定语从句：精讲精例精练.doc

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定语从句：精讲精例精练
一、定语从句及相关术语
1. 定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句, 一般紧跟它所修饰的先行词后面.
2. 关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。
①关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose， as 等；
②关系副词：where， when， why等.
3. 关系词的作用：
①引导定语从句；②代替先行词；③在定语从句中担当一个成分。
二、关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人, 在从句中做主语
（1） The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
（2） Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way。
2. whom指人， 在定语从句中充当宾语， 常可省略。
(1） Mr。 Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
（2） Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替, 可省略。
(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
3。 which指物, 在定语从句中做主语或者宾语， 做宾语时可省略
（1） Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
（2) This is the pen (which） he bought yesterday。
4. that指人时, 相当于who 或者whom;指物时, 相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语， 做宾语时可省略。
(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
(6） Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
5。 whose通常指人, 也可指物, 在定语从句中做定语
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
（2） I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in。
whose指物时, 常用以下结构来代替
(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
(5） Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?
(6） Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow?
三、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时， 从句常由介词+关系代词引导
（1） The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous。
(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous。
(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine （that/which） you asked for。
(4） Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked。
（5） We'll go to hear the famous singer （whom/that/who) we have often talked about.
(6） We'll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked。
 注意：
1。 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用， 如：look for, look after, take care of等
(1） This is the watch which/that I am looking for。 （T)
（2） This is the watch for which I am looking。 （F)
2。 若介词放在关系代词前, 关系代词指人时用whom， 不可用who或者that；指物时用which, 不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose
(1) The man with who you talked is my friend。 （F)
(2） The man who/that you talked with is my friend。 (T)
(3） The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable。 （T)
(4） The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. （F)
3。“介词+关系代词"前可有some， any， none, both, all, neither， most, each, few等代词或者数词
（1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
（2） In the basket there are quite many apples， some of which have gone bad。
(3） There are forty students in our class in all， most of whom are from big cities。
 4。 介词+which/whom，介词的选择方法：
(1）动词+？介词：talk +with/to/about/of…
（2）介词？+先行词： at school/home on this day on the farm
(3)句子意思： behind/in front of/beside/next to/…+ the classroom
四、关系副词引导的定语从句: 主谓宾齐全，考虑关系副词when，where，why
1。 when指时间， 在定语从句中做时间状语
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school。
(2) The time when we got together finally came.
2。 where指地点, 在定语从句中做地点状语
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3。 why指原因， 在定语从句中做原因状语
（1） Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
（2） I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today。
注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
(1） The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear，
（2） From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
(3) Great changes have taken place in the citywhere / in which I was born。
 五．限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句的引导词：who（m）， which， when, where, 介词+which/whom
（*that, why 不能引导定语从句）
1. 限制性定语从句: 句子必不可少的部分， 没有逗号, 翻译成1句。
(1) The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on。
(2） China is a country which has a long history。
2。 非限制性定语从句：主句或主句名词或代词的补充说明, 与主句有逗号隔开， 译成2句。
（1） His mother， who loves him very much, is strict with him.
(2） China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful。
[注意］ 区分下面句子
(1） His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.
他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥)
(2） His brother， who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college。
他的哥哥是当医生的， 常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥）
 六、难点分析
（一)限制性定语从句只能用that 的几种情况：
【助记】①最②不③虚④心⑤正是⑥一（疑）⑦表⑧人才.
说明：①最高级；②不定代词；③序数词;④某些形容词；⑤正是the only, the very， the just； ⑥疑问词；⑦表语；⑧既有人又有物+=先行词
1．当先行词是anything， everything, nothing （something 除外)， few， all， none， little， some 等代词时， 或者是由every, any， all， some, no, little, few， much 等修饰时
（1） Have you taken down everything that Mr。 Li has said？
（2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.
(3） All that can be done has been done.
(4) There is little that I can do for you.
注意：当先行词指人时, 也可以用who
(4） Any man that/who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.
2。 当先行词被序数词修饰
(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben。
3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
（1） This is the best film that I have seen.
