《刘述托福语法笔记》.doc

ü 托福语法只考陈述句
ü 从句都是正常语序
ü 只有主句才能倒装
ü 美国地名表达方式：城市，州
ü 虚拟语气不考；
ü in that出现即答案
ü 连字符的形容词出现就是答案
ü first划线永远对（因为first词性完备，任何词性的用法都存在）；
ü waters永远对（water做水域解，可以有复数形式）；
ü 情态动词永远对。
ü consider + n.1 + n.2 通常是答案
ü ad. + 同位语 通常对 ∵同位语前可能省略了动词
ü although 在选项中出现99%正确
ü 插入语永远对。代词95%为错。
ü consider … as 出现就错
ü self划线永远错。
ü prep. + to do必定错。
ü prep. + done必定错。
ü prep. + what + s. v. o. 一定错，改为：prep. + which + s. v. o.
ü T考中，the + a. 错 à the + n.
ü The more the n., the more the n. 优先选择
ü 改错题整句无难词，却不易懂，此时通常选D
ü 介词短语一般不作主语
ü 以下单词在考试中出现就是被动：base(be based on 以…为基础), celebrate, locate, note(be noted for因为……而著名)
ü 长宾语后置
ü 插入语结构考点的定性答案是：定从或省略的定从。
ü ___ pl. vs. 结构 空格处首选 G.
ü ___ that / who 空格处优先选强调句
ü S. vt. ___ s. v. o. 结构 空格处首选that引导的宾从
ü S. v. o. ___ n. 结构 空格处90%选定从
ü S. v. o. ___ s. v. o. 结构 空格处优先选 prep. which 和in that
ü S. v. o., n. ___ v. o. 结构 空格处首选 of + which
ü the ___ of结构 空格处只能是 n. 或 a.est
ü a/an ___ of结构 空格处只能是 C. 或 G.
ü 在填空题中，when to be / when to do 不选

（一）主句专一: 任何句子只有一个主句，句子之间必须有连词连接
[F] S. v. o., s. v. o. ∵ 逗号不能连接两个完整句
[T] S. v. o.; s. v. o. ∵ 分号可以连接并列句
（二）谓语专一: 任何句子只有一个谓语，谓动之间须有连词连接 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 17.30
[F] V., v.
（三）插入语结构
S., ___, v. o.
16.3简化为：TP, ___, wrote CS.à
注意：s., … , __ o. 空格里需填入谓语动词
（四）插入语类型：
● 完整的定语从句 4.9, 7.2
● n. 2.3, 10.11, 16.3
● a. / prep. / ppl. 短语 18.15, 6.13, 17.4, 19.11
e.g. Michael. Yu, native to China, founded New Oriental School.
（五）倒装结构总原则
● 只有主句才能倒装
● 答案的首字母是助动词，系动词或情态动词
● 否定副词在句首引起倒装: Not only, Not until, Seldom, Hardly, Scarcely, Rarely 10.10
• Not until的两种用法
＋ n., 倒装 ∵until is a prep.
＋ s. v., 倒装 ∵until is a conj. 1.13
● Only + 状语 在句首引起倒装
+ ad. + 倒装
+ prep. + n. + 倒装 6.5, 28.37
+ 状从 + 倒装
e.g. Only when he came home did she learned the news.
● ppl. 短语在句首作表语引起倒装
● so在句首，引起倒装
S. + be + so + a. + that s. v. o. =
So + a. + be + s. + that s. v. o.
e.g. The book is so funny that I love it.
e.g. So funny is the book that I love it.
• So … that vs. such … that
当 … 为 a. 时用 so
当 … 为 n. 时用 such
当 … 为 a. ＋ n. 时需分情况讨论
当 n. 为 C. 时都可
e.g. She is such a pretty girl that she loves Arthur.
e.g. She is so pretty a girl that she loves Arthur.
当 n. 为 Cs. 或 U. 时用such
e.g. Ross had such wonderful dinosaurs/fossil that he was crazy.
当 n. 前的 a. 为以下4个时用so: many, much, few, little
e.g. Ross had so many dinosaurs that he was crazy.
● 表地点和范围的 prep. 短语在句首且为主系表结构
In, At, Between, Beneath, Among, Be, Lie, Exist, Remain, Rest
● 在比较结构中，than后面可以倒装，也可以不倒装
● as在句中引起倒装
e.g. They looked upon that guy as a gay, as did Michael.
e.g. So did Micheal.
