2023年职称英语等级考试理工B真题及答案.docx

2023年全国职称英语等级考试（理工B）真题
　　第1部分：词汇选项（第1～15题，每题1分，共15分）
　　下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为靠近旳选项。
1. The majority of people around here are decent.
　　A. real  B. honest  C. normal  D. wealthy
2. The curriculum was too narrow and too rigid.
　　A. hidden  B. traditional  C. inflexible  D. official
3. The committee was asked to render a report on the housing situation.
　　A. furnish  B. copy  C. publish  D. summarize
4. Afterwards there was just a feeling of let down.
　　A. excitement  B. disappointment  C. anger  D. calm
5. Several windows had been smashed.
　　A. cleaned  B. replaced  C. fixed  D. broken
6. The worst agonies of the war were now beginning.
A. pains  B. parts  C. aspects  D. results
7. London quickly became a flourishing port.
　　A. major  B. large  C. successful  D. commercial
8. She felt that she had done her good deed for the day.
　　A. homework  B. justice  C. model  D. act
9. He led a very moral life.
　　A. human  B. intelligent  C. natural  D. honorable
10. His stomach felt hollow with fear.
　　A. sincere  B. respectful  C. empty  D. terrible
11. It was a magic night until the spell was broken.
　　A. time  B. charm  C. space  D. opportunity
12. His professional career spanned 16 years.
　　A. started  B. changed  C. moved  D. lasted
13. They are trying to identify what is wrong with the present system.
　　A. discover  B. prove  C. consider  D. imagine
14. His knowledge of French is fair.
　　A. very useful  B. very limited C. quite good  D. rather special
15. The group does not advocate the use of violence.
　　A. limit  B. regulate  C. oppose  D. support
第2部分：阅读判断（第16～22题，每题1分，共7分）
　　So Many “Earths”
　　The Milky Way contains billions of Earth-sized planets that could support life that's the finding of a new study. It draws on date that came from NASA's top planet-hunting telescope.
　　A mechanical failure recently put that Kepler space telescope out of service. Kepler had played a big role in creating a census of planets orbiting some 170,000 stars. Its data have been helping astronomers predict how common planets are in our galaxy. The telescope focused on hunting planets that might have conditions similar to those on Earth.
　　The authors of a study published in The Proceedings of the National Academy of sciences, conclude that between 14 and 30 out of every 100 stars, with a mass and temperature similar to the Sun, may host a planet that could support life as we know it.
　　Such a planet would have a diameter at least as large as Earth's, but no more than twice that big. The planet also would have to orbit in a star's habitable zone. That's where the surface temperature would allow any water to exist as a liquid.
　　The new estimate of how many planets might fit these conditions comes from studying more than 42,000 stars and identifying suitable worlds orbiting them. The scientists used those numbers to extrapolate to the rest of the stars that the telescope could not see .
　　The estimate is rough, the authors admit. If applied to the solar system, it would define as habitable a zone starting as close to the Sun as Venus and running to as far away as Mars. Neither planet is Earthlike (although either might have been in the distant past). Using tighter limits, the researchers estimate that between 4 and 8 out of every 100 Sunlike stars could host an Earth-sized world. These are ones that would take 200 to 400 days to complete a yearly orbit.
　　Four out of every 100 sunlike stars doesn't sound like a big number. It would mean, however, that the Milky Way could host more than a billion Earth-sized planets with a change for life.
16. The Kepler space telescope has been in service for 15 years.
　　 A. Right  B. Wrong  C. Not mentioned
　　17. The main task of the Kepler space telescope is to find out planets with similar conditions to Earth's.
　　 A. Right  B. Wrong  C. Not mentioned
　　18. The planet that could support life might be a little bit smaller than Earth.
　　 A. Right  B. Wrong  C. Not mentioned
　　19. The Earth is planet orbiting in the Sun's habitable zone.
　　 A. Right  B. Wrong  C. Not mentioned
　　20. The new finding is based on a thorough study of 170,000 stars in the Milky Way.
　　 A. Right  B. Wrong  C. Not mentioned
21. The estimate of the number of planets that could support life is not very accurate.
　　 A. Right  B. Wrong  C. Not mentioned
　　22. This is the first research finding about the planets with a chance for life.
　　 A. Right  B. Wrong  C. Not mentioned
第3部分：概括大意和完毕句子（第23～30题，每题1分，共8分）
　　下面旳短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23 ~ 26题规定从所给旳6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个小标题；（2）第27 ~ 30题规定从所给旳6个选项中为每个句子确定一种最佳选项。
　　Climate Change: The Long Reach
1 Earth is warming. Sea levels are rising. There's more carbon in the air, and Arctic ice is melting faster than at any time in recorded history. Scientists who study the environment to better gauge (评估) Earth's future climate now argue that these changes may not reverse for a very long time.
