意象图式语言学第六章复习课程.ppt

,*,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,LOGO,Click to edit Master title style,意象图示Image Schema,王雅静,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents,Contents 1,1,2,意象图示,范畴的概念,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,Contents 2,范畴化,范畴,（category）：指事物在认知中的归类。,范畴化,（categorization）：主客观相互作用对事物进行分类的过程。,是人类对世界万物进行分类的一种高级认知活动，在此基础上人类才有了形成概念的能力。,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,Contents 2,基本范畴,大脑如何对事物进行最有效的分类和组织？,认知科学发现，大脑是从中间层面开始认识事物的。这一层面被称为“基本范畴层面”，在此层面上，人们的分类与客观主义的自然分类最接近，人们处理自然的事物最有效、最成功。在此层面上所感知的范畴叫做“基本范畴”。,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,Contents 2,范畴等级结构,上位范畴,基本范畴,下属范畴,概括,特指,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,Contents 2,意象图示,在人的认知体系中，除了基本范畴之外，对事物之间关系的认知构成了另一个重要的认知层面，莱考夫称之为,动觉意象图示,（kinesthetic image schema），或简称为,意象图示,（image schema）。,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,Contents 2,图示,“图示”在古希腊哲学家眼中被视为一种固定的模板（fixed templates）。康德认为“图示”是连接感知和概念的纽带。英国心理学家F.Bartlett发现：人的记忆能够把各种信息和经验组织成认知结构，形成常规图示，储存于人们的记忆之中，新的经验可通过与其对比而被理解。皮亚杰则运用“图示观”来论述他的发生心理学和建构论思想，认为“图示来源于动作”。,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,Contents 2,图示,In our understanding of language in general,there seems to be a schema for lexicalization,the sense of which is that the act of lexicalizing something is the act of presenting it as an established category of human thought.If a lexical item exists,in other words,it must exist as some part of a frame and must correspond to some part of a schema.,By Fillmore,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,Contents 2,意象,“意象”常作为心理学术语，多指一种心理表征。指人在某物不在场时但在心智中还能想象得出该物的形象，这是在没有外界具体实物刺激输入的情况下，人在心智中依旧能够获得其印象的一种认知能力。,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,Contents 2,意象图示,意象图示是在对事物之间基本关系的认知的基础上所构成的认知结构，是人类经验和理解中一种联系抽象关系和具体意象的组织结构，是反复出现的对知识的组织形式，是理解和认知更复杂概念的基本结构，人的经验和知识是建立在这些基本结构和关系之上的。,意象图示不是具体的形象，而是抽象的认知结构。它已脱离了具体的、丰富的形象，而是一种只包含少数构成成分和简单关系的结构，是非命题的抽象结构。,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,Contents 2,意象图示的三个定义,(l)An image schema is a recurring，dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience.(Johnson，1987:xiv),意象图式是感知互动及感觉运动活动中的不断再现的动态结构，这种结构给我们的经验以连贯和结构。,(2)Image schemas can be generally be defined as dynamic analog representations of spatial relations and movements in space.(Gibbs and Colston，1995:349),意象图式一般可以定义为空间关系和空间中,运动的动态模拟表征。,(3)Briefly，an image schema is a condensed redescription of perceptual experience for the purpose of mapping spatial structure onto conceptual structure.(Oakley),简单说来，意象图式是为T把空间结构映射到概念结构而对感性经验进行的压缩性的再描写。,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,Contents 2,意象图示,人类的身体运动、对事物的操纵和感知互动包括反复出现的样式，如果没有这种样式，我们的经验就将变得一团糟，并不可理解。我把这种样式叫做“意象图示”，因为他主要起意象性抽象结构的功能。,Johnson,意象图示是我们日常身体经验中反复出现的比较简单的结构。,Lackoff,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,意象图示的特点,意象图式是一种抽象结构;,它来源于人体在外部空间世界中的活动，具有体验性;,它是许多具有一些共同特点的活动的“骨架”;,它是头脑中抽象的、看不见摸不着的表征;,它在人类的活动中是不断再现的;,它被用来组织人类的经验，把看似无关的经验联系起来;,它产生于人类的具体经验，但由于人类可以把它映射到抽象概念中去，因此它可以被用来组织人类的抽象概念。,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,意象图示,句法构造,意象图示,原型,范畴,概念、意义,心智空间+CM+ECM=认知模型理论,解释语义,互动体验,原型理论,经典理论,形成,建构,建构,形成,建构,王寅,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,Contents 2,意象图示,意象图示,容器图示,CONTAINER,Schema,平衡图示 BALANCE Schema,起点-路径-目标图示,SOURCE-PATH-GOAL,Schema,中心-边缘图示,CENTER-PERIPHERY,Schema,连接图示,LINK,Schema,部分-整体图示,The PART-WHOLE,Schema,线性图示 LINEAR ORDER Schema,力图示 FORCE Schema,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,起点-路径-目标图示,SOURCE-PATH-GOAL Schema,生理基础,：当物体从一个地点移到另一个地点时，一定有起点、终点和路径。