跨文化交际 期末复习资料.doc

Final exam
Part 1 Comprehensive Check （15*2）每课的练习A
Part 2 Multiple Choice （25*1）每课的练习E复习题的变体；另外请中看第五章
Part 3 E-C Translation（10*1）每课的练习C
Part 4 Term-matching（10*1）
Part 5 Multiple function（5*5）其中三道是简答题，两道是案例分析。

Terms/questions:
1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.
2. Barber system
– Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.
– Human society has always traded goods across great distances.
3. Global village：real time events 、the time and space compression
– All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.
4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.
5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.
6. Intercultural communication: refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. Perception
7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.
Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people
8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation
9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.
10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义): the belief that your own cultural background is superior.
11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.
12. Components of Communication：
Source交际邀请
The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.
Encoding编码
Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.
Message编码信息
The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.
Channel交际渠道
The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.
Noise干扰
The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.
Receiver交际接受
The receiver is the person who attends to the message.
Decoding解码
Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.
Receiver response接受反应
The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.
Feedback反馈
Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.
Context场景
The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.
13. Pragmatics语用学: the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.
14. Semantics语义学：a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the meaning of words.
15. Denotation：the literal meaning or definition of a word --- the explicit, particular, defined meaning.
16. Connotation：the suggestive meaning of a word --- all the values, judgment, and beliefs implied by a word the historical and associative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning.
17. Taboo禁忌语：refers to some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.
18. Euphemism委婉语：means the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive.
19. Chronemics（时间学）：The study of how people perceive and use time.
20. Proxemics（空间学）： refers to the perception and use of space.
21. kinesics（肢体语言）：The study of body language .
22. Paralanguage(副语言)：Involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication .
23. Monochronic time一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.
24. Polychronic time多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once
25. Planetary culture行星文化: is explored, which integrates Eastern mysticism with Western science and rationalism.
26.Intercultural personhood(跨文化人格)：Represents someone whose cognitive, affective, and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture.

1. What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village？ P8~9
Four trends that lead to the development of the global village: Convenient transportation systems/ Innovative communication systems/ Economic globalization/Widespread migrations
2. What are the three aspects where cultural differences exist?
Verbal difference: language, thought patterns…
Non-verbal communication: body-language, time concept, spacious language, paralanguage, environment…
Perception: values, worldviews, beliefs, attitudes
3. What are three ingredients of culture? 文化的三个成分（three Ingredients）P5~6
An shared artifact（the material and spiritual products people produce）
shared Behavior（what they do）
shared Concepts（beliefs, values, world views……what they think）
4. How to understand cultural Iceberg?P6~7
Like an iceberg what we can see about culture is just the tip of the iceberg; the majority of it is intangible, beyond sight. and the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface.
(Just as an iceberg which has a visible section above the waterline and a larger invisible section below the waterline, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected and imagined. Also like an iceberg, the part of culture that is visible is only a small part of a much bigger whole. It is said nine-tenth of culture is below the surface. (P7))
5. What are the tour characteristics of culture? Dynamic/ shared/ learned/ ethnocentric
Culture is shared. All communications take place by means of symbols.
Culture is learned. Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one’s social environment, not from one’s genes. Enculturation(文化习得): All the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation .
Culture is dynamic. (P6)Culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.
Culture is ethnographic(文化中心主义). Ethnographic is the belief that your own cultural background is superior. Ethnocentrism: the belief that your own culture background is superior.
6. What are the six characteristics of communication?
Dynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/ systematic/ transactional/ contextual
Communication is dynamic.
Communication is ongoing, ever-changing activity. A word or action does not stay frozen when you communicate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action.
Communication is irreversible.
Once we have said something and someone else has received and decoded the message, the original sender cannot take it back.
Communication is symbolic.
Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be communicated to another person.
Communication is systematic
Communication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a large system. It takes place in a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction.
Communication is transactional. (P8)
A transactional view holds that communicators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversation.
Communication is contextual. (P8)
All communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.
7. How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?(三方面)P22~24
In Chinese the surname comes first and is followed by the given name/ but in English this order is reversed.
Addressing by names: In China seniority is paid respect to. Juniors are supposed to address seniors in a proper way. The use of given names is limited to husband and wife, very close friends, juniors by elders or superiors/ Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time. (intimacy and equality)
Addressing by relationship: Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to show politeness and respect/ The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.
Addressing by title, office, profession: Another common Chinese form of address is the use of a person’s title, office, profession to indicate the person’s influential status. In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used. (P24) Americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are.
8. How is the Chinese writing style different the American writing style?
The Chinese employ a circular approach in writing. In this kind of indirect writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be ‘turning and turning in a widening gyre’. The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly. A paragraph is set off by an indentation of its first sentences or by some other conventional devise, such as extra space between paragraphs.
In contrast, the Americans are direct and linear in writing. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement, and then, by a series of subdivisions of that topic statement, each supported by example and illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay, and to employ that idea in proper relationship with the other ideas, to prove something, or perhaps to argue something.
9. What are the different feature of m-time and p-time? P97

M: Do one thing at a time
Take time commitments seriously
Are committed to the job
Adhere religiously to plans
Emphasize promptness
Are accustomed to short-term relationships

P: Do many things at once
Consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible
Are committed to people and human relationships
Change plans often and easily
Base promptness on the relationship
Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships

M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure.
P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time and time is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.

10. What different worldview can be drive from Buddhism and Christianity?
Buddhists do not believe in a god or gods who created the world. However, they do believe that there is a supreme and wonderful truth that words cannot teach, and ritual cannot attain.
Buddhists are not favorably disposed to the notion of free enterprise and the pursuit of material well-being. Seen from a western worldview, having no desires adversely affects motives for personal enrichment and growth generally. Thus, little support is accorded to free enterprise.
Christianity recognizes the importance of work and free ownership of property. Protestant, in particular, sees the salvation of the individual through hard work and piety.
11. What is the American cultural value like in terms of value orientation?
As far as the human nature is concerned, the American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work.
As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer the nature.
They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented.
They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem.
They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.
12. What is the Chinese cultural value like in terms of value orientation?P
What is the character of innate human nature?
What is the relation of man to nature?
What is the temporal focus of human life?
What is the mode of human activity?
What is the mode of human relationships?
11. It is evil but perfectible/ Man can conquer the nature / present / being-oriented a non-developmental model of society/ Competitive
12. Good but corruptible/ harmony with nature / Past/ being-and-becoming is a kind of spiritual good of inner harmony and peace/ cooperation
13. How is gender different from sex? P119~120
Sex: biological, permanent, with a individual property
Gender: socially constructed, varied over time and across cultures, with a social and relational quality
14. What are the two primary influences processes of Gender Socialization? P121
Family communication
Recreational interaction
15. Identify the features of each of four Hofsted’s cultural dimensions and the contrast between high-context and low-context culture. （语境案例分析）P192~193
Individualism VS collectivism /Masculinity VS femininity /Power distance/Uncertainty avoidance
High-context VS. low-context
High-context cultures assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.
Low-context cultures exclude many of thos