高考英语名词性从句讲与练.doc

第一部分：名词从句考点与解题思路
（1）判断问题：
放句首没有用逗号分开的，一般是主语从句，也有可能是状语从句，但从句结束后若有体现时态变化的动词，则一定是主语从句。
放及物动词后，若及物动词不是被动语态，后面一定是宾语从句；若句首为It，该及物动词是被动语态，后面一般是主语从句（It+ is + adj/n./done+ that/whether/when…）或状语从句。
放be动词后，后面就是表语从句，但 “It is/was + 从句(被强调成分) + that”是强调句（强调句中“非谓语”）。
放名词后，一般是定语从句，但若该名词有“内涵/内容”( fact/truth/news/ information /problem /suggestion /idea / doubt )， 则很可能是同位语从句。
用逗号分开的从句，一般是状语从句或 as/which引导的定语从句，也要注意用放在句中用逗号分开的“插入语”(however, for example, believe it or not等)。
When he will be back remains unknown. When he came back he turned on the TV.
I don’t know when he will be back. It is unknown when he will be back.
It was because my alarm clock was broken that I was late this morning.

Was it under the tree ______ you were talking with your friend?
Yes, but when I got back, the bike was gone.
A. when B. that C. which D. where
（2）语序问题：名词从句一定是“陈述句语序”（主语在前，谓语在后，主语前面不能有谓语动词）
When did he come back? è I don’t know when he came back.
（3）what从句问题：若名词从句中缺少主语/宾语/表语，则一般用what引导；定语从句缺少主语/宾语，则一定用关系代词引导，不缺主语或宾语，则用关系副词（when/where/why）或“介词+关系词”引导。
Tips:从句引导词中有3个词往往要加上某个词，用“两个词（或以上）”引导从句
模式： how/however/no matter how +adj/adv +主语 è<名从/状从>
whose +名词 + 主语 è<定从>
which/whose （+名词） + 主语 è<名从>
I don’t remember what size shoes he wears.
（4）that从句中的“虚拟语气”问题：
虚拟语气分2大类：
针对“现在”、“过去”、“将来”情况的“假设/虚拟”
规律：对“现在”的虚拟：用一般过去时，其中be动词一律用were(不论人称和数)
eg. If I were you, I would listen to his advice. à Were I you, …
If he were here now, he would help me. à Were he here now,…
对“过去”的虚拟：用过去完成时 had done
eg. If you had been here yesterday, you would know the answer now. <错综虚拟，时间不一致>
牛津教材：If he were here now, I would have known about it already.
If we had driven in turn, you wouldn’t have been so tired yesterday.
ð Had you been here yesterday, … Had we driven in turn,…
对“将来”的虚拟：可以用一般过去时，但要优先用should do/ were to do
eg. If it should rain tomorrow, we wouldn’t go for the picnic.
ð Should it rain tomorrow,…
但也要注意：对于“将来”的假设，有“真实条件”与“非真实条件”之分
<很可能发生的>：时间和条件状语从句，用现在时表将来（主将从现）
“主将”：将来时/祈使句/含can或may的句子
eg. If he is free tomorrow, he will come to visit us/ tell him to come here/ he can go shopping with you.
<不太可能的>：用虚拟语气, 此时主句（结果）一定有过去式的would/should/could之类。
分类: 1）if 引导的条件句后
2）wish表“但愿”/“真希望”后面的宾语从句：I wish you had been here yesterday.
区分：wish表“祝愿”： 句型è wish + sb + 名词(短语) /adj
I wish you a happy birthday.
3）as if+从句，“似乎/好像”：They talked as if they had been friends for many years
4）would rather“宁可/宁愿”：I would rather you didn’t come.
5）would/should/could等情态动词后， + have done表“对过去情况的虚拟”，往往翻译为“（原）本将会/本应该/本可以…（而实际上并非如此）”，含有“责备/后悔”之意。
You should have come here a little earlier.
Many women ______ a good job, but they always devote to their families.
A. should have got B. could have got
that引导的名词性从句若含有“建议/命令/要求（让别人去做某事）”或者“惊讶”语义时，从句用“should+do”表虚拟，其中“建议/命令/要求”后的that从句一般都省略should，用动词原形做谓语。
Eg. We suggested that he go home at once.
1）常见加含有这种虚拟语气的宾语从句的及物动词有：
suggest建议（注意它还有“暗示/表明”之意）：His accent口音 suggests that he comes from the south.
