大学英语四六级考试语法精要.doc

大学英语四六级考试语法精要
　　动名词

　　1. 某些动词后要接动名词

　　某些及物动词后能用动名词而不能用不定式作宾语，其中最常用动词的有admit, avoid, appreciate, complete, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, finish, forgive, involve, imagine, can’t help, mind, miss, postpone, practise, prevent, quit, resent, risk, resist, suggest等。

　　She suggested spending another day in the mountain area.

　　There’s no way to escape doing the work.

　　She is considering asking her employer for a rise.

　　Note:

　　① 在need、want、require、deserve等动词后的动名词相当于不定式的被动式

　　The clock needs/wants repairing. (=The clock needs/wants to be repaired)

　　The disabled deserve respecting. (=The disabled deserve to be respected.)

　　② 在like、hate、prefer等动词后,如果表示一般倾向,则用动名词作宾语；如果指具体的某次发生在将来的行动，则要用不定式。

　　I like reading books of this kind, but I don’t like to read that book.

　　She prefers walking to cycling.

　　I prefer to stay at home today.

　　③ 在remember、forget、regret等动词后,如果用动名词作宾语，则表示该宾语的动作发生在动词谓语的动作之前；如果用不定式作宾语，则表示宾语的动作发生在动词谓语的动作之后

　　I remembered locking the door. (=I remembered that I had locked the door.)

　　I remembered to lock the door (=I remembered that I was to lock the door.)

　　I regret telling you about it. (=I regret that I told you about it.)

　　I regret to tell you he has fallen ill. (=I regret that I am to tell you he has fallen ill.)

　　2. 动名词作介词的宾语

　　动名词可作介词的宾语，与介词一起构成介词短语，在句中作定语、状语或表语。

　　His dream of becoming a successful writer has come true.

　　She left without saying goodbye to us.

　　动名词作介词的宾语常用在某些词组后面。这类常用的词组主要有：be accustomed to, believe in, confess to, dream of, feel like, give up, insist on, be interested in, look forward to, object to, have an (no) objection to, pay attention to, put off, be responsible for, succeed in, be tired of, be (get) used to, worry about,等。

　　He is used to living on his own.

　　He has made up his mind to give up smoking.

　　3. 带逻辑主语的动名词

　　动名词可以有逻辑主语，其构成形式为“名词或代词的所有格+动名词”。带逻辑主语的动名词又称为动名词的复合结构，在句中用作主语,宾语,表语和介词的宾语。在非正式语体中，如果动名词的复合结构在句中作宾语，也可以宾格来充当动名词的逻辑主语。但考生需注意的是，在各种英语测试中，专家们仍坚持在正式语体中用代词的所有格来作动名词的逻辑主语。

　　Your driving a car to New York took longer than I expected.

　　I appreciated her devoting herself to the cause of education.

　　Your mother will be astonished at your coming home so late.

　　What we felt uneasy about was Li Ming’s having too much confidence in himself.
不定式

　　1. 某些动词后要接不定式

　　某些及物动词后只能接不定式作宾语，其中最常用的动词有agree, afford, arrange, appear, ask, attempt, care, choose, continue, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, fear, forget, hate, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, like, love, manage, mean, neglect, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, regret, remember, seek, tend, try, volunteer, want, wish等。

　　What do you plan to do tomorrow?

　　She hated to move from such a nice village.

　　In class teachers should try to get feedback from their students

　　2. 不定式的被动式

　　不定式有被动式，当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式要用被动式，在句中可作主语，宾语，定语，状语，复合宾语等。作定语时，通常表示在谓语动作后将要发生的动作。

　　The last question to be discussed today is how to do the job more efficiently.

　　She preferred to be given more difficult work to do.

　　3. 不定式的完成式

　　当不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，不定式要用完成式，在句中可作宾语，状语以及构成复合宾语，复合谓语。

　　She seemed to have heard about the news already.

　　He was believed to have been a very rich man.

　　4. 不定式的完成被动式

　　当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，且不定式的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前，不定式要用完成被动式，在句中可作主语，宾语或构成复合宾语，复合谓语。

　　The forest fire is reported to have been put out last night.

　　It is supposed to have been finished without referring to any reference books.

　　5. 带逻辑主语的不定式短语

　　不定式可以有逻辑主语，其构成形式为“for +代词的宾格（或名词） +不定式”。 带逻辑主语的不定式短语可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或状语等。

　　It is not easy for you to catch up with them in a short time.

　　I think it better for you to see the doctor.

　　What we want is for you to understand the matter clearly.

　　I sent him some pictures for him to see what Paris is like.

