新东方作文讲义1.doc

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第一部分 写作的要求、评分标准及评卷实例

（一）短文写作的要求
《硕士研究生英语入学考试大纲》规定：英语短文写作，要求考生根据提示信息写出一篇约200个单词的短文（不包括试题中所给的短文开头的第一句话）。出题方式有：命题作文、看图作文、情景作文或段首句作文。短文必须根据考题中所给的题目和提纲所规定的范围来写。主要测试考生综合运用英语（包括词汇、语法、逻辑等）的能力。
（二）评分标准
本题采用总体评分法，通篇分档计分，即从内容和语言两个方面进行综合评判。语言上的错误，要视其是否影响清楚地表达思想，或成为理解上的障碍，来判来定其严重程度。“样卷”是评分标准的具体化。每一分数段的中间分，各有样卷两份。阅卷员要根据第五项的评分标准，对照“样卷”进行评分（不得给0.5分）。评分要实事求是，严肃认真，标准始终统一，要避免前紧后松，还应避免趋中现象。作文的字数明显不足者，结合其内容和语言适当扣分。

1999年评分标准

15——13分：内容切题，包括图中说明"effect"的有关信息；清楚表达其内涵，文字连贯；句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确，文章长度符合要求。
12——10分：内容切题，包括图中说明"effect"的有关信息，比较清楚地表达其内涵；文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误，文章长度符合要求。
9分——7分：内容切题，基本包括图中说明"effect"的有关信息；基本清楚地表达其内涵；句子结构和用词有少量错误，文章长度符合要求。
6分——4分：内容基本切题，基本表达图中信息，语句可以理解，但有较多的句子结构和用词错误，文章长度基本符合要求。
3分——1分：基本按图写作，但只有少数句子可理解。
0分：文不切题，语句混乱，无法理解。

1998年评分标准

本题以通篇文档计分，计分标准如下：
15——13分：内容切题，包括图画的全部信息；清楚表达其内涵，文字连贯；句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。文章长度符合要求。
12——10分：内容切题，包括图画的全部信息；比较清楚地表达其内涵，文字基本连贯，句式有一定变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误，文章长度符合要求。
9——7分：内容切题，基本包括图画的信息；基本清楚地表达其内涵，句子结构和用词有少量错误。文章长度符合要求。
6——4分：基本表达图画信息，语句可以理解，但有较多的句子结构和用词错误。文章长度基本符合要求。
3——1分：基本按图画写作，但只有少数句子可理解。
0分：文不切题，语句混乱，无法理解。
长度计分标准
120——150词：扣2分
90——120词：扣5分
90词以下：最高分不超过6分

1997年评分标准

各档评分标准如下：
15分——13分：内容符合要求，包括对各图的说明，对趋势的预测理由，数字表达正确，语言流畅，句式变化多样，用词面宽，虽有个别不妥之处，仍表明作者语言基本功较好，表达能力较强，长度符合要求。
12分——10分：内容符合要求，包括对各图的说明，对趋势的预测及理由，数字表达正确，思想表达清楚，文字连贯，句式变化较多，结构与用词有少量一般性错误，长度符合要求。
9分——7分：内容符合要求，包括对各图的说明，对趋势的预测及理由，表达基本清楚，但结构与用词错误较多，数字表达有误，长度符合要求。
6分——4分：内容基本符合要求，语句尚可理解，但结构与用词错误多，有些是严重错误数字表达错误，长度符合要求。
3分——1分：内容与本题要求部分有关，除事先备好但与要求不符的语句外，结构与用词错误多且严重，词不达意，条理不清，不成篇章，数字表达混乱。
0分：语句几乎无一正确，数字表达混乱，长度不合要求。套用事先备好的文章，但文不对联题，不能给分。

1991——1996年评分标准

本题以通篇分档计分，计分标准如下：总分15分
15——13分：内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点表达清楚，文字连贯；句式有变化，句子结构和用词正确。
12——10分：内容切题，包括提纲的全部要点；表达清楚，文字基本连贯；句式有一些变化，句子结构和用词无重大错误。
9——7分：内容切题，基本包括文章的要点；表达基本清楚，句子结构和用词有少量错误。
6——4分：内容基本切题，语句可以理解，但有较多的句子结构和用词错误。
3——1分：基本按题意写作，但只有少数句子可以理解。
0分：文不切题，语句混乱，无法理解。
长度计分标准：
91——100词：扣1分
81——91词：扣2.5分
71——80词：扣4分
61——70词：扣6分
60词以下：扣8分

