四级翻译专项讲解培训资料.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,大学英语四级翻译专项讲解,四级翻译专项讲解,翻译的命题方向,翻译的题材,考查的重点,翻译的评分标准,汉译英的基本要求,翻译,解题,的基本步骤,翻译技巧,常见错误分析,案例解析,一、翻译的命题方向,段落汉译英,段落长度,：,140160,个汉字,二、翻译的题材,中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等,待翻译的汉语原文中经常会给出几个较难单词或短语的英文注释,功夫（,Kung Fu,）,武术（,martial arts,）,大熊猫（,giant panda,）,世界自然基金会（,WWF,）,三、考查的重点,对语言的整体运用能力,汉语和英语的逻辑转换,如何选用最合适的词来将抽象的中文意义表达清楚,如何在结构和意义上使前后句子有效地衔接从而形成连贯的篇章,四、翻译的评分标准,档次,评判标准,13-15,分,译文准确表达了原文的意思。用词贴切，行文流畅，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。,10-12,分,译文基本上表达了原文的意思。文字通顺、连贯，无重大语言错误。,7-9,分,译文勉强表达了原文的意思。用词欠准确，语言错误相当多，其中有些是严重语言错误。,4-6,分,译文仅表达了一小部分原文的意思。用词不准确，有相当多的严重语言错误。,1-3,分,译文支离破碎。除个别词语或句子，绝大部分文字没有表达原文意思。,0,分,未作答，或只有几个孤立的词，或译文与原文毫不相关。,五、汉译英的基本要求,忠实、通顺,直译和意译,六、翻译解题的基本步骤,第一步：通读所给汉语段落,第二步：逐句进行分析翻译,第三步：将译文与汉语原文进行对照检查,第四步：再次通读译文，确保译文的完整连贯,七、翻译技巧,词的翻译,词的选择,转换词性,适当增词,合理省词,句的翻译,直译,&,意译,拆译,&,合译,换序译法,转态译法,灵活处理难词,/,句,语篇的翻译,其他技巧,1.,词的翻译,-,词的选择,【试题原句】,到,2012,年,10,月，审批才又谨慎地,恢复,。（,2014,年,6,月四级真题）,【思路分析】,SVO,=,审批,+,恢复,【参考译文】,The examination and approval procedure wasnt prudently,restored,until October,2012.,1.,词的翻译,-,词的选择,【试题原句】,中国还启动了,雄心勃勃的,太空探索计划，其中包括到,2020,年建成一个太空站。（,2015,年四级真题）,【思路分析】,SVO=,中国,+,启动,+,太空探索计划（“其中包括”补充说明了“太空探索计划的内容）。,【参考译文】,In addition,China has also launched an,ambitious,space exploration program,which includes building a space station by 2020.,1.,词的翻译,-,转换词性,【试题原句】,中国的互联网社区是全世界,发展,最快的。（,2014,年,12,月四级真题）,【思路分析】,本句的主语是“中国的互联网社区”，互联网社区可直译为“,internet community,”，翻译时可将“中国”作定语，译为“,Chinese,”或者“,of China,”，也可将其作为地点状语，理解为“在中国”，译为“,in China,”。“全世界”作为地点状语，翻译时置于句末。,【参考译文】,The Internet community of China,develops,fastest all over the world.,1.,词的翻译,-,转换词性,【试题原句】,大熊猫,（,giant panda,）是一种温顺的动物，,长着,独特的黑白皮毛。（,2014,年,12,月四级真题）,【思路分析】,SVO=,大熊猫,+,是,+,动物（其中，“温顺的”为定语，修饰“动物”，“长着”补充说明了大熊猫的个体特征）。,【参考译文】,Giant panda is a kind of tame animal,with,unique black and white fur.,1.,词的翻译,-,转换词性,【试题原句】,通过阅读，人们能更好地学会,感恩,、,有责任心,和,与人合作,，而教育的目的正是要培养这些基本素质。（,2014,年,6,月四级真题）,【思路分析】,本句有两个分句，第一个分句的,SVO,为“人们,+,能学会,+,感恩、有责任心和与人合作”，其中“通过阅读”为方式状语，可直译为“,Through reading,”；第二个分句的,SVO,为“目的,+,是,+,培养基本素质”，其中，“教育的”和“这些”为定语，分别修饰“目的”和“基本素质”。由于出现了“而”连接两个分句，在具体翻译时，可将整句处理为,and,连接的并列分句。,【参考译文】,Through reading,people can learn better how to be,grateful,responsible,and,cooperative,and the goal of education is to cultivate these basic personalities.,1.,词的翻译,-,适当增词,【试题原句】,中国给数百万在线零售商以极具竞争力的价格销售商品的机会。（,2015,年,6,月四级真题）,【思路分析】,SVO=,中国,+,给（在线零售商）,+,机会；“以极具竞争力的价格”为方式状语，可译为“,at a highly competitive price,”，“销售商品的”为定语，修饰“机会”。