形容词、副词、连词与介词的用法.doc

形容词与副词，连词与介词的用法

一. 语法小结：
形容词的用法：
（一）形容词在句中的用法：
1. 定语：I have to look after the sick boy.
2. 表语：Don’t feel bad . Everything will be all right.
以a开头的形容词asleep , alone , alive , awake , afraid , alike , ashamed , aware ，以及content , unable , sure , sorry 等常用作表语，ill , well 等表示身体健康状况时，只作表语。作定语时要用sick 与healthy.
3. 宾补：Who left the door open ? I found him asleep.
4. 状语：He spent seven days in the wind and snow , cold and hungry. （表示动作发生的情况或方式）
Crusoe stared at the footprint , full of fear. （表示动作发生的原因）
5. 作独立成分：Strange to say , he did pass the exam after all. 说也奇怪，他到底还是通过考试了。

（二）形容词修饰名词的顺序：
1. 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序：
当几个表示不同种类的形容词同时修饰一个名词时，它的顺序是：

表示限定的词：
（1）放在冠词前的形容词有：all , both , such
（2）冠词、指示代词、物主代词、不定代词有：a , the , this , that , my , his , some , every , each , etc.
（3）序数词放在基数词的前面：the first one（第一），the second half（下半场）
表示类别的词：
表示内在性质的词要放在表示状态的词前。
（1）性质（描绘性形容词）：nice , clever , fine , beautiful , interesting
（2）状态（大小、新旧等形容词）：large , big , old , hot , red , new , young , little
（3）专用的形容词（国籍等）：Chinese , English …
（4）生产原料：wooden , plastic , cotton …
例：It is a useless , old , big , yellow English car.
这是一辆没有用的、旧的、黄色的英国大轿车。
She was a hungry , tired , sleepy little match girl.
她是一个又饿又累又想睡的卖火柴的小女孩。
All of the first five gifted American scientists were greatly honoured.
前五位杰出的美国科学家全都受到了表彰。

2. 形容词作后置定语的两种情况：
（1）由all- , some- , no- , any - 与every-+thing 等构成的不定代词（象something , everything , nothing 等），被形容词所修饰时，形容词后置。
Is there anything interesting in today’s newspaper ?
He found there’s nothing new in what she said at the meeting.
（2）下列形容词修饰名词时，也要后置。
present（出席的），available （可利用的），responsible（负责的），alive（活着的）
Do all the people present agree with him ?
He is regarded as the greatest man alive in the world.

3. 形容词与定冠词the连用：
有些形容词与定冠词the连用，表示一类人或事物，相当于一个名词，作主语时，动词用复数形式，这些形容词可以说是名词化了的形容词。
The young are fond of pop music.
Take care of the dead and the dying.
在某些习语或词组中，这种用法也不少：
from bad to worse , at large , at the best , at the most , for good , at the latest , do one’s best , in general , etc

（三）形容词的比较级与最高级的用法：
1. 同级比较的句型
（1）as+原级＋as＋被比较的对象
例：He is as diligent as the monitor.
diligent [ˈdilidʒənt] adj. 勤奋的； 勤勉的； 用功的； 费尽心血的
他与班长一样勤奋用功。
（2）主语＋谓语＋no＋形容词的比较级＋than+被比较的对象
例：He is no more careful than you are.
他不比你更仔细。

2. 比较级的句型
（1）主语＋谓语＋形容词比较级＋than＋被比较的对象
例：Do you know why winter is colder than summer ?
你知道冬天为什么比夏天冷吗？
This room is less beautiful than that one.
这间房不如那间漂亮。
（2）主语＋谓语＋not so （as）+形容词原级＋as + 被比较的对象
例：Tom is not so busy as Dick.
汤姆不如狄克忙。
（3）主语＋谓语＋the＋形容词比较级＋of＋…（两者比较）
例：He is the taller of the two brothers.
他是两兄弟中个头较高的那个。
（4）no more than （＝only , not any more than）仅仅，只有
例：His entire school education added up to no more than one year.
他全部接受教育的时间加起来也只有一年。
（5）not more than （＝at most）至多，不超过
例：He has not more than twenty yuan in his pocket.
他口袋里的钱不超过20元。

形容词的比较级还可用在某些句型中：
（1）the more …the more越是……就越…
The busier he is , the happier he is.
（2）more and more 越来越
It’s becoming more and more difficult to find a job.
（3）all the more 因而更加
As a result , the rich became all the richer.
That will make the work all the more difficult.
（4）more or less 大体上，或多或少
The question is more or less settled.
（5）more （less）than不止，不到
She can’t be more than 40.
He is more than a friend to me.
The lightest weighs less than 50 kilograms.
（6）so much the better （worse）就更好，就更糟
If he’ll help us , so mush the better . If he doesn’t work , so much the worse for him.
此外，还有any more , not any longer , no longer , had better 等句型。

