2023年英语一般过去时语法知识归纳总结.doc

一般过去时语法知识

一般过去时表达过去某个时间发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为；主语在过去时间段所具有的能力和性格。一般过去时句子最明显的现象就是常由表达过去时间的副词、副词短语或从句来界定。
“过去”的概念并不仅指如“yesterday, last week, ……”等，事实上“与现在对立的过去”，亦即“非现在的以前”，哪怕是“过了说话时间的几分钟之前”，只要所要表达的时间与说话时的“现在”形成对立，就必须使用一般过去时来表达。例如：
He was here only a few minutes ago. 仅仅几分钟前他还在这里。
I came home just now. 我刚回到家。
“this + 时间，today”等时间副词常用于修饰一般现在时，但是只要句子的本意是“与说话时的现在”对立，即使句子中有“this + 时间，today”等时间副词，也必须使用一般过去时。例如：
I got up very early this morning. 今天上午我起床很早。
He was late for school again today. 今天他又迟到了。

强化理解：
1. 一般过去时表达在过去某个特定期刻或时期所发生的事情，也可以表达过去习惯性、经常性的动作。一般过去时只说明过去的事情，不强调动作对现在的影响。
I had a word with Julia this morning. 今天上午，我跟朱丽亚说了几句话。
He smoked many cigarettes a day until he gave up. 他没有戒烟的那阵子，抽烟抽得可凶了。
2. 表达过去一段时间里经常或反复的动作，常与always，never等连用。
Mrs. Peter always carried an umbrella. 彼得太太过去老是带着一把伞。
(只是说明她过去的动作，不表白她现在是否常带着伞)
I never drank wine. 我以前从不喝酒。
(不涉及到现在，不说明现在是否喝酒)
3. 表达过去连续发生的动作时要用一般过去时。这种情况下句子中往往没有表达过去的时间状语，通过上下文来表达。
The boy opened his eyes for a moment, looked at the captain, and then died.
那男孩把眼睛张开了一会儿，看看船长，然后就去世了。
4. 有些句子虽然没有表达过去的时间状语，但事实上发生的动作或存在的状态是指过去，也要用一般过去时。这一点我们中国学生往往犯错，要特别注意！
I didn’t know you were in Paris. 我不知道你在巴黎。
(由于在说话时，我已经知道你在巴黎了。这句话指的是说话之前，所以只能
用过去时表达。事实上，这句话暗指：But now I know you were here.)
I thought you were ill. 我认为你病了呢。
(这句话应是在说话之前我认为你病了，但是现在我知道你没病)
5. 在谈到已死去的人的情况时多用过去时。
Lei Feng was a good soldier. 雷锋是个好战士。
6. 一般过去时常与表达过去的时间状语连用。大体可分为如下几类：
⑴ yesterday、the day before yesterday (前天)、the other day (前几天)、in the old days (在过去的日子里)
⑵ just now (刚才)、this morning/afternoon/evening
⑶ ago (a while ago—方才、刚才two days ago—前两天、a few days ago—前几天、long long ago—很久很久以前)
⑷ last night / week / Sunday / weekend / month / winter / year / century(上个世纪)
⑸ once upon a time (很久以前)、before(在……之前，如：before liberation在解放前)
⑹ at + 一个时间点 (at the age of 10——在10岁是时候)、then (= at that time) (当时)
⑺ When引导的时间状语从句(When I was 8 years old，当我八岁的时候)
表达方法：
一般过去时的表达方法可以细分为以下三种情况：
(一) 连系动词(简称为系动词)be的一般过去时
系动词be的一般过去时属于不规则变化，第一、第三人称单数用was，其他情况用were。基本用法见表一。
表一
人称和数
肯定句(肯定陈述句)
否认句(否认陈述句)
一般疑问句
肯定、否认回答
单
数
第一
人称
I was late yesterday.
I wasn’t late yesterday.
Were you late yesterday?
Yes, I was.
No, I wasn’t.
第二
人称
You were late yesterday.
You weren’t late yesterday.
Were you late yesterday?
Yes, I was.
No, I wasn’t.
第三
人称
He was late yesterday.
He wasn’t late yesterday.
Was he late yesterday r?
Yes, he was.
No, he wasn’t.
属于
单数
第三
人称
Her car was a Toyota.
Her car wasn’t a Toyota.
Was her car a Toyota?
Yes, it was.
No, it wasn’t.
Tom was ill yesterday.
Tom wasn’t ill yesterday.
Was Tom ill yesterday?
Yes, he was.
No, he wasn’t.
There was an apple on the table last night.
There wasn’t apple on the table last night.
Was there apple on the table last night?
Yes, there was.
No, there wasn’t.
复
数
所有复数人称和
所有复数
形式
We were students.
We weren’t students.
Were you students?
Yes, we were.
No, we weren’t.
You were my employees.
你们是我的雇员。
You weren’t my employees.
Were you my employees?
Yes, we were.
No, we weren’t.
They were doctors.
They weren’t doctors.
Were they doctors?
Yes, they were.
No, they weren’t.
My parents were teachers.
My parents weren’t teachers.
Were your parents teachers?
Yes, they were.
No, they weren’t.
These were my books.
These weren’t my books.
Were these your books?
Yes, they were.
No, they weren’t.
(二) 普通动词(也称为“实义动词”、“行为动词”)的一般过去时
1. 陈述句。普通动词(也称“实义动词”、行为动词)组成的一般过去时陈述句形式为：主语 + 动词过去式+ 宾语 + 其它。动词过去式变化可分两类：规则变化和不规则变化。规则变化有如下几种情况：
情 况
构成方法
读 音
例 词
一般情况
加 －ed
元音后面读[t]
清辅音后读[t]
浊辅音后读[d]
在[t]、[d]音后面[id]
work—worked
listen—listened
以e结尾的词
加 －d
like—liked
arrive—arrived
以重读闭音节结尾的词
先双写最后的辅音字母
再加 －ed
stop—stopped
plan—planned
以元音字母 + y结尾的词
加 －ed
enjoy—enjoyed
play—played
以辅音字母 + y结尾的词
把y改成 i再加－ed
study—studied
carry—carried
worry—worried
2. 否认句。普通动词(也称“实义动词”、行为动词)一般过去时陈述句变成否认句时，要借用助动词did。形式为：主语 + did not + 动词原形。(其中：did not = didn’t)
3. 疑问句。普通动词(也称“实义动词”、行为动词)一般过去时陈述句变成疑问句时，也需要借用助动词did。形式为：Did + 主语 + 动词原形 + ?。
普通动词(也称“实义动词”、行为动词)一般过去时的基本用法见表二。
表二
人称和数
肯定句(肯定陈述句)
否认句(否认陈述句)
一般疑问句
肯定、否认
回答
单
数
第一
人称
I watched TV last night.
I didn’t watch TV last night.
Did you watch TV last night?
Yes, I did.
No, I didn’t.
第二
人称
You watched TV last night.
You didn’t watch TV last night.
Did you watch TV last night?
Yes, I did.
No, I didn’t.
第三
人称
He watched TV last night.
He didn’t watch TV last night.
Did he watch TV last night?
Yes, he did.
No, he didn’t.
属于
单数
第三
人称
His brother watched TV last night.
His brother didn’t watch TV last night.
Did his brother watch TV last night?
Yes, he did.
No, he didn’t.
Mike watched TV last night.
Mike didn’t watch TV last night.
Did Mike watch TV last night?
Yes, he did.
No, he didn’t.
复
数
所有复数人称和
所有复数
形式
We watched TV last night.
We didn’t watch TV last night.
Did you watch TV last night?
Yes, we did.
No, we didn’t.
You watched TV last night.
You didn’t watch TV last night.
Did you watch TV last night?
Yes, we did.
No, we didn’t.
They watched TV last night.
They didn’t watch TV last night.
Did they watch TV last night?
Yes, they did.
No, they didn’t.
My parents watched TV last night.
My parents didn’t watch TV last night.
Did your parents watch TV last night?
Yes, they did.
No, they didn’t.