,【参考译文】,China,provides,millions of online retailers,with,an opportunity to sell their goods at a very competitive price.,1.,词的翻译,-,适当增词,【试题原句】,随着旅行多了，年轻人在大城市和著名景点花的时间少了，他们反而更为偏远的地方所吸引，有些人甚至选择长途背包旅行。（,2014,年,12,月四级真题）,【思路分析】,“随着旅行多了”作伴随状语，将其译作“,with more travel,”，置于句首。因其余分句的内容均独立完整，故可将其分译成三句。“年轻人的时间少了，他们反而更为所吸引”，两句间表对比，可用,instead,连接。另外，也可以将这两句简化为“年轻人更加喜欢偏远的地方，而不是大城市和著名景点”，将其处理为“,do,rather than,更喜欢而不是”。处理最后一个分句时，注意“甚至”表示递进，可将其译作“,furthermore,”，或者“,even,”均可。若将主语“有些人”逐字译作“,some people,”，则稍显笼统，可依上文，具体译作“,some young tourists,”。,【参考译文】,With more travel,experience,youngsters tend to spend more time in remote areas,，,rather than big cities and famous resorts.Furthermore,some young tourists would choose backpacking.,1.,词的翻译,-,合理省词,【试题原句】,随着技术和安全措施的改进，,发生,核事故的可能性完全可以降低到最低限度。（,2014,年,6,月四级真题）,【思路分析】,SVO=,可能性,+,降低到,+,最低限度，其中将“发生核事故的”作定语，修饰主语“可能性”，而将“完全”处理成状语即可。另外，将“随着”作为伴随状语，置于主干句之前译出。,【参考译文】,With the improvement of technology and safety measures,the possibility of nuclear accidents can be definitely minimized.,1.,词的翻译,-,合理省词,【试题原句】,一些为,接受,更好教育而转往城市,上学,的学生如今又回到了本地农村学校,就读,。（,2014,年,6,月四级真题）,【思路分析】,SVO=,学生,+,回到,+,学校；“一些为接受更好教育而转往城市上学的”为定语，修饰学生，由于该定语较长，翻译时，可考虑将其处理为定语从句的形式（具体见下文“定语的翻译”部分）。,【参考译文】,Those students who have previously transferred to city schools for better education are now moving back to their local rural schools.,2.,句的翻译,直译,&,意译,拆译,&,合译,换序译法,转态译法,灵活处理难词,/,句,2.,句的翻译,-,直译,&,意译,【试题原句】,自,1961,年该基金会成立以来，大熊猫就一直是它的徽标。（,2014,年,12,月四级真题）,【思路分析】,SVO=,大熊猫,+,是（它的）徽标，可依“主系表”结构译出；一看到“自从”就应该想到,since,，,since,作为介词，后面要跟名词结构，所以“自从以来”可译作介词短语“,since the founding of WWF in 1961,”或处理为从句“,since 1961 when WWF was founded,”，置于句首或句末均可。,【参考译文,1,】,Since the fund was established in 1961,the giant panda has been its logo.,【参考译文,2,】,The fund has been using the giant panda as its logo since its establishment in 1961.,2.,句的翻译,-,拆译,&,合译,拆译,从,主语转变处拆分，从关联词（如转折处）拆分，从意义完整、独立处拆分，从原文总说分述处拆分,2.,句的翻译,-,拆译,&,合译,【试题原句】,阅读对于中小学生尤为重要，假如他们没有在这个关键时期培养阅读的兴趣，以后要培养成阅读的习惯就很难了。（,2014,年,12,月四级真题）,【思路分析】,本句由两个分句组成，前一个分句的主干为“阅读对于尤为重要”，第二个分句中的“假如”表示一种条件或假设的情况。具体翻译时，“培养的兴趣”可以处理为“,cultivate/develop an interest of,”，“养成的习惯”可以处理为“,develop/acquire/form a habit of,”。,【参考译文】,Reading is especially important for middle and primary school students.,Suppose,they dont nurture the interest of reading at that critical period,it will be harder to develop a habit to read books.,（,从意义完整、独立处拆分,）,2.,句的翻译,-,拆译,&,合译,【试题原句】,中国南方大多种植水稻，人们通常以大米为主食；而华北大部分地区由于过于寒冷或过于干燥，无法种植水稻，那里的主要作物是小麦。（,2015,年,6,月四级真题）,【思路分析】,本句表明了两层含义，使用分号隔开。分号前的句子含有两个分句，分号后的句子则含有三个分句。,“,那里的主要作物是小麦,”,属于典型的主系表结构，其中,“,那里,”,指代,“,华北大部分地区,”,，翻译时，可使用副词,there,代替。