3. 最高级的句型
（1）形容词最高级＋（名词）＋表示范围的状语
例：She is the most active student in our class.
她是我们班最活跃的学生。
（2）one of + 形容词最高级
例：Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in our country.
上海是我国最大城市之一。
（3）序数词＋最高级
例：Africa is the second largest continent in the world.
continent [ˈkɔntinənt] n.大陆，陆地；欧洲大陆；<美>北美洲大陆
adj.自制的，克制的；节欲的；贞洁的；禁欲的
非洲是世界第二大大陆。
（4）否定词＋形容词比较级
例：No one can be more careful than he is.
没有人比他更加仔细。
（5）形容词比较级＋than any other +名词
例：He is busier than any other worker in his workshop.
他比车间里任何一个工人都忙。

注意：“most +形容词”的结构可以表示非常高的程度，没有比较的意思，这种结构用作定语时，可以不用冠词或用不定冠词。
例：What you have said is most interesting.
你说的很有趣。
He wrote me a most interesting letter.
他给我写了一封很有趣的信。

4. 注意表示倍数的比较级的几种句式
（1）倍数（或份数）＋as + 形容词＋as＋被比较的对象
例：This room is about two thirds as large as that one.
这个房间大约是那个房间的三分之二。
Asia is four times as large as Europe.
亚洲面积有欧洲4倍之大。
（2）倍数（或分数、百分数）＋形容词比较级＋than +被比较的对象
例：Our school is three times bigger than yours.
我们学校比你们学校大3倍。
（3）倍数（或分数）＋the size of +被比较的对象
例：The new factory is five times the size of the old one.
新厂的规模是旧厂的5倍。
注意：除了以上一些比较句型外，还有其它一些表示比较的方法。
例：He is twice my age. 他的年龄比我大一倍。
There is only one year between us.
我们之间只差一岁。

5. 易错形容词与名词的搭配

注意：对于这类名词常用what提问。
例：What’s the population of Beijing ?
北京的人口是多少？

副词的用法：
（一）副词在句中的作用：
副词在句中主要用作状语，它可以用来修饰动词（a），形容词（b），副词（c），有时用来修饰整个句子（d）.
a. Don’t drive too fast .
The visitors were warmly welcomed by the hosts.
b. You don’t know how grateful we are to you.
Her eyes were wide open.
c. I can’t speak so fluently as he does.
d. Frankly I don’t agree with him.
fluent [ˈflu:ənt] adj. 流畅的； 流利的； 液态的

（二）副词在句中的位置：
1. 大多数副词可以放在动词后面，
Everything goes smoothly.
I remember having seen him somewhere.
2. 频率副词通常放在动词前面或情态动词，助动词，be动词后面。
She often does this.
You must always remember this.
She is seldom ill.
He has never been late.
还有一些副词也放在这个位置上，如：already , yet , once , nearly , almost , just , really , suddenly , certainly , still , soon , surely , etc
I almost forgot about the whole thing.
You must really be careful.
上面所谈副词中也有少数可以放在动词后面。
I remember having seen him once.
Such things do happen sometimes.

3. 一些形容整个句子的副词通常放在句子的开头。
Actually , obviously , generally speaking , fortunately , unfortunately , strangely , hopefully , first of all , at first , perhaps , certainly , originally , basically
Luckily Peter was there.

4. 程度副词一般都放在它所修饰的词前面。
I’m terribly sorry about it.
We meet fairly often.
This book is definitely more suitable for children to read than that one.
I don’t quite agree with you.

（三）副词的修饰作用：
表示程度的修饰语在运用中应注意习惯，还应注意程度的比较。
1. 表示“轻微”程度（a little , a bit , a little bit …）
例：I felt a little tired. 我觉得有一点累。
The clock is a bit slow.
这个闹钟慢了一点。

2. 表示“一定”程度（quite , fairly …）
例：The book is quite good .
这本书相当好。
3. 表示“强调”程度（very , very much , so …that …, too …to… , much…）。
例：The novel is very interesting.
那部小说很有趣。
George was very （much , very much）delighted to see his aunt.
4. much too + 形容词是一种表示“强调”程度的结构。
例：You are here much too late.
你来这里太迟了。

下面的过去分词是形容词，可用much来修饰：
frightened , excited , disappointed , pleased , satisfied , interested , surprised等。