　　6. 带疑问词的不定式短语

　　不定式前可以加某些疑问代词，如who、what、which,或疑问副词，如when、where、how、why等，构成一种特殊的不定式短语，可在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或状语等。

　　How to improve English is often discussed among the students.

　　We haven’t decided when to visit the place.

　　The most difficult thing in learning English is how to speak the language well.

　　You haven’t answered my question where to get these books.

　　7. 某些动词后的不定式作宾语补足语时，不定式不带to，这些动词是feel, have, hear, let, make, notice, see, watch等。

　　Suddenly I felt the atmosphere in the room become tense.

　　I often hear them sing this song
分词

　　1. 现在分词与过去分词的区别

　　现在分词与过去分词的区别主要体现在时间和语态上。现在分词表示正在进行的动作并表示主动的意义，而过去分词表示已经完成的动作并表示被动的意义。比较：

　　a changing world（一个变化着的世界）；a changed world（ 一个已经起变化的世界）

　　surprising news（令人惊讶的消息）；surprised people（感到惊讶的人们）

　　2. 分词作状语

　　作状语时，表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、让步和伴随情况等。另外，作状语时，它的逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。

　　Hearing the news, he heaved a sigh of relief.

　　Given another chance, I’ll do it much better.

　　3. 分词作定语

　　分词常用来修饰名词或代词作定语。单个的分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之前；分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰词之后。但有些单个的过去分词作定语时，也可放在被修饰词之后。

　　He’s a spoilt child.

　　The man standing over there is our new English teacher.

　　Where are we to get the material needed?

　　4. 分词作宾语补足语

　　分词可在感觉动词和使役动词后作宾语补足语。常用的感觉动词主要有：see, hear, notice, watch, find, observe, smell等。常用的使役动词主要有：get, have, keep, leave, set, make, let等。此外，分词还可在want, like, wish, order等表示希望、要求、命令等意义的动词后作宾语补足语。

　　She watched her baby sleeping.

　　I got my hair cut.

　　I don’t want you worrying about me.

　　5. 分词与连词的连用

　　分词可与各种连词（如：when, while, once, until, if, unless, though, although, even if, as, as if, as though等）连用。连词+分词（短语）的结构在句中作状语，相当于状语从句。

　　She’ll get nervous when speaking in public.

　　He went on talking, though continually interrupted.

　　6. 分词的独立结构

　　分词作状语时，其逻辑主语与句子的主语应该一致；否则，分词应有自己的逻辑主语，构成分词的独立结构。独立结构一般位于句首，作伴随状语以及在科技文章中表示附加说明时，它常位于句末。分词的独立结构由名词、代词+分词构成，可以表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随情况等。

　　Weather permitting, the football match will be played on Wednesday.

　　Her son having been sent to school, she began to do some shopping.

　　He returned three days later, his face covered with mud and his clothes torn into pieces.

　　There were two parties yesterday evening, each attended by some students.
时态

　　1. 现在完成时、过去完成时以及将来完成时之间的区别

　　1) 现在完成时：

　　① 构成：have / has +过去分词

　　② 语法意义及要点：

　　A. 现在完成时表示一个过去开始的状态或动作持续到现在并可能继续持续下去，常同表示一段时间的状语连用。如so far, up to now, since, for a long time等。

　　--He has worked as a teacher for many years.

　　--Up till now, nothing has gone wrong.

　　B. 现在完成时表示一个过去发生的对现在仍有影响的动作或事件。常与不确定的过去时间状语连用，如yet, just, before, recently等；也同表示频度时间状语连用，如often, ever, never, sometimes, several times等；还可同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用，如now, today, this morning等。但不能同特定的过去时间状语连用(last year , in 1997等)。

　　--I have never learned Japanese before.

　　--We have been quite busy lately (recently).

　　C. 在时间或条件状语从句中，当表示将来完成时的意义时，要用现在完成时来代替将来完成时。

　　--We’ll start at 5 o’clock if it has stopped raining by then.

　　--I shall go to see you when I have finished my homework.

　　Note: 行为不能持续的瞬间动词(Instantaneous Verb), 如arrive, begin, come, go, start, leave, die, join等通常不能用于这一语法意义，即该类动词在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。

　　--He has joined the army for five years. （误）

　　--He has been in the army for five years. （正）

　　2) 过去完成时：

　　① 构成：had +过去分词

　　② 语法意义及要点：

　　过去完成时表示某一动作或情况发生在过去某一时刻之前并持续到该时刻。

　　--David and Jenny had known each other for a long time before their marriage.

　　--They had got everything ready before the party began.

　　Note: 与现在完成时截然不同的是过去完成时可以与表示具体过去的时间状语连用。

　　--He said that he had seen her the day before yesterday.