,【参考译文】,In southern China,people always grow rice and usually take rice as the staple food.,However,in most of northern China,people cannot grow rice because of the exceedingly cold and dry weather,and the main crop there is wheat.,（,从关联词或转折处拆分,）,2.,句的翻译,-,拆译,&,合译,合译,翻译时，遇到几个,主语重复,、,代词复指,、,逻辑或意思紧密,的汉语短句时，既可以合译为一个主从句，也可合译为成分较为复杂（如包含非谓语动词等）的简单句。,2.,句的翻译,-,拆译,&,合译,【试题原句】,资金还用于购置音乐和绘画器材。现在农村和山区的儿童可以与沿海城市的儿童一样上音乐和绘画课。（,2014,年,6,月四级真题）,【思路分析】,这两句话都谈到了“音乐和绘画课”，,语义关系紧密,，可合译。因为前一句说的是资金的用途，而后一句则说到用途带来的结果，所以可将后一句处理成结果状语从句。当然，如果觉得合译把握得不好，分别译出也是可以的。,【参考译文】,In addition,the fund also flow into purchasing musical instruments and painting tools,so that,children in rural and mountainous areas now can have equal access to music and painting classes as those living in coastal cities.,（,按逻辑或意思紧密合译,）,2.,句的翻译,-,拆译,&,合译,【试题原句】,中国是世界上最古老的文明之一。构成现在世界基础的许多元素都起源于中国。（,2015,年,6,月四级真题）,【思路分析】,第一句是典型的主系表结构，主干部分为“中国是最之一”，其中“最之一,”,可处理为,“one of+the+,最高级”结构，选用一般现在时态陈述事实。“最古老的”可用,“the most ancient”,来表示，基础薄弱的考生直接用,the oldest,也是可以的。“世界上”作状语，限定范围，翻译时置于句末即可。第二句的主干部分为“许多元素都起源于中国”，其中“构成现在世界基础的”作定语，修饰“许多元素”。,【参考译文】,China,from which many elements underlying the modern world are originated,is one of the oldest countries that boast an ancient civilization in the world.,（,按主语,/,关键词重复合译,）,2.,句的翻译,-,换序译法,汉译英时的换序主要包括,主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语,等的换序。,2.,句的翻译,-,换序译法,【试题原句】,大多数包裹里装着网上订购的物品。（,2015,年,6,月四级真题）,【思路分析】,句子主干为“包裹里装着物品”，“大多数”作定语，修饰“包裹”；“网上订购的”为定语，修饰“物品”，翻译时可处理为定语从句，也可处理为过去分词作后置定语。这里的“物品”是泛称，所以用“,item,”表示。,【参考译文,1,】,Most packages contain the items,that are ordered online,.,【参考译文,2,】,Most packages contain the items,ordered online,.,2.,句的翻译,-,换序译法,【试题原句】,有些教育工作者,2003,年,就建议设立全民读书日。（,2014,年,6,月四级真题）,【思路分析】,本句主干部分为“教育工作者建议设立全民读书日”。“有些”作定语，修饰主语“教育工作者”；谓语“建议”可套用,suggest doing sth.,或,suggest sth.,的句式，也可用,suggest+,从句将其译出，但要注意从句适宜用,should+do,的虚拟语气，其中,should,经常被省略。,【参考译文】,In 2003,some workers suggested that we have a national reading day.,（,状语换序,）,2.,句的翻译,-,转态译法,转态译法是指主动语态和被动语态的互译。,语态的变换基于多种原因，概括起来说，主要是：,为了强调接受动作的人或事物的重要性,；,为了加强上下文的连贯性,；,为了使措辞得当，语气委婉,；,不需要或不可能说出施动者,。,2.,句的翻译,-,转态译法,第一类，带有表达被动意义的标记（例如，被，用于，为所等）,【试题原句】,这些资金,用于,改善教学设施、购买书籍，使,16,万多所中小学受益。（,2014,年,6,月四级真题）,【参考译文】,The fund,was used to,improve education facilities and buy books,and over 160 thousand pupils and high school students have gained benefits from this.,2.,句的翻译,-,转态译法,第一类，带有表达被动意义的标记（例如，被，用于，为所等）,【试题原句】,因其数量极少，大熊猫已,被,列为濒危物种。（,2014,年,12,月四级真题）,【参考译文】,It,has been listed,as an endangered species due to its very limited number.,2.,句的翻译,-,转态译法,第二类，不带标记,【试题原句】,换句话说，核能是可以安全开发和利用的。