inisist坚决要求（还有“坚持认为”之意）
He insisted that we stay at his home.
His mother insisted that he wash his hands before dinner, but he insisted that he had done that.
request请求, require要求，order命令， command命令，advise劝告，recommend推荐
2）上述动词对应的名词形式后的同位语从句：He gave me his suggestion that we leave once.
3）主语为上述名词，后面的表语从句： My suggestion is that…
4）It is + suggested/insisted… + that主语从句：
5）It is + important/necessary必要/natural自然…+ that主语从句：
这是一种较弱较委婉的“让别人做某事”的说法It is important that he study hard.
6) It is/was + strange + that sb should（“竟然/居然”，不能省略） do：
It was strange that he should fail in the exam. It’s strange that such a man should be our friend.
It is (high) time that + sb + should do/ 一般过去时：“某人该做某事的时间到了/到该做某事的时候了”
细节：“某人早该做某事了”（有点迟了，有责备之意）
可以理解为：对“将来”的虚拟，只是不能用were to do
It’s time that you went to sleep.
另：It’s time for class. It’s time to have class. It’s time for us to have class.
If引导的虚拟条件句，若句中含有were, had, should，可以去掉if，将这3个词放句首：倒装句
2. 主语从句主要用于哪些句型中？
It is + (名词、形容词、过去分词) + that ...
It seems(matters / happened) that...; It occurred to me that…； It seems/appears to me that…
3. that　在名词性从句中应注意哪些问题？
★that在主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中（除宾语从句）即使不充当成分，that 不能省。
★在等表示命令、请求、建议等动词后的宾语从句中that不能省。
★在使用形式宾语的“6123结构”中，引导宾语从句的that不能省。
★由and或or所连接的两个宾语从句时，第一个从句中的that可以省；而第二个从句中的that不能省。
★that 引导的宾语从句，如果从句中还有其它状语从句，引导宾语从句的that不能省。
4. what 在名词性从句中的运用注意些什么？
★如果在主句中充当主、宾、表同时在后面从句中也充当主、宾、表，下面任何一种情况引导从句就得用what.
①主,主 ②主,宾 ③主,表 ④宾,主 ⑤宾,宾 ⑥宾,表,⑦表主⑧表,宾⑨表表
5. 宾语从句中否定转移的2点注意
①宾语从句中否定转移常出现在主句谓语动词是believe, expect, imagine, suppose, think, guess等的句子中。
②如果主句的主语是第一人称，该句的反意疑问句应与从句一致；否则应与主句一致。
6.“6123结构”指的是什么？
“6123结构”是指用不定式、动名词短语和that引导的从句作宾语，带名词或形容词作宾补时，使用it作形式宾语的复合宾语结构。
6指用于这种结构的各常用动词think , find , make ,feel, believe, consider．．．；
１指形式宾语it；
２指作宾补的名词、形容词；
３指作宾语的不定式短语、动名词短语和that引导的宾语从句。
7. 一个名词后的从句可能是哪些几种从句？如何判断？
一个名词后的从句可能是定语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句。
★如果从句作定语修饰前面的名词而且该名词在句中充当成分则是定语从句。
★如果这个名词是一个含有内涵的名词后面的从句就要考虑是同位语从句。
★如果这个名词前的谓语动词是一个可以用于双宾语句型的动词，后面的从句就可能是宾语从句。
★如果主句的主谓宾等主要成分已经完整，也有可能是一个表时间/地点等的状语从句。
8. 哪些名词属于"有内涵"的名词
plan, idea, wish, hope, news, suggestion, advice, fact, truth, matter, problem, doubt....等词可以在后面加同位语从句说明其“具体内容”。
9. 如何使用名词性从句中的whether 和if？
★ whether 用于主语从句时,既可以直接位于句首,也可以位于句末; if只能用于It 作形式主语的从句中。
★ whether 与if在宾语从句中可以互换。
★ whether 引导的从句可以充当介词宾语。而if不行。
★ whether 引导的从句可以做同位语，if则不行。
10. 同位语从句与定语从句如何区别？
同位语从句前的名词是一个含有内涵的名词。从句就是其内容。that在从句中不充当成分。而定语从句中一定缺某一个成分，引导词应该代替先行词在从句中充当句子成分。
11. 何为“就从不就主”原则？
“就从不就主”原则是指在名词性从句中，当主句中差宾语同时宾语从句中差主语，在选择whoever, whomever或 who, whom时，必须首先满足从句中的主语，故称之为"就从不就主"．
12. reason 后面有几种从句？如何判断？
定语从句： 由for which, why引导，引导词必须代替先行词在其从句中充当成分．如：What is your reason why (for which) you were late?
同位语从句：由that引导，引导词在从句中不充当句子成分．如：The reason that his alarm clock was broken this morning is not true.
表语从句：由that引导，在从句中不充当句子成分．如：The reason is that he doesn't like being laughed at in public.