（三）评卷实例（1999年）
Directions:
A. Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in at least 150 words.
B. Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET II.
C. Your essay should cover these three points:
1. effect of the country's growing human population on its wildlife
2. possible reason for the effect
3. your suggestion for wildlife protection

样卷1．得分14分

From these graphs, we can draw a conclusion that, with the growth of human population, the number of species has decreased rapidly in America, and some species have even vanished from our planet.
Why does this phenomenon appear? I think there are several possible reasons for this. First, with a rapid growth of population, more and more people came to live where some wild species have been living. Then these species have to move to other places. Some of them probably can not adapt to the new evironment and die. Second, although many people look on the wildlife as their friends, some people may not think so. They catch a lot of wild animals and sell them in order to get more money. Third, with the development of the industry, the natural balance and the ecologic environment are destroyed. The deforestration has become more and more serious. So some of the wildlives become homeless and extinct.
In order to protect the wildlife, I have some suggestions. First, the governments should make laws to prevent them from being caught and killed. Second, the governments should educate people to love nature and protect it. Third, as for ourselves, we should take practical actions to protect our living environment.

样卷2．得分11分

There are two graphs about the changes of population and wildlife in the U.S. As is seen in the graphs, with the rising of population, the number of extincted species increased. Obviously, there is a strong effect of population over the wildlife in this country.
Why does is happen? I can say there are many reasons. First, man continued to hunt animals for food and money and many valuable species were killed. Second, wildlife lost their surviving space, bacause man expanded their industry at a rapid speed. More land was needed for this development As a result, wildlife has no place to live. The last reason is that the environment for wildlife has been polluted, and many species died.
In my opinion, we should educate people to love the wild animals, not to kill and eat them. We also need to provide wildlife with a good living conditions. We must also lay down a law to protect the wild animals.

得卷3．得分8分

As is shown in the table, the number of people increased from less than one million in 1800 to 250 millon in 1990 in U.S. According to the figures in table, we also can see that there has been a sharp dicline in the wildlife species. It's clear that the country's growing population have a harmful effect on wildlife.
The possible reason I think are as follows: For the first place, the population growth makes the room of the wildlife. Secondly, the pollution causing of people gets rid of large number of wildlife. Maybe there are some other reason to show the wildlife downs, but people generally believe that the above reason are common acceptable.
From the above, we can see that it is urgent to protect the wildlife. In my opinion, we ask the govenments to take measures to keep the population growth under controlling, the other policy that is to work on new regulations for wildlife, the man who get rid of the wildlife should be punished. I'm sure my opinion is both sounded and grounded.

样卷4．得分5分

According to the graphs given by the table. The are shown the effect of the country's growing human population on its wildlife. The number of people have been on the rise from 1800 to 1980. But the number of species had been on the rise from 1600 to 1900, and the species had died out since 1900.
There are I think some reasons for the ups and downs of population growth. On the first place, as a people with the development of society, the standard of living conditions continues to improvement. The birth rates is increcased and the death rates is at the declined. Secondly the species, on the other hand, are lived on the rural areas. Their conditions of lives were slow and they were able to protect themselves. So species is decrease.
As far as I concern, I suggest that we did our best to protect wildlife. The government should make effective measures to protect wildlife. Everyone should educated to propect wildlife.

样卷5．得分2分

From tables, we can see that the country's growing human population on its wildlife. It rise 250 from 1800 to 1900. I think, there at least two reasons. For one thing, some people want to return the nation. They free themself from hard works. For another, some people lover the wildlife. People's life lever has risen fastly. On the second table, it is clear that the risen rate faster from 1800 to 1900 than from 1600 to 1800.
But, there are degened. Firstly, there are not secured. There many harmful things in the wild. Secondly, the lead to traffic in the weekend. Beacause mostly people are freed in the same time.
As far as I am concerned, I think that people should paid much attention to the wildlife protection.

样卷6．得分0分

According to the figures given in the bar charts, it took from the beginning of human life to the year 1830 for the population of the earth to reach one billion. That represents a time span of at least two million years. Then the world population increased rapidly, adding up to two billion in 1930. The next billion was added by 1960, only thirty years. From then on the global population was on the rise, amounting to 4 billion in 1975, which is another billion people in only 15 years.
There are at least two reasons, I think, for the sharp increase in world population. In the first place, the birth rate is continuously climbing in many countries, especially in developing countries. Generally speaking, people there hold the opinion that children don't cost much and when they get old enough to work they will bring in money and that when parents are old, they will take care of them. Secondly, the death rate i most developed countries declines steadily because people's standards of living are raised and health care improves.
In may opinion, the chief reason for the population growth is not so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as result of improvements in medical care.

