文学论ۥ文.doc

文学论文

篇一：文学类论文范例

Outline

Thesis statement: The Bible provides English literature with inexhaustible sources and has great influence on it in various aspects.

Abstract in English…………………………………………………………………….1 Key words in English …………………………………………………………………1 Abstract in Chinese ………………………………………………...…………………1

Key words in Chinese ………………………………………………………………...2 I. Introduction…………………………………………………………..………..……3 II. Influence of the Bible on Articles’ theme……………...………………………3

1. Influence on the spirit of people……………….……………………………………3

2. Influence on the theme of Shakespeare’s works…………..………..........................4

1.1 Romeo and Juliet………………………………………………..............................4

1.2 The Merchant of Venice………………………………..……….….........................6 III. Quotation of the Bible’s Allusions in Literature……...……………….…..…...…6

1. The story of Adam in John Milton’s works…………………………………………6

2. Allusions of the Bible in The Pilgrim’s Progress………………..………………….8

Ⅳ. Influence of the Bible on the Styles of Literatures……………………………......9

1. Influence on the style of Macbeth…………………………………………..………9

2. Influence on the styles of Ernest Hemingway’s works..……………………………9

Ⅴ. Employment of the Bible’s Symbolic Meanings…....……………………………..9

1. Symbolic meaning in William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice…………...11

2. Symbolic meaning in Jane Eyre…………………………………………………...11

Ⅵ.Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………......12

Works Cited…………………………..……………………………………………....14

全文共13页，4033字

The Bible’s Influence on English Literature

Abstract

The Bible provides English literature with inexhaustible sources and has great influence on it. Writers generally employ the materials of the Bible in four aspects: use the Bible’s theme as the theme of their works; quote the names of the characters or the allusions in the Bible; employ the styles of the Bible; and make use of the Bible’s symbolic meaning. As English literature reflects the Bible in various aspects, it is necessary to acquaint ourselves with the Bible so as to understand English literature better.

Key words: the Bible, philanthropy, allusion, Style, symbol

摘 要

《圣经》是基督教的经典作品，为英美文学提供了取之不尽、用之不竭的素材。英美作家化用《圣经》故事的主要方法有：借用《圣经》的主旨思想；借鉴《圣经》文体和艺术方面的特征；直截了当援用《圣经》故事或对原型故事进展变形或处理作为创作素材；通过比喻，隐喻或意味等手法把《圣经》故事的寓意融会到作品情节中或人物性格里，使这些故事发挥有力的陪衬作用。英美文学作品无不表达《圣经》的各个侧面,因而对《圣经》的理解有助于我们进一步欣赏英美文学，加深我们对英美文化和思想认识的理解, 从而更好地学习、欣赏乃至研究英国文学作品。

关键词：圣经博爱典故风格意味

I. Introduction

The Bible is the only book of Christianity. It consists of two testaments, the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament contains the Jewish writings before the coming of the Christ. The New Testament contains four accounts (gospels) of the life of Christ. They are Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. This part covers the life of Jews and the history of the production and development of Christianity. If one reads the Bible carefully, he will find out that the Bible does not only record the history of the ancient Hebrews, or the Jews, but also is a philosophical work with plentiful meanings. It is said that the creation of the Bible lasted for over 1000 years and by numberless writers. In this long process of creation, the Bible became and is still the most important book in Christianity world. With the Christianity spreading all over the western world, the Bible has become more and more popular, this is why the Bible is not weakened. Some people read nothing but the Bible all their lives, and get their knowledge mainly from the Bible in Britain. The Bible is also used as a textbook and component of students’ education. The concept and philosophy of the Bible has been deeply pervading into the mind of English-speaking people, especially the writers who like thinking.

Writers use materials of the Bible by four main methods. First, the writers use the Bible’s theme as their article’s theme. Second, they quote persons names or allusions of the Bible as the character’s names or plots of the creations from the Bible. Sometimes they make some changes on the original stories. Sometimes they quote stories directly from the Bible as the writing materials. Third, the Bible influences British literature on styles. Forth, they make use of symbolic meaning of the Bible by some technical such as simile, metaphor and symbolism, so that the stories could exert a great influence on contrasting with the new products.

II. Influence of the Bible on Articles’ Theme

…

1. Influence on the spirit of people

The Bible has a great influence on almost all aspects of westerners’ lives, especially on spirit. The Christians believe that the Bible has the absolute authority in their lives. They cannot break any rules said in the Bible. If they follow the Bible, everyday could be colorful and after they die they can enter the heaven. We can say that the Bible is the constitution which is not only affect the behaviors of westerners’ lives, but also rule the thinking of people in Christian world. Christianity is a religion of philanthropy, which can be seen in the Bible. The Bible runs through by the spirit of mercy and love and they are theme of the Bible. The Bible’s influence is unique on the western consciousness system.