　　2 People burn fossil fuels like coal and oil for energy. That burning releases carbon dioxide, a colorless gas. In the air, this gas traps heat at Earth’s surface. And the more carbon dioxide released, the more the planet warms. If current consumption of fossil fuels doesn’t slow, the long-term climate impacts could last thousands of years — and be more severe than scientists had been expecting. Climatologist Richard Zeebe of the University of Hawaii at Manoa offers this conclusion in a new paper.
3 Most climate-change studies look at what's going to happen in the next century or so. During that time, changes in the planet's environment could nudge (推进) global warming even higher. For example: Snow and ice reflect sunlight back into space. But as these melt, sunlight can now reach — and warm — the exposed ground. This extra heat raises the air temperature even more, causing even more snow to melt. This type of rapid exaggeration of impacts is called a “fast feedback.”.
　　4 Zeebe says it's important to look at fast feedbacks. However, he adds, they're limited. From a climate change perspective. "This century is the most important time for the next few generations,” he told Science News. “But the world is not ending in 2100.” For his new study, Zeebe now focuses on “slow feedbacks”. While fast feedback events unfold over decades or centuries, slow feedbacks can take thousands of years. Melting of continental ice sheets and the migration of plant life — as they relocate to more comfortable areas — are two examples of slow feedbacks.
　　5 Zeebe gathered information from previously published studies investigating how such processes played out over thousands of years during past dramatic changes in climate. Then he came up with a forecast for the future that accounts for both slow and fast feedback processes. Climate forecasts that use only fast feedbacks predict a 4.5 degree Celsius (8.1 degree Fahrenheit) change by the year 3000. But slow feedbacks added another 1.5 °C — for a 6° total increase, Zeebe reports. He also found that stow feedback events will cause global warming to persist for thousands of years after people run out of fossil fuels to burn.
23. Paragraph 2 ____A_____
　　24. Paragraph 3 ____D____
　　25. Paragraph 4 ____B_____
　　26. Paragraph 5 ____C_____
　　A. Impact of burning fossil fuels
　　B. Slow feedbacks
　　C. A prediction of future climate change
　　D. Fast feedbacks
　　E. Rising of sea levels
　　F.  Unpredictability of feedback processes
　　27. Arctic ice has never been melting so fast in ____B_____.
　28. Melting of snow and ice enables sunlight to reach ____E____.
　　29. Zeebe came up with his future climate prediction by analyzing ___F_____.
　　30. After fossil fuels are used up, global warming will continue for ___A_____.
　　A. a very long time
　　B. recorded history
　　C. rapid exaggeration of impacts
　　D. the extra heat
　　E. the exposed ground
　　F. previously published studies
第4部分：阅读理解（第31～45题，每题3分，共45分）
　　下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
　　第一篇 Approaches to Understanding Intelligences
　　(本次考试理工A阅读其中一篇)
　　It bays to be smart, but we are not all smart in the same way .You may be a talented musician, but you might not be a good reader. Each of us is different.
　　Psychologists disagree about what is intelligence and what are talents or personal abilities .Psychologists have two different views on intelligence .Some believe there is one general intelligence .Others believe there are many different intelligences .
　　Some psychologists say there is one type of intelligence that can be measured with IQ tests .These psychologists support their view with research that concludes that people who do well on one kind of test for mental ability do well on other tests .They do well on tests using words, numbers or pictures. They do well on individual or group tests, and written or oral tests .Those who do poorly on one test, do the same on all tests.
　　Studies of the brain show that there is a biological basis for general intelligence .The brain of intelligence people use less energy during problem solving .The brain waves of people with higher intelligence show a quicker reaction .Some researchers conclude that differences in intelligence result from differences in the speed and effectiveness of information processing by the brain .