（,2014,年,6,月四级真题）,【参考译文,1,】,In other words,we,can develop and use the nuclear energy safely.,【参考译文,2,】,In other words,the nuclear energy,can be exploited and utilized,safely.,2.,句的翻译,-,转态译法,【试题原句】,2011,年,3,月日本核电站事故后，中国的核能开发停了下来，中止审批新的核电站，并开展全国性的核安全检查。（,2014,年,6,月四级真题）,【参考译文】,Chinas nuclear energy development put to an end after the accident of Japanese nuclear power station in March,2011.The approval of new nuclear power plants,was suspended,and the inspection of nuclear security,was carried out,nationwide.,2.,句的翻译,-,灵活处理难词,/,句,【试题原句】,长期以来，大米在中国人的饮食中占据很重要的地位，以至于有谚语说“,巧妇难为无米之炊,”。（,2015,年,6,月四级真题）,【思路分析】,SVO=,大米,+,占据,+,地位；“长期以来”可作为插入语，置于句首或译为副词，修饰“占据”，“在中国人的饮食中”可译为“,in Chinese peoples diet,”，“占据很重要的地位”可转换为“占据如此重要的地位”，可译为“,so important/significant,”，然后使用,so that,引导结果状语从句，译出后一个分句。,【参考译文】,Rice has long occupied so significant a position in the diet of Chinese that there is a proverb“,Even a clever housewife cannot cook a meal without rice,”.,3.,语篇的翻译,“你要茶还是咖啡？”是用餐人常被问到的问题。许多西方人会选咖啡，而中国人则会选茶。相传，中国的一位帝王于五千年前发现了茶，并用来治病。在明清（,the Ming and Qing Dynasties,）期间，茶馆遍布全国。饮茶在六世纪传到日本，但直到十七、十八世纪才传到欧美。如今，茶是世界上最流行的饮料（,beverage,）之一。茶是中国的民族饮品，也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。,3.,语篇的翻译,【参考译文】,“Tea or Coffee?”is a question that diners are frequently asked.Coffee is usually the Westerns first choice,while tea is the preferment of Chinese.Legend has it that tea was found by a Chinese emperor more than five thousand years ago,and was then used to cure diseases.Tea houses could be found everywhere across the country in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Having spread to Japan in the 6th Century AD,tea drinking reached the West only until around 17th and 18th centuries.Nowadays,tea has become one of the most popular beverages in the world.Being a national drink in China,tea is also an important component of Chinese tradition and culture.,4.,其他技巧,确定时态,固定搭配、特殊,/,常见句式,定语的翻译,中文“逗号”后面信息的表述,4.,其他技巧,-,确定时态,【试题原句】,自,1961,年该基金会成立,以来,，大熊猫就,一直,是它的徽标。（,2014,年,12,月四级真题）,【思路分析】,本句主干句是“大熊猫就一直是它的徽标”，可依“主系表”结构译出；一看到“自从”就应该想到,since,，,since,作为介词，后面要跟名词结构，所以“自从以来”可译作介词短语“,since the founding of WWF in 1961,”或处理为从句“,since 1961 when WWF was founded,”，置于句首或句末均可。,【参考译文】,Panda,has been,the logo of WWF,since,1961 when WWF,was founded,.,4.,其他技巧,-,确定时态,【试题原句】,相传，中国的一位帝王于,五千年前,发现了茶，并用来治病。（,2013,年,12,月四级真题）,【思路分析】,句子主干部分为：“一位帝王发现了茶，并用来治病”。具体翻译时，因为原句强调的是“茶”，可考虑将其作主语，原句用被动语态译出。,【参考译文】,Legend has it that tea,was found,by a Chinese emperor more than five thousand years ago,and,was then used,to cure diseases.,4.,其他技巧,-,固定搭配、特殊,/,常见句式,固定搭配：,【试题原句】,如今，茶是世界上,最流行,的饮料（,beverage,）,之一,。