Unit_7_教师用书.doc

UNIT 7

READING

Passage A
NOTES
1. white paper
A white paper is an authoritative report or guide that often addresses issues and how to solve them. White papers are used to educate readers and help people make decisions. They are often used in politics and business.
2. Facebook
Facebook is a teenage global social networking website that is operated and privately owned by Facebook, Inc. Users can add friends and send them messages, and update their personal profiles to notify friends about themselves. Additionally, users can join networks organized by city, workplace, school, and region. The website's name stems from the colloquial name of books given at the start of the academic year by university administrations with the intention of helping students get to know each other better.
Mark Zuckerberg founded Facebook with his college roommates and fellow computer science students Eduardo Saverin, Dustin Moskovitz and Chris Hughes while he was a student at Harvard University. The website's membership was initially limited to Harvard students, but was expanded to other colleges in the Boston area, the Ivy League, and Stanford University. It later expanded further to include any university student, then high school students, and, finally, to anyone aged 13 and over. The website currently has more than 250 million active users worldwide.
3. MySpace
MySpace is a social networking website with an interactive, user-submitted network of friends, personal profiles, blogs, groups, photos, music, and videos for teenagers and adults internationally. Its headquarters are in Beverly Hills, California, USA, where it shares an office building with its immediate owner, Fox Interactive Media, which is owned by News Corporation. MySpace became the most popular social networking site in the United States in June 2006. According to comScore, MySpace was overtaken internationally by main competitor Facebook in April 2008, based on monthly unique visitors. MySpace employs 1,000 employees, after laying off 30% of its workforce in June 2009; the company does not disclose revenues or profits separately from News Corporation. The 100 millionth account was created on August 9, 2006, in the Netherlands.
4. critical thinking
Critical thinking is purposeful and reflective judgment about what to believe or what to do in response to observations, experience, verbal or written expressions, or arguments. Critical thinking may involve determining the meaning and significance of what is observed or expressed, or, concerning a given inference or argument, determining whether there is adequate justification to accept the conclusion as true.
Critical thinking gives due consideration to the evidence, the context of judgment, the relevant criteria for making the judgment well, the applicable methods or techniques for forming the judgment, and the applicable theoretical constructs for understanding the nature of the problem and the question at hand. Critical thinking employs not only logic but broad intellectual criteria such as clarity, credibility, accuracy, precision, relevance, depth, breadth, significance and fairness.
5. Webinar
A webinar is a neologism to describe a specific type of web conference. It is typically one-way, from the speaker to the audience with limited audience interaction, such as in a webcast. A webinar can be collaborative and include polling and question & answer sessions to allow full participation between the audience and the presenter. In some cases, the presenter may speak over a standard telephone line, while pointing out information being presented onscreen, and the audience can respond over their own telephones, speaker phones allowing the greatest comfort and convenience. There are web conferencing technologies on the market that have incorporated the use of VoIP audio technology, to allow for a completely web-based communication. Depending upon the provider, webinars may provide hidden or anonymous participant functionality, making participants unaware of other participants in the same meeting.
6. listserv
A listserv is an online mailing list that allows individuals or organizations to send e-mail to multiple people simultaneously. Generally the members of a listserv share an area of common interest.
Listservs are popular among special interest groups seeking an efficient and inexpensive way to communicate with large groups of people. A group’s listserv is an e-mail-based service that allows a subscriber to send an e-mail to a single address for distribution to all subscribers. Listserv software provides a central point of administration for the distribution of e-mail. Listservs can be publicly accessible or privately administered, allowing a moderator to control access and content. Some listservs are Web-based, such as Yahoo!Groups or Topica, while others exist on private mail servers, using such software as “Mailman” or “L-soft.”
A listserv allows subscribers to send bulk electronic mail to all members of the group with both individual messages and digests containing multiple messages. In some cases, subscribers are allowed to upload and download files from designated file storage areas or send and receive files as attachments, which are subsequently stored on the mail server.
7. RSS
RSS (most commonly translated as "Really Simple Syndication" but sometimes "Rich Site Summary") is a family of web feed formats used to publish frequently updated works — such as blog entries, news headlines, audio, and video — in a standardized format. An RSS document (which is called a "feed", "web feed", or "channel") includes full or summarized text, plus metadata such as publishing dates and authorship. Web feeds benefit publishers by letting them syndicate content automatically. They benefit readers who want to subscribe to timely updates from favored websites or to aggregate feeds from many sites into one place. RSS feeds can be read using software called an "RSS reader", "feed reader", or "aggregator", which can be web-based, desktop-based, or mobile-device-based.
8. new media
New media is a term meant to encompass the emergence of digital, computerized, or networked information and communication technologies in the later part of the 20th century.
Most technologies described as "new media" are digital, often having characteristics of being manipulatable, networkable, dense, compressible, and impartial.
9. streaming media
Streaming media are multimedia that are constantly received by, and normally presented to, an end-user while being delivered by a streaming provider (the term "presented" is used in this article in a general sense that includes audio or video playback). The name refers to the delivery method of the medium rather than to the medium itself. The distinction is usually applied to media that are distributed over telecommunications networks, as most other delivery systems are either inherently streaming (e.g., radio, television) or inherently non-streaming (e.g., books, video cassettes, audio CDs). The verb 'to stream' is also derived from this term, meaning to deliver media in this manner.
10. longitudinal study
A longitudinal study is a correlational research study that involves repeated observations of the same items over long periods of time — often many decades. It is a type of observational study. Longitudinal studies are often used in psychology to study developmental trends across the life span, and in sociology to study life events throughout lifetimes or generations. The reason for this is that unlike cross-sectional studies, longitudinal studies track the same people, and therefore the differences observed in those people are less likely to be the result of cultural differences across generations. Because of this benefit, longitudinal studies make observing changes more accurate and they are applied in various other fields.
Because longitudinal studies are observational, in the sense that they observe the state of the world without manipulating it, it has been argued that they may have less power to detect causal relationships than do experiments. But because of the repeated observation at the individual level, they have more power than cross-sectional observational studies, by virtue of being able to exclude time-invariant unobserved individual differences, and by virtue of observing the temporal order of events.
Longitudinal studies allow social scientists to distinguish short from long-term phenomena, such as poverty. If the poverty rate is 10% at a point in time, this may mean that 10% of the population are always poor, or that the whole population experiences poverty for 10% of the time. It is not possible to conclude which of these possibilities is the case using one-off cross-sectional studies.
11. American Library Association
The American Library Association (ALA) is a non-profit organization based in the United States that promotes libraries and library education internationally. It is the oldest and largest library association in the world, with more than 65,000 members.
12. K-12 / K-20
K-12, a term used in education and educational technology in the United States, Canada, and possibly other countries, is a short form for the publicly-supported school grades prior to college. These grades are kindergarten (K) and the 1st through the 12th grade (1-12).
K-20 stands for kindergarten through graduate school and beyond. The number stands for the number of years of school.
12. Brave New World
Brave New World is a novel by Aldous Huxley, written in 1931 and published in 1932. Set in the London of AD 2540 (632 A.F. in the book), the novel anticipates developments in reproductive technology and sleep-learning that combine to change society. The future society is an embodiment of the ideals that form the basis of futurism. Huxley answered this book with a reassessment in an essay, Brave New World Revisited (1958), and with his final work, a novel titled Island (1962).