5. 在英语中能用来修饰比较级结构的词有：a bit , a little , rather , much , many , far , by far , a lot , a great deal , any , still , even 等。
例：The film was far better than I had expected.
这部电影比我预料的要好得多。
Houses are much （far , a lot）more expensive these days.
最近房价比以前要贵得多。

用many与much来修饰比较级时，要注意后面是可数名词还是不可数名词；名词是可数名词，要用many more ；名词是不可数名词要用much more。
比较：
I spend much more time on English than I did.
我现在花比以前更多的时间学英语。
I spend many more hours a day on English than I did.
与以前相比，每天我多花了几个小时学英语。

此外，倍数词、数量词短语，也可作比较级结构的修饰语，any修饰比较级形容词时，多用于否定句或疑问句中。下列词语可用来修饰形容词或副词的最高级。
far , by far , much , nearly , almost
常用的修饰最高级的程度副词
一般常用的有almost , altogether , by far , far , nearly , practically , quite , the very 等。
区别：far总是放在比较级或最高级之前。
by far可以放在比较级或最高级前或后。
例：This is far the best of all.
这是所有当中最好的。
In our class he is the tallest by far.
在我们班他是个子最高的。
He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
他是两兄弟当中个子高的那个。

（四）两种形式相似，但意义不同的副词辨析：
hard（艰苦地），hardly（几乎不），fair（公正），fairly（相当），high（高），highly（高度的），firm（稳定），firmly（完全地），most（非常），mostly（主要地），clear（清晰地），clearly（显然），near（接近），nearly（几乎）
例：

（五）常用副词辨析：
1. a bit , a little
辨析：a little 与a bit都有“一点儿，有点儿”的意思，可以修饰形容词、副词等，意思相近。
在修饰名词时，a little 后面可直接接不可数名词，而a bit 后面须加上of，再接不可数名词。
另外，not a little 相当于much ，而not a bit 则相当于not at all （一点也不）。
例：It’s a little / a bit cold here . 这儿有点冷。
That’s a bit / a little much to pay.
那笔要付的钱多了一些。
There is a little milk in the glass. 或There is a bit of milk in the glass.
玻璃杯里有点儿牛奶。
I’m not a little tired. 我很累。
I’m not a bit tired. 我一点不累。

2. almost , nearly
辨析：almost 与nearly作“几乎，差一点，差不多，将近”解。只是nearly 表示的程度与差距比almost 大。
（1）两者都可以修饰all , every , always 等词，都可用于否定句中。
（2）在very , pretty , not 后面用nearly , 不用almost。
（3）在any , no , never 前用almost，不用nearly。
（4）与not连用，多用nearly。not nearly表示“远没有……”之义。
例：We are almost home.
我们就要到家了。
（比较：We are nearly home. 我们快要到家了。）
Almost no one （= Hardly anyone ）believed the stranger.
几乎没有一个人相信这位陌生人。
It isn’t nearly so easy as you think.
这远远不如你所想像的那么容易。
fairly ,
辨析：fairly 意思为“相当地，适度地，说得过去地”，一般用来表示积极的含义，主要用于“好”的一方面。fairly 与普通副词相同，即冠词a / an 不能置其后，必须置其前。
rather一般用来表示消极的含意。
（1）可与too连用。
（2）可与形容词或副词比较级连用。
（3）可与动词连用。
quite 通常侧重主观看法，意为“完全地，几乎”，用于某些动词之前。
This test is rather too difficult for me and rather too easy for you.
这次考试对我来说相当难，而对你来说相当容易。
The weather was rather worse than I had expected.
天气比我所预料的更糟糕。
I rather want to see this film. 我很想去看电影。
I don’t quite agree with you.
我并不完全同意你的意见。
对比：This is a fairly easy book.
这是一本相当浅显的书。（指容易而适当。）
This is a rather easy book.
这本书过于浅显。（指过分容易而不适当。）
前者表示肯定或赞许，后者表示否定或不以为然。
习惯用语：would rather …than…（宁愿……而不……），would rather not…（宁愿不……）

连词的用法：
（一）连词的分类：
连词主要分为两类：并列连词与从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词，词组，或分句。从属连词是用来引起从句的。

（二）连词的用法：
并列连词：
1. 表示意思转折的：
but , yet , however , nevertheless ,
It was raining hard . However , he went on with his work .
She had failed many times , nevertheless she didn’t give up.
2. 表示因果关系的：for , therefore,
He broke the law ; therefore he was put in prison.
3. 其他的并列连词：and , or , either … or , neither … nor …, not only …but also …, both … and … , as well as
从属连词
1. 引导时间，原因，条件，让步，比较，目的，结果等状语从句的从属连词
when , while , as , after , before , since , until , as soon as , once , // because , as , since , now that , seeing that // if , even if , unless , in case , as long as , on condition that // though , although , // than , as … as , not as （so）… as // so that , in order that // so … that …, such … that … //