第二部分 2002年写作真题

study the following picture carefully and write an essay entitled "Cultures--National and International".
In the essay you should
1) describle the picture and interpret its meaning, and
2) give your comment on the phenomenon.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEEF 2.(20 points)

第三部分 2001年写作考题评分标准及样卷

2001年作文范文
When we use the world "love" we do not simply mean an attraction to a person of the opposite sex, which is a very narrow definition of the word. The picture below illustrates the real meaning of love, by stressing the fact that love is emotional strength, which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes. In fact , throughout history people of many different cultures have regarded love as the noblest of human emotions.
As an example of the power of love, we should remember how the Chinese people of all nationalities respond to the call to help the victims of natural disasters every year. Although their incomes are still low by international standards, people all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can -- be it money or goods -- to help their needy fellow citizens. Moreover, they do this with no thought of gain for themselves.
In my opinion, the best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate than we are. We should always be ready to give a helping hand to those who are in trouble, no matter whether they are family members or complete strangers. In this way, we can help to make the world a better place, for ,as the picture shows, the darker the shadows of sorrow become, the more brightly the lamp of love shines.

(1)
Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest. It is of the utmost importance to the human beings, Everybody not only needs love, but also should give love.
As is described in the picture, "love is a lamp which is brighter in darker places. " This is indeed true. People in darker places need more light than ordinary people. May even a dim light can give them much hope for a better life and progress. Maybe just a thread of light will call forth their strength and courage to step out of their difficulties.
For instance when someone is starving to death, just a little food and water from you may save his life. Or when a little girl in a poor rural area drops out of school because of poverty, just a small sum of money from you may support her to finish her schooling and change her life, you have given love which is like a lamp in a dark place where light is most needed.
So to sum up, we should offer our help to all who are in need. We expect to get love from others and we also give love to others so when you see someone in difficulty or in distress and in need of help, don't hesitate to give your love to him. I believe then the relationship between people will be harmonious and our society will be a better place for us to live in. （20分）

(2)
It is generally believed that love is a hot topic which is most talked about. This is true not only in China but also in other countries. We live in different countries, speak different languages, but love is something common to us all. But how to show love may be different with different people in different countries. This is something we should give more thought to.
As shown in the picture, love is like a lamp which shines brightest in dark places. This tells us a simple truth: Love is like a lamp. It is most valuable when it is most needed. For example, once I saw a foreign lady get lost in the street. She could not speak Chinese and nobody seemed to be able to help her. Though my English is not very good and I am a shy person, I thought she needed help very much. I asked her what she wanted. She told me she lost her way, so I showed her the way to her hotel. It was a small thing but she thanked me very much because my help was needed very much. My help was like a lamp in a dark place.
I think we all should be like a lamp in a dark place, showing our love, giving our help to others, even to strangers. In this way we can make this world a harmonious and peaceful world.（18分）

第四部分 优秀作文范文精选

范文一
最新大纲样题：
Directions:
Widespread tobacco consumption has led to grave consequences, yet the tobacco companies still claim that they make a valuable contribution to the world economy.
There is a discussion in a newspaper on the above two viewpoints.
Write an essay to the newspaper
1) criticizing their view and
2) justify your stand.
In your essay, make full use of the information provided in the pictures printed below.
You should write about 200 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.
The majority of people would agree that cigarette smoking has caused serious problems. But the tobacco companies insist that they contribute greatly to the world economy by paying taxes to the government and employing hundreds of workers.
Personally, I believe that cigarette production and consumption threatens to do more harm than good. Firstly, smoking is responsible for many fatal diseases such as lung cancer, heart diseases and so on. According to the survey, tobacco consumers account for about 20% of the world population, and among them, three million people die from smoking-related diseases every year. The fact that the output of tobacco production is reduced from 143.64 billion pounds in 1994 to 142 billion pounds in 1995 also suggests that people have come to realize the negative effects of smoking. Secondly, tobacco consumption is extremely wasteful of money. As is indicated in the pictures, 200 billion US dollars is lost due to smoking each year. Obviously, the total loss of money around the globe substa