九年级英语被动语态知识点总结.doc

九年级英语被动语态知识点总结
在英语中的被动语态使用得比汉语要多，要普遍使用，但大多数句子都使用主动语态，在英语中极为重要。许多课本及考试乃至实际应用中都常常涉及到这个问题。一般说来，当强调动作承受者，不必说出执行者或含糊不清的执行者时，多用被动语态。需要注意的是，许多地方与汉语不同。注意：那些汉语中有“被……”的短语往往又不是被动语态，而是主系表结构。还有些特殊现象，如：“known to me的意思，英语却应该用被动态。还要注意，英语的被动语态往往由“by”引出，而有介词“by on foot”步行（美国人有时用“by foot”），“in carriage”（乘四轮马车）等等。还有假主动，真被动的十几个常用词的用法，以及“so heavy to carry”而不用“so heavy to be carried”等习惯用法。有关这类情况，做到心中有数对全面掌握被动语态，准确无误地解答习题非常关键，被动态必须涉及的是动词的各种时态变化的问题。英语的时态本来很复杂，怎样记住各自的被动形式呢？首先要明确“将来进行无被动，现在完成时进行同”。这两种时态无被动形式。
另外，不及物动词带有同原宾语的动词，反身代词的动词和系动词都无被动形式。即便如此，还有不定式，动名词，分词，以及它们的复合结构的被动态，再加上情态动词，助动词以及它们的疑问式和否定式从中掺杂。下面口诀就以动词“do”为例，即“do、did”过去式“done”过去分词，以口诀形式总结各种时态的被动态。一定对你有所启示。 当然了，被动语态也可以概括为“be done”。也就是“be+过去分词”。
2各种时态的被动语态对比

            主动语态
            被动语态
一般现在时
①is\am\are②do/does(V,\V,s)
am\is\are+done(V,p,p)
一般将来时
will\be going to\be                (about)to+do(V.)
will+be+done(V,p,p)
一般过去时
①was\were②did(V,-ed)
was\were+done(V,p,p)
现在进行时
am\is\are+doing(V,-ing)
am\is\are+being+done(V,p,p)
过去进行时
was\were+doing(V,-ing)
was\were+being+done(V,p,p)
现在完成时
have\has+done(V,p,p,)
have\has+been+done(V,p,p)
过去完成时
had+done(V,p,p,)
had+been+done(V,p,p,)
情态动词
情态动词+V
情态动词+be+done(V,p,p,)
过去将来时
would/should,+V
would/should,be,+,done(V,p,p,)
3语法详解
主动语态变被动语态时，主动语态句中的宾语变成被动语态句中的主语，主动语态句中的主语成为被动语态句中的动作的发出者。
语法口诀
一般现在时、一般过去时用be +及物动词的.过去分词，be有人称、时、数变。
完成时态have（has）done，被动将been加中间。
一般将来shall（will）do，被动变do为done。
将来进行无被动，shall（will）be doing。
现在完成进行时态，have（has）been done。
现、过进行be doing，被动be加being done。
情、助、有、是妥安排，一律随新主语变。否定助后加not，疑问一助置主前。
主语恰是疑问词，直陈语序主在前。一般情助加be done，双宾多将间宾变。
复合宾语宾变主，宾补、主补相应变。
第二句“be有人称、时、数变”即be有人称、时态和单、复数的变化。“情助”是指情态动词和助动词“must，may，can，shall，will”等一律随新主语（多是主动句中的宾语）来变化。“疑问一助置主前”是说有两个助动词的话，应把主语放在第一助动词之后或把第一助动词置于主语之前。下面详细举例说明之。
☆☆☆主动语态变为被动语态例句：
一般现在时：主：We believe him. 被：He is believed by us.
一般过去时：主：He bought his children some pens. 被：Some pens were bought for his children by him.
一般将来时：主：Everyone will know the truth soon . 被：The truth will be known by everyone.
现在进行时：主：Mary is making a doll. 被：A doll is being made by Mary.
过去进行时：主：They were carrying the hurt player. 被：The hurt player was being carried by them .
现在完成时：主：He has received the letter. 被：The letter has been received by him.
过去完成时：主：They had built ten bridges. 被：Ten bridges had been built by them.
情态动词
情、助、有、是妥安排，一律随新主语变。
带情态动词和助动词等的被动态如何处理比较复杂。要随新的主语来变化，这些词如“can, could; will, would; shall, should; may, might; must; ought to; need（需要）;have to（不得不）;be going to; to be to; used to; seem to; happen to等。例如：
主动：We must keep this inmind.