第二部分：名词从句用法细节与举例
小测验：判断划线部分属哪种名词性从句
1. It is certain that she will do well in her exam.
2. The foreigner expressed his hope that he was going to visit the Great Wall again.
3. She walked up to where he stood.
4. We consider it necessary that he should improve his pronunciation.
5. This is where our problem lies.
6. What they need is a good textbook
7. I don't know who broke the window.
8. She will give whoever needs help a warm welcome.
9. I have no idea whether he has finished his homework.
10. My hometown doesn’t look what it was ten years ago.
（ 一 ）名词性从句的种类
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、介词宾语、表语、同位语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。高考常从连接词的选择、语序、语气、时态等方面来考查。

主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句
That price will go up is certain. Whether we go by train or by boat makes no difference.
Who will write the poem has not been decided yet. What surprised us is that he lost in the game.
When he will be back depends on the weather. Where we live doesn’t matter.
How the pyramids were built was still a mystery. Whatever he did is right.
Whoever comes will be welcome. Whichever you want is yours.
名词性从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将从句置于句末。例如：
　 It is not yet decided who will do that job.　 还没决定谁做这项工作。
　 It remains unknown when they are going to get married.　 他们何时结婚依然不明。
It is a pity that you missed the concert. 很遗憾你错过了那场音乐会。

宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句 (及物动词，介词和形容词后)
注意：
（1）介词后的宾语从句不能用that引导（特殊介词except/but“除外”除外）
（2）“形容词宾语”主要是 be +adj +介词+sth/what从句; be + adj + that从句
We hope (that) you will enjoy your stay here. Tell me why you don’t like school.
Don’t ask about what the meeting is for. We are certain that this is true.
（3）动词+ it +从句 （ it为形式宾语，无含义） hate, love, like, take , owe, have, see to不能直接加宾语从句
I heard it that he had gone abroad. I hate it when people speak with their mouth full.
You must see to it that no one is going to get hurt.
（4）主语 + 谓语 + 形式宾语it + 宾补 +宾语从句: I think/find it + adj + that
<“6123”结构>
6指用于这种结构的各常用动词think, find, make, feel, believe, consider．．．；
１指形式宾语it；
２指作宾补的名词、形容词；
３指作宾语的不定式短语、动名词短语和that引导的宾语从句
I feel it a terrible thing that I have to get up so early.
I took it for granted that you would stay with us. take sth for granted认为。。。理所当然；想当然地认为
表语从句
表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后
The reason was that he didn’t work hard. New York is no longer what it was ten years ago.
That is why he turned me down. The book is where you left it.
考题：Why he was late this morning is ______ he stayed up late last night.
A. because B. that C. what D. why
because 引导“原因状语从句” ；that 引导“名词从句”，不用翻译
附：leave +地点 “离开” vt.
leave for + 目的地“动身去”
leave + sth “留下/把…忘在某处” vt. 区分：stay vi.留下来/待在某处
leave +sb + doing“留下某人在做某事/ （主语）让某人做某事（自己离开不管）”
eg. The girl left the boy waiting in the rain. The mother left the little baby crying in the room.

同位语从句
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。<具体内容>
He accepted the fact that she would never come back.
Do you have any ideas where we can get cheaper secondhand car?