（,2013,年,12,月四级真题）,中国是世界上,最古老,的文明,之一,。（,2015,年,6,月四级真题）,【参考译文】,Nowadays,tea,is one of the most popular beverages,in the world.,China,is one of the oldest civilizations,in the world.,4.,其他技巧,-,固定搭配、特殊,/,常见句式,【试题原句】,越来越,多的中国年轻人正对旅游产生兴趣，这是近年来的新趋势。（,2014,年,12,月四级真题）,【参考译文】,More and more young people,are interested in Chinese tourism,and this is a new trend in recent years.,4.,其他技巧,-,固定搭配、特殊,/,常见句式,【试题原句】,长期以来，大米,在,中国人的饮食,中占据很重要的地位,，以至于有谚语说“巧妇难为无米之炊”（,2015,年,6,月四级真题）,【参考译文】,Rice has long,occupied,so significant a position in,the diet of Chinese that there is a proverb“even a clever housewife cannot cook a meal without rice”.,4.,其他技巧,-,固定搭配、特殊,/,常见句式,特殊,/,常见句式：,【试题原句】,中国网民更多是出于社交原因使用互联网，,因而,更广泛地使用论坛、博客、聊天室等。（,2014,年,12,月四级真题）,【参考译文】,Chinese netizens are more likely to use the Internet for social reasons,thus,they use the forums,blogs and chatting rooms on a larger scale.,4.,其他技巧,-,固定搭配、特殊,/,常见句式,【试题原句】,饮茶在六世纪传到日本，但,直到,十七、十八世纪,才,传到欧美。（,2013,年,12,月四级真题）,到,2012,年,10,月，审批,才,又谨慎地恢复。（,2014,年,6,月四级真题）,【参考译文】,Tea drinking spread into Japanese as early as in the 6th century,but,it was not until,the 17th and 18th centuries,that,it spread into Europe and America.,It wasnt until,October,2012,that,examination and approval restored cautiously.,4.,其他技巧,-,固定搭配、特殊,/,常见句式,【试题原句】,这些资金用于,改善教学设施、购买书籍，,使,16,万多所中小学受益。（,2014,年,6,月四级真题）,【参考译文】,The fund,was used to,better,the schools teaching equipment and purchase books,benefiting,more than 160,000 primary and middle school students.,4.,其他技巧,-,定语的翻译,前置定语,【试题原句】,茶是世界上,最流行,的,饮料,（,beverage,）之一。（,2013,年,12,月四级真题）,【参考译文】,Nowadays,tea is one of,t,he most popular,beverages in the world.,4.,其他技巧,-,定语的翻译,后置定语,【试题原句】,随着,技术和安全措施的,改进，,发生核事故的,可能性完全可以降低到最低限度。（,2014,年,6,月四级真题）,【参考译文】,With the improvement,of technology and safety measures,the possibility,of nuclear accidents,can be definitely minimized.,4.,其他技巧,-,定语的翻译,后置定语,【试题原句】,年轻游客数量的不断增加，可以归因于他们迅速提高的收入和,探索外部世界的,好奇心。（,2014,年,12,月四级真题）,【参考译文】,The rising number of young tourists can be attributed to their increasing income and their curiosity,to explore the outside world,.,4.,其他技巧,-,定语的翻译,定语从句,【试题原句】,一些为接受更好教育而转往城市上学的,学生如今又回到了本地农村学校就读。（,2014,年,6,月四级真题）,【参考译文】,Those students,who were previously transferred to city schools for better education,are now moving back to their local rural schools.,4.,其他技巧,-,中文“逗号”后面信息的表述,【试题原句】,大熊猫是熊科中最稀有的成员，,主要生活在,中国西南部的森林里。