定语从句及相关术语.doc

定语从句及相关术语
　　1.定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
　　2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。
　　3.定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。主要由形容词担任。此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任．单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。
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（一） 限定性定语从句
　　一、关系代词
　　1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。[eg：this is your book （which）you want。]而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置
　　2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢
　　3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括当先行词是anything, everything, nothing ,few, all, none, little, some等不定代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时等，这时的that常被省略 还有先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,或先行词就是序数词或最高级时.以及先行词中既有人又有物时.还有句中前面有which时,都只能用that
　　4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
　　二、关系副词
　　关系副词=介词+关系代词
　　why=for which
　　where=to which
　　when=during which
　　whose=of which
　　1. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句
　　2. when引导定语从句表示时间［注］值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导
　　By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
　　3. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样.
　　4. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导
　　There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。
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（二）非限定性定语从句
　　非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
　　1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
　　2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
　　Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
　　My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.　我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
　　This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
　　3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
　　He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
　　Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
　　4. 有时as也可用作关系代词
　　5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物.；
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（三）关系代词引导的定语从句
　　1.who指人，在从句中做主语
　　(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
　　(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
　　2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。
　　(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
　　(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.
　　注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。
　　如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to.
　　如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book.
　　(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend
　　3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略
　　(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
　　(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
　　4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。
　　在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
　　(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
　　(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
　　5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语
　　(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
　　(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替
　　(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
　　(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
　　(5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow?
　　(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?
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（四）注意
　　介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时
　　从句常由介词+关系代词引导
　　(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
　　(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.
　　(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
　　(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
　　(5) We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.
　　(6) We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
　　注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等
　　(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T＝正确)
　　(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F＝错误)
　　2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose
　　(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)
　　(2) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)
　　(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)
　　(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)
　　3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词
　　(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
　　(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
　　(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
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（五）关系副词引导的定语从句
　　1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语
　　(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
　　(2) The time when we got together finally came.
　　2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语
　　(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
　　(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
　　3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语
　　(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
　　(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
　　注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
　　(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
　　(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
　　(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.
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（六）判断关系代词与关系副词　
　　方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，则要求用关系代词。例如：　
　　This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.　
　　I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.　
　　判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）　
　　（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.　
　　（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.　
　　（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.　
　　（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.　
　　习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
　　方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days ago?　
A. where　B. that　C. on which　D. the one
1. A football fan(球迷) is _____ has a strong interest in football.
A. a thing that B. something that C. a person who D. what
2. The house, _____ was destroyed in the terrible fire, has been repaired.
A. the roof of which B. which roof C. its roof D. the roof
3. Can you lend me the novel _____ the other day?
A. that you talked B. you talked about it C. which you talked with D. you talked about
4. The matter _____ you were arguing about last night has been settled.
A. that B. what C. why D. for which
5. They talked for about an hour of things and persons _____ they remembered in the school.
A. which B. that C. who D. whom
6. Who _____ has common sense（常识） will do such a thing?
A. which B. who C. whom D. that
7. All the apples _____ fell down were eaten by the pigs.
A. that B. those C. which D. what
8. They asked him to tell them everything _____ he saw at the front.
A. what B. that C. which D. where
9. I’ll tell you _____ he told me last night.
A. all which B. all what C. that all D. all
10. A child _____ parents are dead is called an orphan.
A. who B. who’s C. whose D. which
11. Is this the museum _____ you visited the other day?
A. that B. where C. in which D. the one
12. Is this museum _____ some German friends visited last Wednesday?
A. that B. where C. in which D. the one
13. -How do you like the book?
-It’s quite different from _____ I read last month.
