雅思语法-虚拟语气.doc

虚拟语气
概念：虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，一是用来表示说话人所说的话不是一个事实，而是一种假设、猜测、怀疑等(在条件从句中或让步状语从句中)；一是表示说话人的愿望、要求、命令、建议等 (在宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)。

一、英语中有三种语气：
1、 陈述语气the indicative mood,陈述事实，
You are very beautiful.
2、 祈使语气the impretive mood,提出请求，命令，
Please be careful
3、 虚拟语气the subjunctive mood,表示主观意愿和假象虚拟的情况
I wish you were more careful.
二、英语中的条件句有两类：
1、真实条件句sentence of real condition
2、非真实条件句 sentence of unreal condition
A、条件句中，如果假设的情况是可以发生，那么这个条件句就是真实条件句
If he has time, he will come.
We won’t success unless we plan well.
B、如果是纯粹假设的情况或是发生的可能性不大的情况，则是虚拟条件句
If I were you, I would recondiser their proposal.
If we hadn’t built the reservoir,there would have been a terrible flodd.

虚拟语气中，有几种情况要区分开来。

　　虚拟条件句
　　　主句
与现在事实相反的假设
 If+主语+动词的过去式
（动词be用were)

 主语+should,would,
might,could＋动词
原形

与过去相反的假设
 If+主语+had +过去分词

 主语＋should,
would, might, could
＋have done

与将来相反的假设
 1、If+主语+动词过去式
2、If+主语+were to+ 动词原形
3、If+主语+should +动词原形

 主语＋should, would
might, could＋动词
原形

eg:If I had time, I would attend the meeting.
If he had hurried ,he could have caught the train.
If I were to go abroad ,I would go to America.
More practice
如果我是你，我就会努力学习．
If I were you, I would work harder at my lessons.
如果我知道他的电话号码，我就给他打电话了．
If I had known his telephone number, I would have called him.
如果明天下雨的话，我们会取消比赛．
If it should \were to rain, we would call off the match.
使用虚拟条件句要注意的几点：
１．　当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为：错综时间条件句“，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整．
If you had followed my advice , you would be better now.
如果你听我的建议，你现在就会痊愈了．
If you had studied hard before, you would be a college student now.
如果你努力学习的话，你现在就会是大学生了．
２．省略句
在条件句中，可省略 if，把were ,had, should 提到句首，变为倒装句式．
If I were at school again, I would study harder.
Were I at school again, I would study harder.
If you had come earlier, you would have met him.
Had you come earlier, you would have met him.
If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.
Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.
三、虚拟语气在名词从句中的运用
（1）用于宾语从句
A、wish 后面的宾语从句中。
一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。其谓语动词形式为：
表现在　过去时
表过去　过去完成时
表将来　would, might, could＋动词原形
I wish (that) I were a bird.
I wish (that) I had seen the film last night.
I wish (that) I would\could go.

B、用于表示命令、建议、要求等一类词后面的宾语从句。
insist, order, command, suggest, advise, propose, require, request, demand, desire etc.
We suggested that the meeting (should) be put off.
They insisted that the boy (should) go with them.
注意：suggest 当表示“暗示、表明“讲时，insist 表示”坚持认为“之意时，应用陈述语气。
The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.
他脸上的表情表明他对我们的工作很满意
The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.
那个人坚持说他没有偷钱．
（2）用于表语从句和同位语从句
在suggestion / proposal / order / plan / advice / idea / request 等名词后的表语和同位语从句中要用“should＋动词原形”　should可以省略．
My idea is that we (should ) think it over before accepting it.
My suggestion that we (should) have a meeting has been accepted by others.
We all agree to that suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off.

（3）虚拟语气在 在主语从句中
A.在句型 “It is important (necessary, strange, natural) that .... ” 中，that 后面的从句中的谓语动词用： should + 动词原形

1. 我们有必要出去散散步。
It’s necessary that we should have a walk now.
2 她这样做是很自然的。

It’s natural that she should do so.
3 重要的是我们要照顾好病人。

It’s important that we should take good care of the patient.
B. 在It is demanded/suggested/ordered/required….
that-clause句型中从句用(should )+动词原型
It is demanded that we should work out a plan.

C. 在 It is a pity/a shame/ no wonder that…..句型中从
句也常用(should )+动词原型
It’s a pity that you (should) miss a good chance.

四、虚拟语气在其他从句中

1. It is (high / about ) time that…从句中的谓语动词用过去式或should＋动词原形，should不能省略．
It is high time that you went / should go to school.
2. If only 引导的感叹句（要是．．．该有多好啊)表示现在的情况,应用过去式; 如果是过去的情况,应用过去完成时态
If only I knew the answer!
If only I had seen the film yesterday!
3. would rather + 从句　动词用过去式或过去完成时
I would rather you told me the truth.
I would rather you had gone there last Sunday.
4. as if ( as though) 看起来　常用虚拟形式，即表示与现在事实相反，用过去式；与过去事实相反用过去完成式 (had done).
He treats /treated the boy as if he were his own son.
He speaks/ spoke as if he had known about it
5. even if ( even though)即使
Even if he were here, he could not solve the problem.
Even if I had been busy then, I would have helped you.

五、情态动词+ have done
could have done 本来可以- - -
might have done 本来可能 - - -
should / ought to have done 本来应该做 - - -
shouldn’t / ought not to have done 本不该做 - -
你本不应该告诉她真相。
You shouldn’t have told her the truth .
needn’t have done 本不必做 - - -
比较：didn’t need to do 没必要做也没有做 - - -
我没必要擦窗户。我兄弟做了
I didn’t need to clean the windows . My brother did it.
would have done 本来会去做----
我没有足够的钱．否则我会买那本书的．
I didn’t have enough money, otherwise I would have
bought that book.

Choose the best answer:
1. It is strange that the little boy _____ speak two foreign languages.
A. could b. can C. should D. would
2. He gave orders that the experiment ____ before 5:30pm.
A. be finished B.will finish C. must be finished
3.He _____ you more help,even though he was very busy.
A, might have given B. might give C.may have given
4.Without the leadership of the Party,there ____no New China.
A.would be B. has been C. should be D.was
5. He is talking so much about America as if he
_____ there.
A. had been           B. has been                 
C. was                  D. has gone
6. The young man insisted that he _____ nothing
wrong and _____ free.
A. did; set                   B. had done; should be set   
C. should do; be set   D. had done; must be set
7. Had you listened to the doctor, you _____ all
right now.
A. are      B. were     C. would be   
D. would have been
8. You _____ come earlier. The bus left a moment
ago.
 A. would      B. should have        C. may      D. have