2. Influence on the theme of Shakespeare’s works

It can be proved from works of Shakespeare, the most important Britain writer. Shakespeare was very familiar with the Bible. We can find many ideas which belong to the Bible in any works of Shakespeare. There is an intense connection between Shakespeare and the Bible and it can be expressed from two ways. First, the spirit of the Bible influence the Shakespeare’s composing. Second, Shakespeare quoted many allusions of the Bible as the characters’ name or plots of the creation in his play, which will be introduced in the second part. In Shakespeare’s works, humanity, mercy and fraternity are the main themes, which, as we all know, are also the themes of the Bible. These themes are the most important characteristics of Shakespeare’s plays. In the Bible there are many maxims and admonitions expressing the idea of mercy and humanity on which Shakespeare’s works are based.

2.1. Romeo and Juliet

…

Ⅲ. Quotation of the Bible’s Allusions in Literary works

One of the special features of the Bible is that it is composed of many small stories allusions. These allusions were used as the materials of the English literary works by many writers.

1. The story of Adam in John Milton’s works

The story of Adam’s depravation originated from the Bible—Creation. God created the world from chaos. He created the sky, the earth, rivers, animals and plants. Then he used mud to make a man named Adam. Later when Adam was sleeping, God drew out a rib from Adam to make a companion for him, who is Eve. Their living place was wonderful. There were beautiful flowers and fruits with moderate breezes all over. All that they needed was prepared. This is the scene of the Eden. God said to them “You may freely eat of every tree of the garden, but the tree of the knowledge of good and evil you shall not eat, for in the day that you eat of it you shall die. Later a serpent tricks Eve that God is unwilling to let them know good and evil as him. Then Eve ate the fruit on the knowledge tree and she asked Adam to eat it too. When God found out this, he swept them away from the garden of the Eden. This is the cause of the original sin.

….

Ⅳ. Influence of the Bible on the Styles of Literatures

The literary styles of the Bible also have a profound impact on English literature. Prediction is a very common way used in the Bible. For example, before Jesus was burn, three east doctors watched the sky and found a rising star in the east. According the language of his prophecy, the Jewish would be born in Bethlehem. So they went to Bethlehem to worship, and happened to see the star again on the road. Then they found Jesus in Bethlehem. In the last volume, Apocalypse basically used the way that seeing the uncommon phenomena described the predictions.

1. Influence on the style of Macbeth

Shakespeare employed this form in his plays repeatedly. In Macbeth, the witch predicted that Macbeth General would become the future king. Then Macbeth killed King Duncan and became the king. In the first act in Chapter Four, three witches mention three predictions. The first says that Macbeth should look out Maikedefu; second, no one could harm Macbeth; and third, Macbeth would not be defeated unless

篇二：文学类毕业论文正文格式(详细版)

目录

摘要 ··························································································································· (1)

关键词 ······················································································································· (1)

前言 ··························································································································· (1)

一、 由汉字的造字理据分析中国传统思维方式 ·························································· (2)

1、象形表意法和形象思维·························································································· (2)

2、指事、会意表意法和抽象思维 ··············································································· (3)

3、形声表意法和综合整体思维··················································································· (4)

二、由汉字的相关部件探求中国古代的生活风俗 ······················································· (5)

1、女部字和女性生活································································································· (5)

2、玉部字和玉文化 ···································································································· (6)

3、酉部字和酒文化 ···································································································· (7)

三、 由汉字的形体构造看汉民族的审美取向······························································ (7)

1、追求外形美 ··········································································································· (8)

2、注重内蕴美 ··········································································································· (8)

3、到达和谐美 ··········································································································· (9)

小结 ··························································································································· (9)

致谢 ··························································································································(10)

注释 ··························································································································(10)

参考文献 ···················································································································(10)

（毕业论文正文语言类标题不少于0.8万字，文学类和广电类标题不低于1万字）

论汉字构形的文化意义（4号黑体加粗.居中）

(5号空一行)

学 生：

指导老师：

教学单位：三峡大学文学与传媒学院(小四 居中)

(5号空一行)

摘要：（5号黑体加粗）形训是训诂学的一种方法，即以形说义。凭借对汉字形体的分析不仅能够寻找字所记录词的理性意义，而且能够分析理性意义之外的文化意义。汉字的构形是有理据性的，形体构造是分析汉字文化的主要按照。本文尝试把汉字学分支中的汉字构形学和汉字文化学结合起来，以讨论汉字构形的文化意义。（5号宋体，篇幅200字左右）