• 活用，也可在句首。24.38
（六）平行结构: 由平衡连接词连接的两个或两个以上对等对象构成
● 单复数不必平行，平行与否取决于客观事实和上下文
● 时态不必平行，但时间相同则时态相同，反之亦然
● 词性必须平行，但是无同义同根形容词的名词例外
● 结构形式的平行
● 语意的平行
（七）状从的省略
● 状从省略结构的三个必要条件同时满足
A，特殊的状从引导词: though, although, even though, when ,while, if
B，谓动是be动词
C，从句主语等于主句主语
● 省略方式：同时省略主语加be动词
● 结论：6个引导词＋a. / ppl.，往往就是答案 4.15, 4.26, 17.25, 28.25
（八）Which 的3种用法
● 单独which：关系代词，在从句中充当一主要成分故接不完整句JP67-141, 12.27, 14.30, 25.38
● prep. which: which作介宾，∴不在从句中充当成分，∴后面是完整句18.25
● perp. + which + to do也可作后置定语修饰名词，完全等于定从
e.g. The beaver chews down trees to get food and material with which to build its home.
= The beaver chews down trees to get food and material with which it builds its home.
● 技巧：当主句主语和从句主语一致时，可用不定式代替从句
● 技巧：完整句 ___ 完整句 空格处优先选 prep. which 和in that
形如：S. v. o. prep. which s. v. o.
● S. v. o., n. / num. / pron. + of which v. o.
• 注意：主宾后面有逗号；主句和of之间有名词
e.g. Xu Yi has 10 playboys, five of which are borrowed from DCX.
e.g. I have a house, the windows of which face south.
● 当先行词是人时用of whom
● 进一步推广：of which和of whose n.并无本质区别，因此of whose n.只是which第三种用法的变体 16.13
（九）定从的省略
● that / which作从宾时可省
● 定从中，主语＋be可同时省 (难题常是这种形式)
● 定从的特殊省略
• The way后常省 how或in which 5.13
• Time 后常省when
e.g. I do remember the first time I ever heard the sweetest voice in the world.
• Reason后常省why
e.g. That's the reason I don't drink.
（十）主从：从句是主句的一个主语；主语 ＝ 引导词 ＋ 句子
主v. o. —> That s. v. o. v. o. — 标准的主从
（十一）宾从：从句是主句的一个宾语；宾语 ＝ 引导词 ＋ 句子 JP53-33
S. v. 宾 —> S. v. that s. v. o. — 标准的宾从
● Believe state 等及动后常考宾从
即S. believe / state that s. v. o. 故在believe, state 等及动后第一反应为that
● 还包括如下及动：
Believe Indicate know say think
Demonstrate Estimate find hold insist
Learn Mean show state tell
其中前5个词后的that 省略了也不算错，最好不省
● 在名词性从句中，主、表、同位语从句的that不能省略，而宾从中的that，口语常省，书面语不宜省略
（十二）表从：从句是主句的一个表语；表语 ＝ 引导词 ＋ 句子
S. be that s. v. o. — 标准的表从
● 表语从句一般只考that，because出现就错
（十三）What 结构
What 在语法上有个特别的称呼 —— 缩合连接代词
● What = the thing that; thing 由句意决定 JP54-36, 37
● n. ＋ what 一定错 3.11
● What is now 一定对 3.16
● What 在前后句中必须同时作成分 JP54-38
● vt. __ v. ; prep. __ v. 空格中优先选择what
● what 引导的从句 ＝ 名词，可在主句中作主、宾、表
● what v. o. ＝ the thing that v. o. that引导定从，中心词是thing
● 既然what引导的句子等于名词，因此what只引导名词性从句。不引导副词形容词从句。JP65-88, 13.30, 17.16
● What little
• what little / few sth. = the little / few sth. that
e.g. JP54-39. Today what little fossil ivory remains comes from Alaska. ＝
Today the little fossil ivory that remains comes from Alaska.
（十四）In that结构
● In that = 位于句中的 because
● In that 是一个词
● 技巧：in that出现即答案
（十五）非限制性定从
● All the dinosaurs that are cute belong to Ross. 对比
● All the dinosaurs, which are cute, belong to Ross.
● 结论：that前不可有逗号，但是有插入语时例外。2.40
（十六）同位语结构
● 分类 — 主同和宾同
● 作用 — 对主语或宾语进行解释说明
● 词性 — 名词
● 主同的三种位置
• s., n., v. o.
e.g. Michael, a GRE expert, has a dream of founding the Harvard of China .
• n., s. v. o.
e.g. A GRE expert, Michael loves his family.
• n. s. v. o. 7.36, JP55-46
• 在语法上同位语也分限制性和非限制性。限制性没有逗号，关系紧密。
e.g. The term "dinosaur" refers to…
e.g. The metal copper is very useful.
e.g. The dye Sudan red should not be added to food
• 技巧：划掉同位语，只看主语
• 技巧：根据主同确定主语
● 宾同的两种位置
• S. v. o., n.