被动：This must be kept inmind.
我们必须把这个记在心里。
主动：We can put the refrigerator in that place. （refrigerator=freezer.）
被动：The refrigerator can be put in that place.
我们可以把电冰箱放在那个地方。
主动：We shall not use the washing machine again.
被动：The washing machine will not be used again.
我们不能再用那台洗衣机了。 原来的谓语“shall use”被动态中随新主语变为“will”。
主动：We shall take more measures to prevent corrosion.
被动：More measures will be taken to prevent corrosion. （“shall”变“will”）
我们将采取更多的措施来防止腐蚀。
I ought to be criticized for it. 我应该为此受到批评。
All this has to be solved with great care. 这一切得认真解决。
The lobby is going to be rebuilt. 门厅将重建。
The exhibition is to be opened tomorrow. 展览会将在明日开放。
再如：
主动：We shall have to adopt a different attitude.
被动：A different attitude will have to be adopted.
我们将不得不采取另一种态度。
主动：You are to leave the bag here.
被动：The bag is to be left here. （“are to”随新主语变为“is to”）
你应把包裹放在这儿。
主动：They used to start these engines by hand.
被动：These engines used to be started by hand.
过去他们用手启动马达。
主动：We are going to paint the wall green.
被动：The wall is going to be painted green.
我们打算把墙刷成绿色。
主动：You needn't type this letter.
被动：This letter need not be typed. （“ought to”、“need”是不变助动词）
你不必把这封信打字。
主动：John seems to like Mary very much.
被动：Mary seems to be liked very much by John.
相关书籍看来约翰非常喜欢玛丽。
主动：The boy happened to meet her in the street.
被动：She happened to be met in the street by the boy.
这个男孩碰巧在街上遇到了她。
主动：It must have disappointed him terribly that people told him they didn't want him.
被动：He must have been terribly disappointed to be told he wasn't wanted.
人们告诉他，他们不需要他，这一定已经使得他特别失望。
主动：You should bear in mind that he wasn't present.
被动：That he wasn't present should be borne in mind.
或：It should be borne in mind that he wasn't present.
你应记住他未出席。
主动：You should have taken those books back to the library.
被动：Those books should have been taken back to the library.
你本该把这些书带回图书馆去。
主动：They may have left it in the sun.
被动：It may have been left in the sun.
他们可能已把它放在阳光下了。
“may”加不定式的完成体或完成进行体表示“可能”，主要用于肯定句，决不能用在疑问句中。而“can”与不定式的完成体或完成进行体连用表示“可能”，只用于否定句和疑问句，不用于肯定句。但如果“can”或“may”的过去式即“could”与“might”与不定式完成体或完成进行体搭配时，可用于各种结构。肯、否、陈、疑，均可。
It can't have been lost in the post, can it?
它不可能在邮局丢失的吧：（反意疑问句）
否定助后加“not”，疑问一助置主前。
在否定句的被动态中，否定副词“not”一定加在第一助动词之后，不放在别的助动词之后。同样在疑问句的被动态中，第一助动词置于主语之前。
例：Why has（一助）not anything been（二助）done to end the strike?
“not”必须放在第一助动词“has”之后，第一助动词“has”必须放在主语“anything”之前。决不可写成： why has not been anything done toendthe strike?或why has been not anything done to end the strike?
为什么不采取些措施来结束罢工呢？
The exercise will not be done in class.
不可写成：The exercise will be not done in class.
我们将不在课堂上作练习。
In what other way could（一助）information about Mars be（二助）obtained?
用什么别的途径能获得火星的资料呢？
Why had he been imprisoned?
他为何入狱的？
Need she be told about it?
需要告诉他吗？
主动：No one has ever equalled your record.
被动：Your record has never been equaled.
没人刷新你的记录。
主语恰是疑问词，直陈语序主在前
凡主语恰好是一个疑问词或由疑问词来修饰主语时，后面要用陈述语序。
例：What（主语）could be dropped from a satellite?
卫星上扔下何物？
What measures（主语）are being taken to develop this new science?（主语为疑问词“what”所修饰）
正在采取什么措施来发展这门新科学？
What kind of device（主语）is needed to make the control system simple?（主语为疑问词所修饰）
需要什么装置来使控制系统简化？
what has been done to improve the techniques?