Abstract（5号黑体加粗）:for not only its rational sense reflected in the coinage but also its cultural meanings by analyzing its irrational senses. The conformation of any Chinese character has its theoretic or cultural basis. Therefore, the external conformation of a Chinese character is the main basis of analyzing its cultural sense reflected. Based on the study of Chinese characters, I attempt to explore the cultural meanings of the external conformation of a Chinese character by combining the two branches of the study of Chinese characters---the morphology of Chinese characters, and the study of the culture reflected in Chinese characters. （5号Times New Roman）

关键词：（5号黑体加粗）汉字 ；构形；文化；思维；部件（5号宋体，由3-8个词组成，各关键词之间用分号相隔）

Keywords: （5号黑体加粗） Chinese characters； the external conformation； culture； thinking；components（5号Times New Roman）

前言(居中、小四号宋体加粗)

（5号 空一行）

汉字是世界上历史最悠久、使用最广泛的文字之一，传承至今，不断保持着旺盛的生命力。缘故是汉字是中华民族文化的载体，是中华民族文化思想延伸、传播和交流的根本工具，在悠久的历史文明进程中发挥着重要作用。然而汉字曾经遭到不公正的待遇，“汉字落后论”的说法存在了特别长时间，西方人认为汉字是世界上最落后的文字，由于陈旧的文字如埃及象形文字都早已消失，就连有些中国人本人也认为汉字是教育及信息化的瓶颈，拖了现代化的后腿，并发出“汉字拉丁化”甚至废除汉字的呼声。近些年来，随着汉字研究热的兴起，安子介提出了：“汉字是中华民族的根，是中华民族的第五大制造。”在1995年5月召开的学术会议上学者们一致认为：“汉字落后论的时代已经完毕，21世纪是汉字发挥威力的时代。”这一观点有力地批驳了“汉字落后论”，力求把汉字放在新的高度上来研究，从研究中觉察汉字的许多优点。

汉字属于表意体系的文字，寓义于形是表意文字的本质特征。汉字的形体和字义亲切相关，按照汉字形体的构造特点和规律分析字的本义，进而说明引申义和假借义，这些意义由字形这一原点出发向相关的方面派生，构成了意义的关系网。这些意义的阐释深深植根于中华民族的文化土壤中，与本民族的文化特质、民族心理、生活习惯及思维方式相一致。“文化”作为术语，源于《易经》。《易经》曰：“观乎天文，以察时变；观乎人文，以化成天下。”西汉刘向《说苑》曰：“圣人之治天下也，先文德而后武力，凡武之兴，为不服也，文化不致，然后加诛。”这里的“文化”是指与“武力”相对的教化，其内容有两个方面，《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《乐》，与礼仪风俗。由此可见，在中国古代，文化确实是文治教化、礼乐典章制度。文化有广义和狭义之分。广义的文化指人类为了生存而替本人制造的自然环境以外的第二环境，包括物质文化、精神文化和各种社会制度，如政治、法律、经济、教育等。狭义的文化指精神文化，如伦理、宗教、民俗、哲学、科学及艺术等。本课题提示的是广义的文化。（正文5号宋体）

汉字构形的分析是沟通汉字和文化的一座桥梁。字形是音和义赖以存在的躯壳，要理解汉字的音和义总离不开对形体的分析。王宁提出了汉字构形学说，它包括个别字的构成方式和汉字构形的总体系统中包含的规律，对汉字构形的根本元素（形位）进展了深化研究，显示出构形的系统性。王宁认为，汉字开展到小篆时代，构形大部分具有理据性，这种理据性带有文化内涵，是人类生活经历的反映，表达了人类对事物的观察和文化心理观点。总体来说，目前在汉字形音义的研究上获得了特别大的成果，但是汉字形体研究的理论深度相对其它两个方面来说显得相对薄弱些。

语言是有声的，文字是有形的，用语言学的观点来看，语言是第一性的，文字是第二性的，语言决定

文字，文字反作用于语言。从目前特别长一段时间来看，汉字和汉语是相习惯的。两者习惯的主导缘故是汉字记录汉语，不断完善和扩大语言交际这一工具。在交际过程中汉字具有文化镜像功能，用书面方式记载的一个个形体，用徐德江的话说是“开发智力学习汉语的图画、积木和魔方”。一个小小的方块汉字都是一个魔块，里面藏着丰厚的文化和惊人的智慧，映射出了一幅社会物质精神的画面，启迪着现代人，让我们去挖掘汉字形体的内在价值。