• 结论：位于句尾的孤立名词必为宾同
• S. v. n. o.
• I hate the dye Sudan red. 对比
• The dye Sudan red should not be added to food.
• 注意：长同位语可后置
（十七）宾从 vs. 同位从
宾从 同位从
that 是代词性 + 非完整句 that 是非代词性 + 完整句
从句对先行词是修饰限制关系 从句对先行词是解释说明关系
先行词无限制 先行词常是表事实的抽象名词
● 常接同位从的先行词：
Belief conclusion decision discovery doubt
evidence explanation fact hope idea
news observation opinion rumor statement
thought truth
● science后面不可能接同位语，因为科学很难用一句话解释清楚 [J54-34]
（十八）从句引导词
● [F] Whose + direct v. ∵whose 是所有格，其后必为名词
● [F] When + single n. ∵when 不能作句子主干
● [F] Where + single n. ∵where 不能作句子主干
● 从句内不可有与引导词重复者
[F] what + n. ∵what = the thing that
● 从句内部语序正常，除了as, than引导的比较结构
● who 与 whom 已无明显的主宾格限定区别，可互换，但在介词后的引导词只能用whom
[F] prep. + who à prep. + whom
● that vs. which
● 指物可互换；指人用that；介词只与which配；关系紧密是that；看到逗号想which；但要小心插入语
（十九）宾补结构
● [F] We appointed Arthur. 对比
● [T] We killed Arthur.
● [F] Arthur was appointed 对比
● [T] Arthur was killed.
● make + o. ＋ op. 结构
• make + n.1 + n.2
e.g. make the boy president
president:总统;总裁; 长官, 大臣; 议长;院长; 庭长;校长; 院长;会长, 社长; 主席;行长; 董事长; 总经理
• make + n. + a.
e.g. make the animal unique
e.g. make it unique
• make it possible to do sth. JP56-55
• make it possible that s. v. o. 4.10
• make sth. possible & make possible sth. 长的在后 JP56-52, 54, 22.14
² possible 还可换成其他类似形容词，如visible, capable
² possible 与宾语之间不能再有其他成分
● consider + o. ＋ op. 结构 JP55-46
• sb consider + n.1 + a. / n.2
• n.1 be considered n.2
• 技巧：consider n.1 n.2 通常是答案
• 注意：consider … as 出现就错
• regard, view 常与 as 相关
● elect + o. ＋ op. 结构
• sb. / sth. + elect + sb. + 职务
• sb. be elected 职务
• sb. be elected to 机构
• sb. be elected to the office of 职务 1.14
• 注意：select 往往接 as 27.12
● call + o. ＋ op. 结构
e.g. We call him Laden.
e.g. He was called Laden.
● name + o. ＋ op. 结构
• sb. / sth. name sb. sth.
• sb. be named sth.
• e.g. Mr.Huang was named one of the ten most outstanding boys in Guangdong.
● bring的用法
• bring sth. to sb. / sw. = bring to sw. sth.
• bring sth. together = bring together sth. — 使团结，使和解
• bring sth. to light = bring to light sth. — 发现 JP56-53
（二十）双宾语结构
● Sth. win / gain / earn sb. sth. 10.12, JP59-80
● Sth. give / grant sth. sth. JP60-81
● Sb. persuade / tell sb. that s. v. o. (宾从) 5.15, 3.26
（二十一）双宾语和宾补结构的区别
● 关键：宾补对宾语进行补充说明
● 技巧：宾补是对宾语进行补充说明
e.g. I bring Michael a girl. 双宾
e.g. Arthur made his wife a scarf. 双宾
（二十二）逻主结构
● Finding the increase of his weight, LXL felt very angry.
● find是动词，其动作的发出者或者承受者，即为逻主
● 逻主与主句主语一致，故可以根据逻主判断主句主语
● ∴ = (LXL) finding the increase of his weight, LXL got very angry.
● 当逻主与主句主语不一致则须写出来
● n.1 ＋ doing / done / prep. 短语 …, n.2 v. o. 即为独立主格 JP57-56, 57
e.g. Weather permitting, we'll go on a picnic tomorrow.
e.g. This done, we went home. 14.15
● ___ doing / done … , s. v. o. ∵ppl.前可有状从引导词, ∴空格处可以是：although, though, even though, when, while, if. 即：状从的省略[见（七）]
● inf. 前不可有状从引导词 JP65-108
● 技巧：when to do / be 一定错 ∵在一起只有名词性，不能作状
（二十三）形容词的并列结构
● [T] an old red car
● [F] a red old car
● 限定词 ＋ num. ＋ a. ＋ n.