4。 当形容词被the very， the only修饰时
(1) This is the very dictionary that I want to buy,
(2) After the fire in his house， the old car is the only thing that he owned。
当先行词指人时, 也可以用who
(3） Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting/
5. 当先行词前面有who， which等疑问代词时
（1) Who is the man that is standing there？
(2） Which is the T—shirt that fits me most?
6。 当先行词既有人， 也有动物或者物体时
(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned？
 （二)关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句
as和which引导非限制性定语从句， 有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：
1．As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语, 代表前面整个句子。
(1） He married her, which was natural.
（2) He was honest， as we can see。
2. as引导非限制性定语从句, 可放在主句之前, 或者主句之后， 甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外, as有“正如…, 正像…”的意思
（1) As is known to all， China is a developing country。
（2） He is from the south， as we can see from his accent。
(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.
(4) He has been to Paris more than several times， which I don't believe.
注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时， 常用which。
（5） Tom was always late for school， which made his teacher angry。
3. 当先行词受such, the same修饰时， 常用as
(1） I have never heard such a story as he tells。
（2) He is not such a fool as he looks.
(3） This is the same book as I lost last week。
注意：当先行次由the same修饰时, 偶尔也用that引导定语从句， 但是和由as 所引导的定语从句意思不同。
（4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding.
她穿着她在Mary婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。
(5） She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.
她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。
(6） 比较:
  He is such a good teacher as we all respect。（思考:此处as可改为that引导定语从句吗？)
  He is such a good teacher that we all respect him.
(三) 以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which， that引导， 且常可省略.
(1) The way in which/ that/X he answered the question was surprising。

（四) but 有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句
(1） There are very few but understand his idea。 ( but= who don't ）
 （五)区分定语从句和同位语从句
1．定语从句修饰先行词， 它和先行词是修饰关系;同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容， 是补充说明的关系
（1） The plane that has just taken off is for London。 定语从句
(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear。 同位于从句
2．定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导, 关系词在句中充当成分, 有时可以省略;同位语从句主要由that引导， 在句中一般不做成分， 也可以由when, where, how， why, whether, what等词引导， 充当成分
(1) The news he told me is true.
（2) The news that he has just died is true。
（3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money。 定语
(4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.
3。 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子, 而定语从句不可以
（1） The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful.
（2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.
(3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all。 同位语
（4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth.

巩固练习
I．单句改错
1。 This is the longest train which I have ever seen。
2. Which we all know， swimming is a very good sport.
3。 I shall never forget those years which I lived in the farm which you visited last week。
4。 The radio set which I bought it last week has gone wrong.
5。 He paid the boy ＄10 for washing ten windows, most of them hadn’t been cleaned for a year.
6. It was known to all， the Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.
7. The day will come which the people all over the world will win liberation。
8. At home, children can do that they want。
9。 They talked for about an hour of things and persons who they remembered in the school.
10. This weekend, I will go to Peter’s house, which a party is to be held， to celebrate Christmas.
11. He is a man of great experience, from who much can be learned.
12。 I have bought the same dress which she is wearing。
13. In the police station I saw the man from which room the thief had stolen the TV set。
14. Please put the letter which he can easily find it。
II. 单句语法填空
1。 I still remember the night ________ I first came to the house。
2。 I’ll never forget the day________ we met each other last week。
3。 He said this was the best article ________ had been written by the writer。
4。 I will never forget the days __________I spent with your family.
5. The first English novel  __________   aroused his interest was a novel by Mark Twain.
6. This is the school __________I used to study。
7。 Do you still remember the place__________ we visited last week?
8. Do you still remember the place________ we visited the painting exhibition?
9. Have you ever been to Hangzhou_________is famous for the West Lake？
10. Have you ever been to Hangzhou， __________lies the West Lake?
11. Don’t make the same mistake ________ the six blind men did。
12。 It is the third time __________you have made the same mistake.