2. 引导主语，宾语，表语从句的从属连词
that , whether , if

介词的用法：
介词是英语中搭配最强，也是最活跃的词类之一，应重点掌握。完形填空、短文改错均有考查。

（一）常用介词的基本用法及搭配：
常用介词有at , in , for , of , from , with , by , behind , outside , above , before , after , below , over , under , between , among 等。
at daybreak/at dawn（在破晓）,，at this time （moment）（此刻），at one time（同时，过去有个时期），
at the beginning （of）（在……之初），at the end of （在……之末），
at noon （在正午），at night （在夜晚），at first （起先），at last （最后）， at once （马上）
at the post office , at the airport , at home , at the weekend , at the age of 25 , at the end of , at sunset , at Christmas , at sea , at once , at first , at last , at least , at work , at all , at the same time , at birth , at present , at sight of , at any time , at the most , at the bottom , at the head of , at a time , at times , at the base , at the time of , at the speed of , at a height of , at the top , at college , at breakfast , at the latest

sunset [ˈsʌnset] n. 日落（时），薄暮； 晚霞； 黄昏
adj. 定期废止的
dawn [dɔ:n] n. 黎明，拂晓； 开端； 醒悟
vi. 破晓，（天）刚亮； 开始出现； 变得明朗
vt. （开始）被理解，被领悟； 被看清，被想到
daybreak [ˈdeɪˌbreɪk] n. 拂晓，黎明； 天亮； 旦； 天明
birth [bə:θ] n. 出生； 分娩； 起源； 出身
born [bɔ:n] vt. bear的过去分词； 支撑，支持； 亲自携带，运输
vi. 结果，生产； 与……有关
adj. 出生的，出身于……的； 天生的，天赋的

in the world , in China , in the evening , in （the）future , in the snow （rain , storm）, in 1997 , in March , in ink , in English , in the newspaper （book , magazine）, in those days , in the past , in all , in fact , in a hurry , in short , in public , in return , in turn , in a word , in detail , in time , in the end , in order to , in danger , in this way , in that case , in a short while , in search of , in place of , in the air , in case , in common , in the hope of , in need of , in other words , in praise of , in silence , in space , in the past , in one’s opinion , in modern times , in surprise , in a minute , in the centre of , in the heart of , in the open air , in bed

on Monday , on Sundays , on the phone , on foot , on the blackboard , on （in ）the street , on paper , on the head （shoulder , door）, on your right （left）, on business , on Tuesday evening , on my birthday , on the other hand , on fire , on business , on duty , on time , on sale , on TV , on top of , on holiday , on the radio , on show , on earth , on the earth , on board , on the air , on fire , on average , on one’s own , and so on

by ship （sea , water）, by plane （air）, by bus（bike）, by himself, by chance , by hand , by heart , by mail , by mistake , by phone , by lorry , by law , by accident , by force , by road , year by year , side by side , stone by stone , by now（then）

for that reason , for example , for two years , for ever , for the time being , for sale , for free , for one thing , for oneself , for nothing , for a while , for long

（be）of much use , die of , be made of(可以看出原料) , a map of China , a cup of tea（coffee）, a piece of bread , rob sb. of sth ., be fond of , make fun of（嘲弄， 取笑； 开玩笑）, be tired of , of one’s own , of course , because of , instead of , run out of

to the door , to one’s surprise （joy , astonishment , satisfaction）, to the east（north） of … , key （answer , entrance）to …, come up to , add up to , speak to , talk to , be open to the public , to the point , thanks to.

（二）容易错、常考的介词及搭配
1. be made of （物理变化）由……而制成），be made from （化学变化）由……而制成），make A into B（把A制成B），be made in （由某地）生产）

2. call on = visit （拜访），call for sb. （邀约某人）＝go and pick sb. up / call at a place（拜访某地）
3. on business（出差）/strike （罢工）/duty（值日）/ holiday（度假）/ fire（失火）/vacation （度假）/watch（警戒）/sale（出售）/leave（请假）/guard（警戒）

4. have some trouble / difficulty （in）doing sth. （在做……方面有困难），have a habit（习惯）/idea（想法）/plan（计划）of doing sth.

5. A is pleased to B , B is pleased with A （对……感到高兴）

6. get tired of （……感到厌烦）

7. with the help of , under th