( 二 ) 名词性从句的引导
引导名词性从句的连接词； 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
　　 连接词：  that, whether ,if （不充当从句的任何成分）
　　 连接代词： what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which
     连接副词： when, where, how, why
I. 名词性that-从句
1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语。
其中，只有宾语从句才能省略that.例如：
　   主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck.　 他还活着全靠运气。
　   宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.　 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
　   表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。
同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
近来谁也没有见过他，这一情况令办公室所有的人不安。
　 形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job. 你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
2）That-从句作主语通常用it作形式主语，而将that-从句置于句末。例如：
　　 It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.　 很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。
　　 It's a pity that you should have to leave.　（should:“竟然/居然”，表惊讶）你非走不可真是件憾事。
　　 用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
　   a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
　　　 It is necessary that…　　　 It is important that…　　 It is obvious/clear that…　　　　    
b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
　　　 It is believed that…　　　 It is known to all that…　　 It has been decided that…　　
　    c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
　　　 It is common knowledge(常识) that… It is a surprise that… It is a fact that…　　　　     
　    d. It +不及物动词+ that-从句
　　It appears/seems (to sb)that…似乎/好像 It happens that…碰巧 It occurred to me that…某人突然想到 
II. whether, if引导的名词从句
　 从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同。例如：
需注意：if翻译为“是否”时，只能引导宾语从句，且不能直接搭配if or not…(有时可以说if…… or not)
主语： Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有等证实。
宾语： Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.
表语： The point is whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
同位语： They are looking into the question whether the man is trustworthy.　他们调查他是否值得信赖。
形容词宾语：She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come. 她怀疑我们是否能够前来。
介词宾语： I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness. 我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。
III. 名词性wh-从句
由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括what, who, whom,. whose, whoever, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。
1. what用法 １）what是连词，what 在从句中充当主语，如：what is needed，从句可充当：
主语 What is needed is time. 需要的东西就是时间。
表语 This is what is needed. 这就是需要的东西
宾语 I don’t know what is needed 我不知道需要什么。
２） what是连词，what 在从句中充当宾语，如：what he did，从句可充当：
主语 What he did surprised all of us. 他做的事情使所有的人都惊奇。
表语 This is what he did. 这就是他做的事情。
宾语 I don’t know what he did. 我不知道他做的事情。
　３）what 是连词，what在从句中充当表语，如：　what water is，从句可充当：
主语 What water is is known to us all. 水是什么是大家都知道的。
表语 What the little boy want to know is what water is. 小男孩想知道的是水是什么。
My hometown is no longer what it used to be.
宾语 Everybody knows what water is. 人人都知道水是什么。
The output(产量) is ten times ______ it was before liberation（解放）.
A. what B. that C. when
需注意：“what从句”是名词从句中的热点考点，在判断某个从句为“名词性从句”后，应该马上看该从句内部是否缺少“主/宾/表”，若缺少，一般就是what引导。
提示：可以利用“及物动词法”解题：因为及物动词只能“加宾语”或者用于“被动”，所以如果某个及物动词没有用被动，后面又没有名词/代词，则必定缺少宾语。
2. who用法　１）　who是连词，在从句中充当主语，如：　who broke the window ， 从句可充当：
主语 Who broke the window is not known yet. 谁打碎了窗户该不知道呢。
表语 The problem is who broke the window. 问题是谁打碎了窗户。
宾语 I don’t know who broke the window. 我不知道谁打碎了窗户。
　２）　who是连词，在从句中充当表语，如who he is　，从句可充当：
主语 Who he is is being looked into. 他是谁正在被调查着。
表语 The problem is who he is. 问题是他是谁。
宾语 I don’t know who he is. 我不知道他是谁。
　３）who (whom) 是连词，在从句中充当宾语，如：who (whom) I know 从句可充当：
主语 Who I know has nothing to do with you. 我认识谁与你无关。
表语 What she wants to know is who(m) I know. 他想知道我认识谁。
宾语 She doesn’t want to know who(m) I know. 她不想知道我认识谁。
3. whose用法 whose是连词，在从句中充当定语，如whose pronunciation is the best，从句可充当：
主语 Whose pronunciation is the best is an open secret.谁的语音最好是个公开的秘密。
表语 The problem is whose pronunciation is the best.问题是谁的语音最好。
宾语 I don’t know whose pronunciation is the best. 我不知道谁的语音最好。
4. where用法 where是连词，where在从句中充当地点状语，如where he worked 从句可充当：
主语 Where he worked is not far from here. 他曾经工作的地方离这儿不远。
表语 This is where he worked. 这就是他曾经工作的地方。
宾语 I know where he worked. 我知道他曾经在哪儿工作。
5. when 用法 when是连词，when在从句中充当时间状语，如when he came here 从句可充当：
主语 When he came is not known to us all. 他什么时间来的我们都不知道。
表语 The problem is when he came here. 问题是他什么时间来的。
宾语 I know when he came here. 我知道他他什么时间来的。

课堂练习
I. 用适当的连词填空：
1. I can't decide ____________ dictionary I should buy.
2. That's ____________ he refused my invitation.
3. I am very interested in ____________ he has improved his pronunciation in such a short time.
4. ____________ we need is more time.
5. The fact ____________ she had not said anything at the meeting surprised everybody.
6. ____________ and ____________ they will meet has not been decided yet.
7. Please tell me ____________ you are waiting for.
8. Is that ____________ you are looking for?
9. Would you please tell me ____________ the nearest post office is?
10. I don't know ____________ he will agree to the plan or not.
II.高考链接
1. It is pretty well understood ___ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today.
A. that B. when C. what D. how
2. --- I think it’s going to be a big problem.
--- Yes, it could be.
--- I wonder ___ we do abo