13. It was in the street _________I met John yesterday.
14。 It was about 600 years ago________the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made。
15。 This is the way________he did it。
16. Who is the student _________was late for school today?
17。 Who _________knows him wants to make friends with him？
18. The ruler ordered that anyone _____  refused to bow before him should be thrown into prison.
19. He lives in the room________window faces to the south。
20。 He lives in the room， the window_________faces to the south。
21. This is Mr. John for________son I brought a book yesterday.
22。 This is Mr. John for_________I bought a book yesterday。
23. This is the hour_________the place is always full of women and children.
24. And there is one point __________I’d like your advice.
25。 Winter is the time of year__________the days are short and nights are long。
26。 I hope you will find this valley a beautiful place________you may spend your weekend。
27。This is the boy ________father died three years ago
28。They work in a factory _________makes radio parts。
29。They work in a factory _________radio parts are made.
30。This is the vision phone through _________we can see and talk to our friends.
31.Here are players from Japan， some of_________ are our old friends。
32.We’ll put off the meeting till next week, _________we won’t be so busy.
33.The sun gives the earth light and heat， ________is very important to the living things.
34.Those ________want to go to the computer room write your names here。
35。Who is the person ________is standing at the gate?
36。 Is there anything ________ you don’t understand?
37。He talked about the teachers and schools ________he had visited.
38. Such a film ________ was shown in the cinema yesterday is not suitable for children.
39。Egypt is a country________ is famous for its pyramids.
40。China is the country________he spent the best part of his life.
41。 Everything  ________ can be done has been done。
42。The days ________ we spent together cannot be easily forgotten。
43。The house stands at the place __________ the two roads meet。
44。 The only problem  ________  troubled him has already been solved.
45. The problem  ________ they could finish the project is very important.
46. I’ll never forget the last day__________ we spent together。
47. I know the reason__________ she looks so worried。
48。This is the room _________ food is kept。
49。 This is all ________ I can do for you.
50。 The advice ________ he (should) be invited to the party was taken。
51。 Can you think of anyone ________ house was here？
52. The news ________ she had passed the exam made her parents very happy。
53. The news ________ he told us interested all of us。
54。 This is the only book _________was borrowed from the library.
55. The day __________ she had to leave arrived at last.
56. It is one of the best pictures________ have been sold.
57. Those _________ want to go put up your hands.
58。 That's all ________ I want to tell you.
59. He is such a good singer ________  is loved by everyone.
60. He is such a good singer ________ he is loved by everyone。
61。 This is the knife with_________ the doctor did the operation.
62. This is the only step ________ we can take at the moment.
63。 The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those  ______ lives were affected.
64. Tibet is such a place ________  all the people across the world are dreaming of visiting.
65。 Dad decided to build a small tool room with a lock, ________ he would keep his best tools so my brother couldn’t reach them .
66. In 2014, such important reform policies associated with the interests of the general public were introduced in China  ________ almost each person could benefit from in life.
67. We expect you to become someone of  ________ we’ll feel very proud in the future。
68. He wrote many children’ s books， nearly half of________ were published in the 1990s.
69。 The boss is trying to create an easy atmosphere __________ his employees enjoy their work.
70. The number of smokers, _________ is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year。
71。 The exact year_________ Anglela and her family spent together in China was 2008。
72. I borrowed the book from the library last week, ________my classmates recommended to me.
73. Students should take part in community activities ______ they can gain experience for growth.
74。 Many children, _____ parents are away working in cities, are taken good care of in the village。
75。 The man pulled out a gold watch, the hands _________ were made of small diamonds.
76. We shouldn’t spend our money testing so many people, most of ________ are healthy.
77. Today, we'll discuss a number of cases _________ beginners of English fail to use the language properly.
参考答案
I。 1。which—that 2。Which-As 3。which-when 4.去掉it 5.them—which 6.It-As 7。 which—when
8.that—what 9.who-that 10.which—where 11。who—whom 12。which-as 13.which-whose
14. which-where
II. 1。 when 2.when 3。 that 4。that/which 5。that 6.where 7。that 8.where 9。that 10。 where
11。as 12。that 13。that 14。that 15。in which/that/X 16。that 17.that 18.who 19。whose 20。of which
21.whose 22.whom 23.when 24.where 25。when 26.where 27.whose 28.which 29。where 30.which
31。whom 32。when 33.which 34.who 35。that 36。that 37。that 38。as 39。that 40。where
41.that 42。that/which 43。where 44。that 45.（of）whether 46.that 47。why 48.where 49.that/X 50。that
51.whose 52。that 53。 which/that/X 54。that