　　Howard Gardner, a psychologist at the Harvard School of Education, has four children .He believes that all children are different and shouldn’t be tested by one intelligence test .Although Gardner believes general intelligence exists, he doesn’t think it tells much about the talents of a person outside of formal schooling .He think that the human mind has different intelligences .These intelligences allow us to solve the kinds of problems we are presented with in life .Each of us has different abilities within these intelligences .Gardner believes that the purpose of school should be to encourage development of all of our intelligences .
　　Gardner says that his theory is based on biology .For example ,when one part of the Brain is injured ,other parts of the brain still work .People who cannot talk because of Brain damage can still sing .So ,there is not just one intelligence to lose .Gardner has Identified 8 different kinds of intelligence; linguistic, mathematical, spatial, musical, Interpersonal, intrapersonal, body-kinesthetic(身体动觉旳),and naturalistic .
31. What is the main idea of this passage?
　　A. How to understand intelligence.
　B. The importance of intelligence.
　　C. The development of intelligence tests.
　　D. How to become intelligent.
32. Which of the following statements is true concerning general intelligence?
　　A. Most intelligent people do well on some intelligence tests.
　　B. People doing well on one type of intelligence test do well on other tests.
　　C. Intelligent people do not do well on group tests.
　　D. Intelligent people do better on written tests than on oral tests.
　33. Gardner believes that ______.
　　A. children have different intelligences.
　　B. all children are alike.
　　C. children should take one intelligence test.
　　D. there is no general intelligence.
34. According to Gardner, schools should ______.
　　A. test students’ IQs.
　　B. train students who do poorly on tests.
　　C. focus on finding the most intelligent students.
　　D. promote development of all intelligences.
35. Gardner thinks that his theory has a ______.
　　A. musical foundation.
　　B. biological foundation.
　　C. intrapersonal foundation.
　　D. linguistic foundation.
第二篇 The Mir Space Station
　　The Russian Mir Space Station, which came down in 2023 at last after 15 years of pioneering the concept of long-term human space flight, is remembered for its accomplishments in the human space flight history. It can be credited with many firsts in space.
　　During Mir’s lifetime, Russia spent about US $4.2 billion to build and maintain the station.
　　The Soviet Union launched Mir, which was designed to last from three to five years, on February 20, 1986, and housed 104 astronauts over 12 years and seven months, most of whom were not Russian. In fact, it became the first international space station by playing host to 62 people from 11 countries. From 1995 through 1998, seven astronauts from the United States took turns living on Mir for up to six months each. They were among the 37 Americans who visited the station during nine stopovers by space shuttles.
　　The more than 400 million the United States provided Russian for the visits not only kept Mir operating, but also gave the Americans and their partners in the international station project valuable experience in long-term flight and multinational operations.
　　A debate continues over Mir’s contributions to science. During its existence, Mir was the laboratory for 23,000 experiments and carried scientific equipment, estimated to be worth $80 million, from many nations. Experiments on Mir are credited with a range of findings, from the first solid measurement of the ration of heavy helium atoms in space to how to grow wheat in space. But for those favouring human space exploration, Mir showed that people could live and work in space long enough for a trip to Mars. The longest single stay in space is the 437.7 days that Russian astronaut Valery Polyakov spent on Mir from 1994 to 1995. And Sergie Avdeyev accumulated 747.6 days in space in three trips to the space station. The longest American stay was that of Shannon Lucid, who spent 188 days aboard Mir in 1996.
　　Despite the many firsts Mir accomplished, 1997 was a bad year out of 15 for Mir. In 1997, an oxygen generator caught fire. Later, the main computer system broke down, causing the station to drift several times and there were power failures.
　　Most of these problems were repaired, with American help and suppliers, but Mir’s reputation as a space station was ruined.
　　Mir’s setbacks are nothing, though, when we compare them with its accomplishments. Mir was a tremendous success, which will be remembered as a milestone in space exploration and the space station that showed long-term human habitation in space was possible. But it’s time to move on to the next generation. The International Space Station being built will be better, but it owes a great debt to Mir. (出处：2023年职称英语教材理工类概括大意与完毕句子    第八篇The Mir Space Station)
　　36. We can learn from the passage that the Mir Space Station
　　A. was designed to last over 5 years.
　　B. played host to 7 astronauts from different countries.
　　C. was visited only by Americans.
　　D. was built by Russians.
37. One of the contributions Mir makes to science is that it
　　A. help astronauts get close to Mars.
　　B. enables scientists to develop new scientific equipment.
　　C. sets a record of the longest single human stay in space.
　　D. shows that multinational op