　　3) 将来完成时：

　　① 构成：shall / will + have +过去分词

　　② 语法意义及要点：

　　将来完成时表示某一动作在将来某一时刻或将来某一动作之前已经完成或发生。

　　--He will have graduated from high school before his next birthday.

　　--The shop will have closed already before you get there.

　　2. 哪些动词不能用于进行时

　　1) 表示状态的动词，如be, seem, appear, become, get等。

　　He is being a used-car dealer.（误）

　　He is a used-car dealer.（正）

　　She is seeming always about to smile.（误）

　　She seems always about to smile.（正）

　　2) 表示感官感觉的动词，如see（看见）, hear（听见）,feel（感觉出）, taste（尝出）,smell（闻到）等。

　　The medicine is tasting bitter. （误）

　　The medicine tastes bitter. （正）

　　I was seeing a car passing by our house. （误）

　　I saw a car passing by our house. （正）

　　3) 表示拥有的动词，如have, own, possess, belong, contain, hold等。

　　He is owning a luxurious car. （误）

　　He owns a luxurious car. （正）

　　The book is belonging to her. （误）

　　The book belongs to her.（正）

　　4) 表示思想状况、态度的动词，如believe, think, know, understand, agree, approve, consider, expect, forget, guess, hesitate, hope, imagine, mean, realize, remember, suppose, trust, want, wish等。
I’m thinking that he is right. （误）

　　I think that he is right. （正）

　　I’m understanding your feelings. （误）

　　I understand your feelings. （正）

　　5) 表示情感、愿望的动词，如admire, appreciate, care, enjoy, like, love, hate, detest, regret等。

　　He is loving his daughter very much. （误）

　　He loves his daughter very much. （正）

　　I’m regretting to say we cannot come. （误）

　　I regret to say we cannot come. （正）

　　3. 时态的呼应

　　时态的呼应又称时态一致(Sequence of Tenses)，指的是某些从句里的动词谓语时态必须和主句里的时态保持一致。

　　如果主句里的谓语动词是过去时态（过去时或过去完成时），那么从句的谓语动词时态也相应地要用过去时。时态的呼应主要发生在间接引语和宾语从句中，但其他从句有时也存在时态一致的问题。

　　--He explained that he had learned Chinese for many years.（现在完成时变为过去完成时）

　　--He said he had been collecting materials on that subject for a long time.（过去进行时变为过去完成进行时）

　　--He told me that they would have completed that project by the end of the year.（将来完成时变为过去将来完成时）

　　虽然主句用了过去时等，如果从句表示的是科学真理、客观事实或某人（物）的经常性特点时，其时态可以不必遵守时态呼应的规则而仍用一般现在时。

　　--Galileo proved that the earth revolves round the sun.

　　--The teacher told the students that knowledge is power.

　　如果从句中有一个表示绝对过去时间的状语，就不必把一般过去时变为过去完成时。

　　--He said that he joined the Red Army in 1933.
虚拟语气

　　1. 表示现在/过去/将来情况的虚拟条件句

　　虚拟条件句主要有三种结构：

　　1)　表示与现在情况相反：主句谓语用“would / could / might +动词原形”，从句谓语用“动词的一般过去时”（动词be的过去式一律用were）。

　　If I were you, I would not accept his offer.

　　If I had time, I would certainly go to the cinema with you.

　　2) 表示与过去情况相反：主句谓语用“would / could / might + have +过去分词”，从句谓语用过去完成时。

　　If I had got up a little earlier, I wouldn’t have missed the train.

　　If I had been more careful, I might have passed that exam.

　　3) 表示与将来情况相反：主句谓语用“would / could / might +动词原形”，从句谓语用“were +动词不定式”或“should +动词原形”。

　　If I were to do the job, I would not be able to have enough time to study.

　　If it should rain tomorrow, I would not go out with you.

　　2. 虚拟条件句连接词if的省略

　　如果虚拟条件句的从句中含有were, had, should, could等词时，可以省略连接词if，但这时必须把were, had, should, could等词移到主语前面，形成倒装。这种句型主要用于书面形式。

　　Were I to do the job, I would finish doing it within two weeks.

　　Had it not been for his help, we couldn’t have arrived there on time.

　　Should it rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.

　　3. wish后宾语从句中的谓语构成

　　动词wish后的宾语从句表示未实现的或不可能实现的愿望，其宾语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，有以下三种构成形式。

　　1) 表示现在不可能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时。（be的过去式为were）。

　　I wish I had enough money to buy a car.

　　I wish I were as young and energetic as you.

