性的影响。在雷切尔卡森去世之前，其发表文章表述生态伦理学的观点。在印度，当地村民在甘地和 18 世纪的比什诺伊印度教徒的启发下，通过包围和拥抱树木来保护森林，抵御商业伐木。他们的运动传遍了印度北部，被称为Chipko（意为拥抱）。这些人是最初的“树木拥抱者/tree hugger”，如今，tree hugger 已经成为环境活动家的代名词。生态保护运动现已深入世界各地，成千上万的环境团体如雨后春笋般出现，挺身捍卫环境和人们的健康权益。在美国，有塞拉俱乐部发展而来的地球之友，现已成为国际性的环境组织。为保护濒危物种和自然，世界野生生物基金會于 1961 年成立，后更名为世界自然基金会。很多国家发行的动物邮票都会有世界自然基金会的标识。因为环境议题的多样性，针对不同环境问题、以及参与的角度不同，环境组织也各有不同。如罗马俱乐部著书立说，发布增长的极限这样的理论专著。也有美国大自然保护协会这种适应美国国情的自然保护组织。更多的是自发的、来自全球各地的当地环境组织，为推动环境的改善，积极推动社区和公众参与的草根团体。这些组织为地区经济、社会、环境事业发展提出更高瞻远瞩的建议和意见。这些有公众参与的机制，有效地推动地方发展模式的反思，以及对实现生态文明诉求的推崇。从可持续发展的战略高度看，只有摒弃破坏生态系统、过度消耗资源为代价的经济增长模式，才能达到人与自然和谐共生共存，走向生态文明社会。当今世界所面临的环境挑战比以前更加复杂艰巨，21 世纪人类对生态文明的更需须风雨兼程、愈加努力！（责任编辑：黄煜媛）81International Communication and CollaborationECOTHE NEW ERA OFECOLOGICAL CIVILIZATIONThe Evolution of Global Ecological Civilization and Ecological Awareness of the Public Author/Wen BoThe course of human civilization has always been closely associated with ecological environment.Those ancient civilizations and historical phases without objectively or subjectively considering ecological protection were always ended up in their own demises.Ecological civilization is the foundation for the continuous existence of human society and meanwhile is the direction of its development.Ecological civilization,which contains various social fields such as politics,economy,education,agriculture and population,is a human civilization which is based on ecological principles.The realization of ecological civilization requires long-term systematic environmental and social revolution.The origin of the concept of“ecological civilization”The origin of the concept of“ecological civilization”The term“ecological civilization”was introduced in 1984 by a Soviet environmental expert in an article entitled and published in Volume 2 of.In 1987,the concept of ecological civilization was proposed in China by an agricultural economist Qianji Ye,who has defined ecological civilization from the perspectives of ecological science and environmental philosophy.In 1995,Roy Morrison presented the term“ecological civilization”as a glossary for the first time in his English work.The United Nations Alliance of Civilizations(UNAOC)announced the establishment of UNAOCs ecological civilization commission in April 2014.In June 2015,an international conference named“Seizing an Alternative:Toward an Ecological Civilization”was dedicated to the theme“ecological civilization”and was held at Pomona College with bringing together approximately 2000 participants from across the world and numerous leaders of environmental movements.This conference was also regarded as the 9th International ecological civilization Forum.One of its achievements was the creation of ecological civilization Institution,and also the publication of the book in the year 2019.The historical lessons of neglecting ecological civilization The historical lessons of neglecting ecological civilization The history of human development is inherently a history of the relationship between human and nature,and the ecological changes always determined the rise and fall of human civilization.Many civilizations such as Mayan civilization,the ancient Babylonian civilization were produced by the world at different time albeit they all collapsed and vanished eventually.Exploring the causes of disappearances of these civilizations revealed traces of population expansions,indiscriminate asserts,poor water management and excessive deforestation.These historical truths strongly proved that the destructive use of resources would lead to the decline and collapse of civilizations and made it certain that water 82国际交流合作ECOTHE NEW ERA OFECOLOGICAL CIVILIZATIONresources,the demise of natural ecosystems and climate changes are gradually becoming the dominant causes of the rise and fall of civilizations throughout the world.The Mayas reliance of simple slash-and-burn farming has led to the depletion of the land.Combined with climate changes,severe droughts and the drying surface water were also resulted.Moreover,the ancient Maya were densely-populated and the Maya lowlands were located at a tropical rainforest area where mosquito-borne infection diseases were common,thus leading to the spread of epidemics and deaths and therefore a sharp decline in population,simultaneously with the agricultural development and increased population,the survival systems on which the Maya relied on evetually collapsed and accordingly Mayan civilization ultimately went into decline.The demise of the ancient Babylonian civilization also demonstrates the disaster caused by ecological destruction.The ancient Babylonian civilization on the Mesopotamian plain was located in the two river basins of the Euphrates and Tigris rives.In 4000 BC,the Sumerians and Akkadians developed irrigation agriculture in the two river basins,but the destruction of forests and the irrigation practices they adopted were defied the laws of nature and silted up the river and irrigation ditches at the same time.Resulting from that,people were forced to dig new irrigation channels,and this vicious circle has led to a serious problem of soil salinization,and eventually to failure of the agriculture so as the disappearance of the ancient Babylonian civilization.In Xinjiang,China,before the 2nd century,Loulan has become a famous“city-state”in the Western region and was one of the 36 western states.It used to be a densely vegetated oasis and a major town on the Silk Road and the political and military center of the Chinese Dynasty in the West.The demise of the Loulan civilization was due to the lack of considering ecological carrying capacity and the targets of development.The awareness of ecological civilization in historyThe awareness of ecological civilization in historyPrimitive people were probably conscious of