A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what
14. Which sentence is wrong?
A. The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put it into my mouth.
B. Do you know the boy who jumped onto the platform?
C. Science and new technology have made it possible for farmers to produce more food on the same amount of land.
D. People in ancient times took it for granted that the sun moved round the earth.
15. The train _____ she was traveling was late.
A. which B. where C. on which D. in that
16. He has lost the key to the drawer _____ the papers are kept.
A. where B. on which C. under which D. which
17. Antarctic _____ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round.
A. which B. where C. that D. about which
18. It’s the third time _____ late this month.
A. that you arrived B. when you arrived C. that you’ve arrived D.when you’ve arrived
19. He often helps the students _____ he thinks are not quick at their studies.
A. whom B. who C. when D. because
20. The Second World War _____ millions of people were killed ended in 1945.
A. when B. during that C. in which D. which
21. He was born in the year _____ the Anti-Japanese War broke out.
A. which B. when C. on which D. during which
22. Mr. Crossett will never forget the day _____ he spent with his various students.
A. when B. which C. during which D. on which
23. This is just the place _____ I am longing to visit these years.
A. that B. where C. in which D. to where

24. We are going to spend the Spring festival in Guangzhou, _____ live my grandparents and some relatives.
A. which B. that
C. who D. where
25. The hotel _____ during our holidays stands by the seaside.
A. we stayed at B. where we stayed at
C. we stayed D. in that we stayed
26. I have bought the same dress _____ she is wearing.
A. as B. that
C. which D. than
27. He is not _____ a fool _____.
A. such/as he is looked B. such/as he looks
C. as/as he is looked D. so/as he looks
28. Is that the reason _____ you are in favor of the proposal?
A. which B. what
C. why D. for that
29. Some of the roads were flooded, _____ made our journey more difficult.
A. which B. it
C. what D. that
30. He must be from Africa, _____ can be seen from his skin.
A. that B. as
C. who D. what
31. He has two sons, _____ work as chemists.
A. two of whom B. both of whom
C. both of which D. all of whom
32. The buses, _____ were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd.
A. most of that B. which most
C. most of which D. that most
33. My glasses, _____ I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.
A. which B. with which
C. without which D. that
34. Mr. Wu, _____ everybody likes, is going to give us a talk on chemistry.
A. whom B. that
C. which D. /
35. This is Mr. Smith, _____ I think has something interesting to tell us.
A. who B. whom
C. that D. /
36. _____, the compass was first made in China.
A. It is know to all B. It is known that
C. We all know D. As is known to all
37. I, _____ your good friend, will try my best to help you out.
A. who is B. who am
C. that is D. what is
38. He is a man of great experience, _____ much can be learned.
A. who B. that
C. from which D. from whom
39. It was such a serious mistake, _____ caused by carelessness.
A. which I think was B. which I think it was
C. I think which was D. I think which it was
40. He lived in London for 3 months, during _____ he picked up some English.
A. this B. which
C. that D. when
41. The general at last got a chance to visit the village _____ he used to fight, _____ he had been dreaming of for years.
A. that/which B. where/that
C. in which/what D. where/which
42. I will hire the man _____ they say is a good English speaker.
A. who B. that
C. which D. whom
43. He has to work on Sundays, _____ he does not like.
A. and which B. which
C. and when D. when
44. I gave him a warning, _____ he turned a deaf ear.
A. of which B. for which
C. to that D. to which
45. My father has made me _____ I am.
A. who B. which
C. what D. that
46. She is one of the few girls who _____ passed the examination.
A. was B. were
C. has D. have
47. He is my son, _____ a better son does not exist.
A. but B. than who
C. against whom D. than whom
48. As many members _____ were present agreed to the plan.
A. who B. that
C. which D. as
49. You may call on me from one to five o’clock, during _____ I am always at home.
A. the time B. what time
C. that time D. which time
50. China is the birthplace of kites, _____ kiteflying（放风筝） spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.
A. from there B. where
C. from where D. there
1-5 CADAB 6-10 DABDC 11-15 ADCAC 16-20 ADCBC
21-25 BBADA 26-30 ABCAB 31-35 BCCAA 36-40 DBDAB
41-45 DABDC 46-50 DCDDC英语定语从句
2008年10月27日 星期一 15:09
1 介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。
3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。
　 This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
　 This is the house where I lived two years ago.
　 Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
　 Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
2 as, which 非限定性定语从句
　　由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
　　As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
　　The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.　　
As 的用法
例1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
　　 I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。
　　As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
　　As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
　As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。
3 先行词和关系词二合一
　1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
　　 (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
　2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
　　(what 可以用all that代替)
4 what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever
1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything
　　　What you want
has been sent here.
　　　Whatever you want makes no difference to me.
2) who= the person that　 whoever= anyone who
　　 （错）Who breaks the law will be punished.
　　 （错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
　　 （对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
　　 （对）Who robbed the bank is not clear.
3) that 和 what　
　　当that引导定语从句时 ，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从　句， 用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。
　　I think (that) you will like the stamps.
　　What we need is more practice.
5 关系代词that 的用法
1）不用that的情况
　　a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
　　　 (错)　The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
　　b) 介词后不能用。
　　　　 We depend on the land from which we get our food.
　　　　 We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
　　a)　在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
　　b)　在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
　　c)　先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。　
　　d)　先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.
　　e)　先行词既有人，又有物时。
举例：
　 A