采取了什么措施来改进这些技术的？（“what”恰是句子的主语）
应指出的是有的学生把We study diligently和She could see herself clearly in the mirror.都硬行变成被动了，殊不知不及物动词通常是没有被动态的。关于不及物动词、反身代词动词、同源宾语动词、系词、感官使役动词、短语动词的被动态。
变句步骤
变被动句步骤
1、把原主动句中的宾语变为被动句的主语
2、把动词变为被动形式即be +过去分词，并注意其人称和数随主语的变化，而动词的时态则保持不变。
3、原主动句的主语如需要则放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现（注代词的宾格），如不需要则可省略。
4、其它的成分（定语、状语）不变。
情态动词的被动语态步骤及重点
理解含情态动词的被动语态的概念 含情态动词的被动语态说明某个被动性动作所反映出的感情和态度。初中阶段可用于被动语态的情态动词有“can、may、must、need、should”等，分别表示“能够被……”，“可以被……”，“必须被……”，“需要被……“，应该被……”等。
掌握含情态动词的被动语态的不同句式的变换方法含情态动词的被动语态的疑问句、否定句的变化均借助于情态动词完成。
（一）一般疑问句直接将陈述句被动语态中的情态动词提前。如： Must this work be done at once？这项工作必须立即完成吗？ Should your homework be finished before six？你的家庭作业应在六点前完成吗？
（二）特殊疑问句由疑问词加上一般疑问句被动语态构成。如： When must this work be done？这工作必须在什么时候完成？ Where can the lost book be found？这本失踪的书能在什么地方被找到？
（三）反意疑问句借助情态动词构成附加疑问部分。如： This bridge can be built next year，can't it？这座桥明年能建成，是吗？ This book shouldn't be taken out of the library，should it？这本书不应被带出图书馆，是吗？
（四）否定句在情态动词后面加上“not”或“never”即可，但“must”表“必要”时否定式为“needn't”。如：This work needn't be done at once．这项工作没必要立即做。This dustbin shouldn't be put here．这个垃圾箱不应放在这儿。 三、含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句的回答含情态动词的被动语态的一般疑问句的回答应保留原情态动词，但“must”表“必须”时，其否定回答应用“needn't”、“need”表“必要”时，其肯定回答应用“must”。如： —Should my exercises be finished today？我的作业应在今天完成吗？ —Yes，they should．是的，应在今天完成。 （No，they shouldn't．不，不应在今天完成。） —Must his exercise book be handed in at once？他的练习本必须立即上交吗？ —Yes，it must．是的，必须立即上交。 （No，it needn't．不，不必立即上交。） —Need he be operated on at once？他必须立即手术吗？ —Yes，he must．是的，他必须。 （No，he needn't．不，他不必。）
不用情况
1）不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态（即多数的瞬间动词）：
appear, die（死亡）,disappear（消失）, end (vi. 结束）, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand
break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.
语法时态讲解After the fire, very little remained of my house.
比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。
（错）The price has been risen.（对）The price has risen.
（错）The accident was happened last week.（对）The accident happened last week.
（错）The price has raised.（对）The price has been raised.
（错）Please seat.（对）Please be seated.
要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。
2） 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：
fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to
This key just fits the lock.
3）系动词无被动语态（“keep”除外）：
appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
It sounds good.
4）带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能用于被动语态：
die, death, dream, live, life She dreamed a bad dream last night.
5）当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。
（对）She likes to swim.（错）To swim is liked by her.
4语法应用
一般用法
一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are +及物动词的过去分词
Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
I am asked to study hard by my mother.
Knives are used for cutting things.
一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词
The new shop was built last year.
Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been +及物动词的过去分词
This book has been translated into many languages.
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
A new hospital will be built in our city.
Many more trees will be planted next year.
含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词
Young trees must be watered often.
Your mistakes should be corrected right now.
The door may be locked inside.
Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being +及物动词的过去分词
Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→
My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
They are planting trees over there. →
Trees are being planted over there by them.
不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词
There are two books to be read. →
There are twenty more trees to be planted.
特殊用法
不及物动词无被动语态。 如：happen, break down, come out......
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 如： write, sell, ride.....
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带“to”，但变为被动语态时，须加上“to”。
例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语（物）作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.
构成
be+done.
5带双宾语
语法在用于被动结构时，有些动词可以带双宾语。在这种情况下，主动结构中的间接宾语变为主语时，直接宾语仍然保留在谓语后面；直接宾语变为主语时，间接宾语前通常加上介词for/to, etc.。
即：S+V+IO+DO→IO+ be done +DO→DO+ be done + prep. +IO
g. 1) My uncle gave mea gifton my birthday.
→I was givena gifton my birthday.
→A gift was given to me on my birthday.
We often hear him play guitar.
→He is often heard to[1]play guitar.
→Itis often heard from himto play guitar.