（,2014,年,12,月四级真题）,【参考译文】,Panda is the rarest in bear species,（此处逗号后面的信息处理为定语从句）,which lives,in the forest of the southwest of China.,4.,其他技巧,-,中文“逗号”后面信息的表述,【试题原句】,越来越多的中国年轻人正对旅游产生兴趣，这是近年来的新趋势。,【参考译文,1,】,More and more young people are interested in Chinese tourism.,（此处逗号后面的信息独立成句）,This is a new trend in recent years.,【参考译文,2,】,More and more young people are interested in Chinese tourism,（此处使用,and,连接逗号后面的信息）,and,this is a new trend in recent years.,八、常见错误分析,1,主谓一致,Those students,who,was,previously transferred to city schools for better education are now moving back to their local rural schools.,八、常见错误分析,2,词性误用,The possibility of nuclear accidents can be reduced to a,minimize,level.,八、常见错误分析,3,标点符号,More and more young people are interested in Chinese tourism,this,is a new trend in recent years.,八、常见错误分析,4,名词单复数,Nowadays,tea has become one of the most popular,beverage,in the world.,八、常见错误分析,5,混淆词义,Tea drinking,reached,Japan in the 6th century,八、常见错误分析,6,形容词作主语,The growing,popular,of the Internet results in great social changes.,八、常见错误分析,7,双谓语错句,Chinese netizens,are usually differ from,American netizens.,八、常见错误分析,8,逻辑错误,Having used to,cure pain,a Chinese emperor discovered the tea more than 5000 years ago.,（,X,）,Having discovered the tea more than 5000 years ago,a Chinese emperor used tea to cure pain.,（）,八、常见错误分析,9,介词短语后动名词的使用,It has been listed as an endangered species,due to the number is limited.,八、常见错误分析,10,硬译,In China,some people make bread with flour,but for most people,they use flour to make,Mantou,and noodles.,九、案例解析,案例,1,中国烹饪,(Chinese cuisine),文化是中国文化中有关烹饪和休闲的重要组成部分。中国悠久的历史、广袤的疆土、好客的习俗孕育了这一独特艺术。中餐以其,“,色、香、味、形,”,俱全而著称。它讲究原料的选配、食物的质地、佐料,(seasonings),的调制、切菜的刀功、适时的烹调以及装盘艺术。最负盛名的菜系有南方粤菜、北方鲁菜、东部淮扬菜和西部川菜，以,“,南淡北咸，东甜西辣,”,见称。,九、案例解析,案例,1,参考译文,Among the best-known schools of cuisine are the Cantonese cuisine of the south,the Shandong cuisine of the north,the Huai-Yang cuisine of the east and the Sichuan cuisine of the west,noted as“the light flavor of the south,the salty flavor of the north,the sweet flavor of the east and the spicy-hot flavor of the west”.,九、案例解析,案例,2,唐朝,(Tang Dynasty),被历史学家认为是中国文明最辉煌的时期。唐朝的首都在长安。在与印度和中东,(the Middle East),的交流中，在他们的促进下，唐朝在许多领域里得到了长足的发展。唐朝是文学和艺术的黄金时期。唐朝通过科举制度,(civil service examinations),在全国选出优秀的儒家文人,(Confucian literati),为政府效力，而唐朝的政府体系在儒学官僚,(Confucian bureaucratic),的支持下也日臻完善。公元,8,世纪中期，唐朝势力开始衰落。,九、案例解析,案例,2,参考译文,Tang Dynasty,whose capital is Changan,is regarded by historians as a high point in Chinese civilization.Stimulated by the contact with India and the Middle East,the empire saw a great development in many fields.The Tang period was the g