(三) 情态动词的一般过去时
情态动词的一般过去时态要使用它们的过去式，后面的动词还使用原形。
例如：I had to do my homework yesterday. （昨天我不得不做作业。）
can — could (能，会)
may ― might (可以)
must ― must (必须)
have to ― had to (不得不)
shall ― should (将要) 仅用于第一人称单数
will ― would (将要) 用于所有人称

对比辨析：
1. 表达过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作，常与always，never等连用。
Mrs. Peter always carried an umbrella. 彼得太太过去老是带着一把伞。
(只是说明她过去的动作，不表白她现在是否常带着伞)

比较:
⑴ Mrs. Peter always carries an umbrella. 彼得太太老是带着伞。
(说明这是她的习惯，表白她现在仍然还习惯总带着一把伞)
⑵ Mrs. Peter is always carrying an umbrella. 彼得太太总是带着一把伞。
(表达说话者对这一动作或行为厌烦)
⑶ I never drank wine. 我以前从不喝酒。
(不涉及到现在，不说明现在是否喝酒)
2. 假如强调已经终止的习惯时要用used to do——过去经常做，而现在不那样做了
He used to drink alcohol(['ælkəhɔl], 酗酒; 酒精饮料). 他过去喝酒。
(意味着他现在不喝酒了。喝酒这个动作终止了)
I used to take a walk in the morning. 我过去是在上午散步。
(意味着现在不在上午散步了)
I used to work fourteen hours a day. 我过去经常一天干十四个小时。
(意味着现在不再一天工作十四个小时了)
比较:
I took a walk in the morning. 我在上午散过步。
(只是说明过去这一动作)

3. 句子中谓语动词是用一般过去时还是用现在完毕时，取决于动作是否对现在有影响。
问：Have you had your lunch? 你吃过午饭了吗？（你现在不饿吗？）
答：Yes, I have. 是的，我已经吃过了。（已经吃饱了，不想再吃了。）
问：When did you have it? 你是什么时候吃的？（关心的是吃的动作发生在何时。）
I had it about ten minutes ago. 我大约是十分钟以前吃的。
I ate it at 6:45. 我在六点四十五分吃的。