　　2) 表示过去未能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时（had +过去分词）或“would / could + have +过去分词 ”。

　　I wish I hadn’t made such a mistake.

　　I wish I could have done it better.

　　3) 表示将来不可能实现的愿望，宾语从句中的谓语动词用“would / should (could, might) +动词原形”。

　　I wish I would not get old.

　　I wish I could travel around the world one day.

　　4. 某些动词后的宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气

　　在一些动词后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should +动词原形。这类动词一般表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张等概念，主要有：advise, ask, command, decide, demand, desire, direct, insist, move, order, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest,等。

　　The workers demanded that their wages (should) be raised by 10 per cent.

　　The teacher decided that you do the experiment first.

　　5. 某些名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气

　　在一些名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should +动词原形。这类名词一般表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张等概念，主要有：advice, idea, instruction, motion, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion,等。

　　My suggestion is that we (should) send for a doctor immediately.

　　He gave the order that they (should) do the experiment again.

　　6. 错综时间条件句

　　条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作，有时发生的时间是不一致的.如从句是对过去情况的假设，而主句可能是对现在正在进行情况的假设。 这种句子称为错综时间条件句.

　　If the weather had been more favourable, the crops would be growing still better
7. 某些主语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气

　　某些表示命令，要求，决定，建议，主张以及“重要性”和“紧迫性”等概念的主语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。这时，谓语动词用动词原形或should +动词原形。这类主语从句一般由 “It is (was) + 形容词／过去分词 + that引导的从句”构成。该结构中，常用的形容词主要有：advisable, appropriate, desirable, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, proper, urgent, vital等；常用的过去分词主要有：arranged, decided, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, suggested等。

　　It is necessary that you (should) stop smoking so heavily.

　　It is arranged that you (should) enter for this competition.

　　8. as if / though引起的从句

　　当as if / though引起的从句所表达的内容完全与实际情况相反或者纯粹是一种假设时，通常要用虚拟语气。如果从句表示与现在的事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；如果从句表示与过去的事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成时；如果从句表示与将来的事实相反，谓语动词用would (might, could) + 动词原形；

　　They talked as if they had been friends for years.

　　I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday.

　　It looks as if it might rain.

　　Note: 如果as if / though引起的从句所表达的内容被看作是事实或者有可能是真实的，则要用陈述语气。

　　It seems as if it is going to rain.

　　The meat tastes as if it has already gone bad.

　　9. lest, for fear that和 in case引起的从句

　　当lest, for fear that和 in case表示“以免，以防，生怕，惟恐”等时，在它们引起的从句中，谓语动词常用should + 动词原形。

　　He ran away lest he should be seen.

　　He’s working hard for fear that he should fall behind.

　　He left early in case he should miss the last train.

　　10. If only引出的从句

　　If only引出的从句用以表达感叹性的愿望，常译为“要是…就好了”。If only从句经常省略结果主句，且主要用在虚拟语气中，即从句的谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在或将来不可能实现的愿望，或用过去完成时表示过去没有实现的愿望。

　　If only the rain would stop.

　　If only I’d listened to my parents.

　　Note: if only引出的句子偶尔也可使用陈述语气，但考生须注意的是，在各类测试中一般都以用虚拟语气为正确答案。

　　11. would rather（that）引出的从句

　　would rather意为“宁愿”，接从句时常省略关系代词that。would rather后的从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词用一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望，用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的愿望。

　　I’d rather you told me the truth.

　　I would rather you came tomorrow than today.

　　I’d rather you hadn’t told me about it.

　　12. It is (about/high) time (that) 句型

　　该句型表示“（早）该做…”，其后的定语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气表示。在测试中从句的谓语动词用一般过去时。

　　It is time that we went to bed.

　　It is high time that somebody taught you to behave yourself.

　　13. 表示猜测的几种不同的方法及意义

　　一些情态动词与动词的完成式连用能够表示对过去情况的猜测或者未实现的可能性。

　　1) could have + 过去分词

　　A. 表示对过去可能发生的事情的推测，意为，“可能做了某事”。

　　He couldn’t have seen her yesterday.

　　They could have lost their way.

　　B. 表示某事在过去本有可能发生，但事实上并未发生，意为，“本可以做某事”。

　　We could have started a little earlier.

　　I could have killed her. It was a narrow escape.

　　2) may (might) have + 过去分词

　　A. 表示对过去情况的推测，意为，“可能已做某事”。

　　He may have heard the news.
　I might have come to a wrong conclusion.

　　B. 表示一种未实现的可能性，即本可以做某事，而实际上并没有做，有时含有抱怨的口吻。

　　It was a narrow escape. You might have killed yourself.

　　A lot of men died who might have been