要理解某个汉字的文化意义，能够从两个方面着手：一是对汉字的构形中所携带的文化信息进展分析。从构形中追溯古代文化，提示规律真相。二是从文化的角度看该字，研究历史文化对该字的阻碍，用文化的目光观察汉字，因超出本课题的范畴，故不再详述。汉字历史悠久，其形体在不同阶段又存在特别大的差异，演化和变革为汉字形体的文化意义研究带来了一定的难度。但只要抓住汉字据形示义的特点，就能悟出它的意义。

（5号 空一行）

一、汉字的造字理据分析中国传统思维方式(小四宋体加粗)

（5号 空一行）

“从汉字形体中反映出来的原始造字意图，文字学称之为造意或构意。造意一旦为使用的群体所公认，

[1] 便成为一种可分析的客体，称之为造字理据。”造字方法是研究和运用这种造字理据的详细表达。汉字

的造字方法，是按字理，即把汉字的形体、读音和意义三者结合起来分析的，大致有前人总结出来的“六书说”和“三书说”。“六书”是汉代人按照小篆的形体归纳出来的六种造字方法和造字原那么，即象形、指事、会意、形声、转注和假借。清代学者戴震进一步明确了六书的四体二用，前四种是造字之法，后两种是用字之法。到了近代唐兰把六书加以综合，分成象形、象意、形声。陈梦家也提出了“三书说”，即象形、假借、形声，裘锡圭又有不同的新“三书说”，即表意、假借、形声。不管是“三书说”仍然“六书说”，汉字的造字是有源流的，并能够找出字的演化脉络，整个开展历程特别明晰。申小龙说：“汉字是一个以形达意、与思维直截了当相联络的独立的表意系统，因而汉字的构造系统表达出汉民族对待世界的款式。这种款式不把客观世界与思维主体对立起来，而是从内在的主体认识出发，按照主体认识的评价和取向，给予世界以某种意义。”[2] 申小龙强调了汉字的形体与思维的关系。本文主要由汉字形体归纳出来的汉字造字法来看中国的传统思维，以突出汉字表意性的特点。

1、象形表意法和形象思维（5号宋体加粗)

《说文解字·序》说：“苍颉之初作书，盖依类象形，故谓之文。其后形声相益，即谓之字。”提示了汉字的前身经历过一个图画文字的阶段，即原始具象造字的阶段。汉字的起源，是从汉民族形象思维的胚胎中发育而成的，汉字由图画衍生。“汉字本于图画，最初的文字是能够读出来的图画，但图画不一定能读。后来文字跟图画慢慢分歧，差异逐步明显，文字不再图画，而是能够书写的。”[3] 尽管汉字最后从图画里面别离出来了，但汉字的字形中仍然保存着不少的图画痕迹。

文字的前身正是人类长期观察自然和社会的客观形象，并对其模拟再现的结果，是一种详细的、直截了当的形象思维。所谓思维，是“人脑对现象事物间接的和概括的加工方式，它以内隐的或外显的动作或言语方式表现出来。思维有十分复杂的脑机智，它在脑内对各种事件的关系上进展多层次加工，揭露事物的内在联络或本质特征，是认识的高级方式。”[4]思维包括形象思维和抽象思维。汉字造字之初表达的是形象思

[5]维。形象思维是“以直观形象和表象为支柱的思维过程。”《说文解字·序》说“古者庖牺氏之王天下也，

仰那么观象于天，俯那么观法于地，观鸟兽之文与地之宜，近取诸身，远取诸物，因而始作《易》八卦，以垂宪象。” 后人从认识论和方法论的角度描绘汉字的造字方法，即“观物—取象—比类—体道”。古人造字之初通过仰观俯察，凭着本人对客观事物的直观认识，从感性出发，由自然之象到文字之形，表达了古人不脱离感性形态、整体的、非理性的认知方式。

六书曰：“象形者，画成其物，随体诘诎，日月是也。”象形这种造字方法描绘物体的轮廓形状，详细的画法是随物体的外部形态的弯曲而弯曲。如

(山) 、(牛) 、(羊)、

（鼎）,这类表动物的词都是对实物的形象描摹，直观地展示了事物的外部形态，具有鲜明的形象思维特征。每一个象形字，均是一幅可读的图画，对象形字分类可分为两类：第一是直截了当描摹整个客体，如

（象）

、(矢)、(鼎)，这些物体取的是所象之形的整体，这类象形字被称为独体象形，在象形字中占多数，最能表达原始思维的状态，停留