Comprehension
II.
1. savvy: knowing a lot about something
2. mischief: playful misbehavior or trouble making, especially in children
persona: the part of one’s personality that they deliberately show most people
3. prodigious: very great or impressive
4. terminology: the body of terms used in a particular business, science, or profession
5. overarching: affecting or including everything, and therefore very important
6. align: organize activities or systems so that they match or fit well together
7. encompass: include
8. peruse: examine carefully or at length

Passage B
NOTES
1. diagnostic testing
Diagnostic testing is individually administered tests designed to identify weaknesses in the learning processes. Usually these are administered by trained professionals and are usually prescribed for elementary, sometimes middle school, students.
2. community college
A community college is a type of educational institution. The term can have different meanings in different countries.
In the United States, community colleges, sometimes called junior colleges, technical colleges, or city colleges, are primarily two-year public institutions providing higher education and lower-level tertiary education, granting certificates, diplomas, and associate's degrees. After graduating from a community college, some students transfer to a four-year liberal arts college or university for two to three years to complete a bachelor's degree.
In the United Kingdom, community college is a name given to, or added on to, a secondary school, usually offering extended services of some sort, for example by having achieved a status as a technology college or by providing adult education courses.
3. formative feedback
Feedback that is entirely formative enables students to appreciate the standards that are expected of them, restructure their understanding/ skills, develop their ideas, improve their capabilities, and monitor their own progress. It also provides information to tutors about where students are experiencing difficulties and where to focus their teaching efforts. Formative feedback may or may not include a mark or grade, but where such is offered it is normally only indicative of performance and does not contribute towards the final mark for the module or program of study.
4. summative feedback
Summative feedback is the formal feedback on assessed work, delivered usually at the end of a period of study. The feedback will comprise a mark or grade that contributes to the overall summary of performance of the learner, and will also normally include a commentary on the performance of the learner in relation to the assessment criteria for that piece of work which may be formative in nature.
5. National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education
The National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) was founded in 1954 to accredit teacher certification programs at U.S. colleges and universities. NCATE is a council of educators created to ensure and raise the quality of preparation for their profession. NCATE is recognized by the U.S. Department of Education as an accrediting institution. NCATE accreditation is specific to teacher education and is different from regional accreditation.
6. American Psychological Association
The American Psychological Association (abbreviated APA) is a professional organization representing psychologists in the U.S., with around 150,000 members and an annual budget of around $70m. APA is well known for APA style, a writing style and formatting standard widely used in the social sciences. The American Psychological Association is occasionally confused with the American Psychiatric Association, which also uses the acronym APA.
7. National Council of Teachers of English
The National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE) is an American professional organization dedicated to "improving the teaching and learning of English and the language arts at all levels of education." Since 1911, NCTE has provided a forum for the profession, an array of opportunities for teachers to continue their professional growth throughout their careers, and a framework for cooperation to deal with issues that affect the teaching of English." In addition, the NCTE lists its mission as:
"The Council promotes the development of literacy, the use of language to construct personal and public worlds and to achieve full participation in society, through the learning and teaching of English and the related arts and sciences of language."
The NCTE is involved in publishing journals and books that address the concerns of English language arts educators. Since the 1970s, it has issued annual Doublespeak Awards and Orwell Awards.
8. International Reading Association
The International Reading Association is an international professional organization that was created in 1956 to improve reading instruction, facilitate