● my two funny books
● adj. 顺序：主观品质 / 形状大小长短 / 新旧老少 / 颜色国籍 / 材料
e.g. Tom's two beautiful tall young Chinese girls
● 逗号可以连接两个形容词，并且使它们关系并列
● 技巧：连字符的形容词出现就是答案
（二十四）the more ... the more ... 结构
● 对称性 — 结构对称
e.g. The lower ___ in a room, the more slowly our eyes focus. [10-8]
(A) the level of lighting (B) light level (answer: A)
● 省略性 — 相同的谓语可省，尤其是 be 常省，不同的 be 亦可省 JP57-61, 10.8
● 倒装性 — 只第二个the more 后面才可倒装 ∵前从句后主句 JP57-62
● 注意：the more 结构中的名词通常特指
● 技巧：The more the n., the more the n. 优先选择
（二十五）比较结构 （与上一条极相似，一起记）
● 对称性 — 结构对称
● 选择: that / those / one / ones — 泛指
● 不选: them / it — 特指 JP58-64 65
● 省略性 — 相同的谓语可省，尤其是 be 常省
e.g. He is taller than I (am)
● 倒装性 — than后可倒装可不倒装，一般都倒
（二十六）形容词最高级的省略
● the + a.est( + n.) + of + pl. n.必须省，否则与 pl. 重复
è the + a.est + of + pl. 4.8
● 规律：the ___ of 之间可以是 n. 和 a.est 13.22 13.24 19.25
● 技巧：a ___ of 之间只能是C. 7.39
● 技巧：T考中，the + a. 错 à the + n.
（二十七）doing结构
● Starving troops is forbidden. 使军队饥饿的行为是被禁止的
● Starving troops are forbidden. 饥饿的军队是被禁止的
● 技巧：___ pl. vs. 结构 优先选doing
● G. 不接宾时相当于纯粹的名词，用a.修饰 12.36
● G. 接 n. 时，往往强调其动作性，用 ad. 修饰 27.20
● G. + n. vs. ppl. + n.
• G. + n. 为动宾短语，中心词是 G.，翻译为 …的行为
• ppl. + n. 为定中短语，中心词是 n.，翻译为 …的
（二十八）形容词短语作后置定语的形式
● a. + prep. + n. 形容词短语。
● a.-er + than + n. 7.3
● 注意：非短语不后置
● [T] a boy good at games
● [F] a boy good at school
（二十九）规则动词的过去分词作后定
● 任何一个v.-ed 如: n. called ...
● 记住：过去分词作后置定语相当于which be的省略，即被动
e.g. A boy (who is )called Bush was elected President.
e.g. We called the boy Bush.
● 碰见任何n. ＋ Ved，先从逻辑上判断他们的主被动关系，如是主动则是过去式，是谓语，保留；如是被动则是分词，是非谓语，是后置定语，划掉
（三十）不规则动词的过去式和过去分词 19.21
● cast, cost, set, spread，cut。。。 划线慎选 ∵过去式过去分词同形
同时注意过去分词和过去式不规则的词
（三十一）it 的用法
● 选主谓优先选: there be
● 不选: it is / they are
● 强调句
• It is / was + 被强调部分 + that / who + 其他
• 被强调部分 + 其他 = 符合逻辑与语法的完整句
• 被强调部分可以是：主、宾、状；不能是：谓、定
• 被强调部分是人时，用that, who 均可；其余只能用 that
• be 动词只能是 is 或 was
• 技巧：___ that / who 空格处优先选强调句
● 形式主语 12.25
● it be 只在强调句和形式主语句中位于句首
（三十二）三句子结构
● 两个句子必须有一个连词，三个句子两个连词
• S. v. o., but s. v. o. — 连接两个简单句
● 两个连词可以在一起
• S. v. o., but when s. v. o., s. v. o. — 连接简单句和复合句
● 技巧：把有连词的句子划掉 JP60-86
（三十三）词性混用 JP61-1~21
● 表语只能是 a.、ppl.、具体名词；不能是 ad.、v.、抽象名词 JP61-1~3
● 结论：抽象名词不作表语
[F] I am hunger.
[T] I am a hunger.
[T] I am hungry.
[F] The book is no use.
[T] The book is of no use.
[T] The book is not useful.
[T] The book has no use.