their connection to the ecosystem when they were gathering and hunting.The decimation and extinction of animals and plants caused by humanity activities could be traced since ancient history.However,the later generations has been awaken of the ecological significance and civilization,for instance,the South Asian Vedic sages celebrated the wild forests in their poetry,and Taoism promoted the concept of“the harmonious coexistence of human and nature”and meanwhile Buddhism advocated the compassion for all all beings.Humanitys reckless exploitation of nature needs to be subsequently remedied by drastic measures.Once the ecosystem is in ruins,civilization declines,and thus the foundation of existence of any civilization is determined on the survival of the“life support system”.The key of sustainable development of civilization is to maintain the sustainability of the forests on the lands,grasses,rivers and other resources.5000 years ago,the people of the ancient city of Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus civilization were aware of the impact of pollution on human health and practiced waste and sanitation management.Besides that,ancient China,Indian and South American Indian communities were acutely aware of the effects of soil erosion and accordingly established terraces,crop rotations and nutrient cycling to protect their soils.Over 2000 years ago,the ancient Greek physicians Hippocrates and Galen began to observe environmental health issues such as the threat to miners from acidic pollution in copper mines.The book written by Hippocrates is the earlist surviving European work on human ecology.In the 16th century,the Dutch veteran artist Peter Brueghel painted scenes of pollutants being discharged into river.In the history of human society,the first wave of people who can be considered as environmentally active groups were the Bishnoi Hindus of Khejarli from India,they set out 29 commandments in order to protect the 83International Communication and CollaborationECOTHE NEW ERA OFECOLOGICAL CIVILIZATIONnatural environment.However,this group was eventually killed by their rulers for opposing the deforestation.The 18th century saw the flush of dawn of modern environmental struggle.Following the yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia,Benjamin Franklin petitioned for the management of waste and the dismantling of tanneries,and simultaneously making clean air a public obligation and also a public right.In Britain,Jeremy Bentham wrote to argue for animal rights.Besides,Thomas Malthus produced his to warn that the excessive population growth would lead to ecological destruction,with Henry Thoreaus groundbreaking ecological work also inspired those who came after him in the environmental movement.The public is the promoter of ecological civilizationThe public is the promoter of ecological civilizationIn 1892,John Muir founded the Sierra Club in the United States to protect Americas wilderness.70 years later,a branch of the Sierra Club on the west coast of Canada was established independently and became the beginning of the Greenpeace organization.Furthermore,Aldo Leopolds and Rachel Carsons were regarded as enlightening works on nature conservation in the United States,with described the effects of chemical pesticides on biodiversity and its author Rachel Carson published articles before her death to express her perspectives in terms of ecological ethics.In India,local villagers,who were inspired by Gandhi and the 18th century Bishnoi Hindus,decided to protect forest and against commercial deforestation through encircling and embracing the trees.Their movement known as“Chipko”(means hug)was spread throughout northern India,and they were the original“tree huggers”.Presently,“tree huggers”have become synonymous for environmental activists.The ecological movement has now penetrated the world and thousands of environmental groups have emerged to defend the environment and peoples health rights.Specifically,in the USA,Friends of the Earth evolved from the Sierra Club has become an international environmental organization.In addition,for then purpose of protecting endangered species and nature,the World Wildlife Fund,later renamed the World Wide Fund for Nature,was established in 1961,following this many countries have issued animal stamps with the logo of WWF.As a result of the diversity of environmental issues,environmental organizations would vary from different environmental issues and different engagement perspectives.Specifically,the Club of Rome has written and published theoretical monographs such as,while there are also nature conservation organizations such as the Nature Conservancy,which is adapted to the American context.,and in the global context,most of the environmental organizations are spontaneous and local environmental organizations such as grassroots groups,who are actively promoting community and public involvement for the environmental improvement and offering more constructive and ambitious proposals for the development of regional economy,society and environmental careers.Those mechanism with public participation are capable of effectively promoting a review of local development models as well as being a stimulation of realizing aspirations of ecological civilization.From the strategic views of sustainable development,abandoning the economic growth model that destroys ecosystems and consumes resources excessively is the only way to achieve a harmonious coexistence between human and nature and subsequently progress toward an ecological civilization society.The environmental challenges the world faces today are more complicated and formidable compared with previous days,in that sense human of 21st century must strive on ecological civilization with greater efforts