● of + n. 相当于a. 20.34
● 辨析(重点): have + n. vs. be + a. 12.23, 23.36, 25.39
● 表语唯一 JP61-4

● 作宾语时 n. 与 G. 的混用
• 同义的n. 优先，不同义的根据意思判断 JP61-5, 10.35
e.g. functioning 经营运作 function 功能
reasoning 推理 reason 原因
gambling 赌钱 gamble 赌博
• n. 与 G. 的区别
G. 可接宾语而n.不能 JP61-6
G. 前加the相当于纯粹n.，此时不可再接宾语而常接of JP61-7

● conj. 与近义 prep., ad., a. 的混用
• when / while vs. in / during “当…时候” 前连后介 JP61-8~10, 9.39
when / while + n. è during / in + n.
during / in + s. v. o. è When / while + s. v. o. JP67-139
• although / though vs. despite / in spite of “虽然” 前连后介
although / though + n. è in spite of / despite + n.
in spite of / despite + s. v. o. è although / though + s.v.o. JP67-138
• despite of 错
• even though vs. even “即使” 前连后副
even + s. v. o. è even though + s. v. o. JP67-140
• as vs. similar “像…一样” 前连后形 13.31
• and vs. also / besides “和，此外” 前连后副 JP61-11
S. v. o. + similar / besides + s. v. o. è S. v. o. + as / and + s. v. o.
• or vs. else “或者，其他” 前连后副 JP61-12
• but vs. instead “但是，而不是” 前连后副 JP61-13
并列1 + also/ else/ instead + 并列2 è并列1 + and/ or/ but + 并列2
• after vs. afterward “之后” 前连后副
• up vs. upward “向上” 前介后形
• [F] a + minimal/ various/ numerous/ diverse + of
è a + minimum/ variety/ number/ diversity + of

● 同根名词的混用 JP61-14, 15
Archaeologist 考古学家 archaeology 考古学 1.8
Composer 作(曲)家 composition 作文 J61-15
Editor 编辑 editorial 社论 J61-14
Engineer 工程师 engineering 工程学
Innovator 革新者 innovation 改革 5.31
innovative 创新的

● a. vs. ad.
• a. 修饰 n. ; ad. 修饰 n. 的补集
• 关键：分清楚修饰关系 JP61-18, 19
• 技巧：ad. ＋ 同位语 n. 通常对
● a. + a. + n. vs. ad. + a. + n.
• a. + a. + n. 中 两个 a. 都修饰 n.
• ad. + a. + n. 中 ad. 修饰 a. ；a. 修饰 n.
[F] a frequent pretty girl è a frequently pretty girl ∵frequently修饰 pretty
[F] a cutely tall boy è a cute tall boy ∵cute 修饰boy
● num. + ad. + n. vs. ad. + num. + n.
• ad. + num. + n. 中 ad. 修饰num.；num. 修饰 n. JP61-21
e.g. about 200 students
• num. + ad. + n. 违背修饰法则，错误。
例外：among 60 percent of the space
● num. + a. + n. vs. a. + num. + n.
• ∵ 限定词(art. pron.) -> num. -> a. -> n. ∴ num. + a. + n. 对
[T] two diligent students
[F] diligent two students
（三十四）名词
● 名作定必单 JP62-26, 7.39
e.g. paper tiger , color monitor , master of business administration
● 名作定不单之例外：
a greetings card a savings bank a sales girl
a communications satellite a cities bank a sports car
a systems engineering
以上修名+s，男人女人随主变。[JP62-27]：a man/woman boxer, two men/women boxers
● 作定时，同义的a. 优先于n. JP61-16, 23
● 当表示 n. 的材料内容时，用 n. 修饰 n.
e.g. beauty contest , stone table , world trade organization (WTO)
● 当无同义同根 a. 时,用 n. 修饰 n. 14.7
e.g. city planning , student union
● 改错策略：碰见 n. + n.，先看其余三，若都没问题，再判n. + n.，修饰关系用单数，介词缺失插中间[见（三十七）]。 JP61-24, 25

● every / each + C.
● (a) few / many + Cs.
● (a) little / much + U. JP62-29, 30
● some / any / all + C./ Cs./ U. JP62-28, 31, 32, 33
[F] as many as 50 percent of the income à much ∵ income 是 U.
[T] as much as 2000 kilometers ∵ 2000 kilometers 是一个整体概念
[F] each major styles à style ∵ each 修style用单数
[T] every ten boys ∵ every 修ten; ten 修boys
● few, little, many, much, some, any, each, most, all 都可作pron. ; every 不可以。∴every不能单独作主/宾，必须有被修饰词 JP62-40

● another + C. vs. other + Cs. JP62-34
● any other + C. vs. any other of the + Cs.
[T] Another two girls go to Harvard ∵ another 修two；two 修girls
● numerous / diverse / various / several + pl. JP62-35