,构成要素,：起点、终点、路径、方向,目的被看成是终点，到达目的是“到达终点”；人们go a long way toward achieving ones purpose,find something in ones way.,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,中心-边缘图示,CENTER-PERIPHERY Schema,生理基础,：人体具有中心（躯体和内脏器官）和边缘（手指、脚趾、头发等）；同样，树和植物具有树干、树枝、树叶。,构成要素,：实体、边缘,中心是重要的，边缘是不重要的，边缘依赖中心而存在。社会组织有“核心成员”，理论有central and periphery principles.,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,部分-整体图示,The PART-WHOLE Schema,生理基础,：人本身以及其他物体是由部分组成的整体。,构成要素,：整体、部分、构造,在此图示中，只有部分存在于同一结构中才构成整体。人的经验将家庭及其他社会团体视为有部分组成的整体，如离婚被视为“解体”。,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,容器图示,CONTAINER Schema,生理基础,：人的身体是一个三维容器，由于人体的特点和地球的引力，人与外部世界的这种关系首先形成一种空间关系。,构成要素,：里、外、边界,如In、out等词汇，人们从空间结构获得了这种图示，又将它用于对世界其他经验的建构，即将其他非容器的事物、状态等也看作是容器，并依此来认知和描述。,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,连接图示,LINK Schema,生理基础,：人的第一连接物是脐带,构成要素,：两个实体、一个连接关系,社交和人际关系被看成是一种连接关系，人们make connection,break social ties；奴隶制被视作“桎梏”等。,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,Contents 2,Thank you!,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,中心-边缘图式,CENTER-PERIPHERY Schema,生理基础,：人体具有中心（躯体和内脏器官）和边缘（手指、脚趾、头发等）；同样，树和植物具有树干、树枝、树叶。,构成要素,：实体、边缘,中心是重要的，边缘是不重要的，边缘依赖中心而存在。社会组织有“核心成员”，理论有central and periphery principles.,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,容器图式,CONTAINER Schema,生理基础,：人的身体是一个三维容器，由于人体的特点和地球的引力，人与外部世界的这种关系首先形成一种空间关系。,构成要素,：里、外、边界,如In、out等词汇，人们从空间结构获得了这种图示，又将它用于对世界其他经验的建构，即将其他非容器的事物、状态等也看作是容器，并依此来认知和描述。,He left,out,some minor details when he retold the story.,Thank you for hearing me,out.,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,循环图式,CYCLE Schema,生理基础,：,构成要素,：起点，不受阻碍的事件进程，回到起点。,在其上有一个从高峰到低谷的结构。,Days/weeks/years/sleeping/waking/breathing/circulation/emotional building/realse。,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,力图式,FORCE Schema,It involves physical or metaphorical causal interaction.It includes the following elements:a source and target of the force,a direction and intensity of the force,a path of motion of the source and target,a sequence of causation.Here are some kinds of force schemas:an attraction schema,a balance schema,a blockage schema,a compulsion schema,a counterforce schema,a diversion schema,an enablement schema,a restraint removal schema.,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,连接图式,LINK Schema,生理基础,：人的第一连接物是脐带,构成要素,：两个实体、一个连接关系,社交和人际关系被看成是一种连接关系，人们make connection,break social ties；奴隶制被视作“桎梏”等。,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,部分-整体图式,The PART-WHOLE Schema,生理基础,：人本身以及其他物体是由部分组成的整体。,构成要素,：整体、部分、构造,在此图示中，只有部分存在于同一结构中才构成整体。人的经验将家庭及其他社会团体视为有部分组成的整体，如离婚被视为“解体”。,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,路径图式,PATH Schema,生理基础,：当物体从一个地点移到另一个地点时，一定有起点、终点和路径。,构成要素,：起点、终点、路径、方向,目的被看成是终点，到达目的是“到达终点”；人们go a long way toward achieving ones purpose,find something in ones way.,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,标量图式,SCALE Schema,It involves an increase or decrease of physical or metaphorical amount,and consists of any of the following:a closed-end or open-ended progression of amount,a position in the progression of amount,one or more norms of amount,a calibration of amount.Here are some examples of scale schemas:physical amount,properties in the number system.,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,Contents 1,垂直图式,VERTICALITY Schema,涉及“上”和“下”的关系。如：standing upright,climbing stairs,viewing a flagpole,watching water rise in a tube.,Evaluation only.,Created with Aspose.Slides for.NET 3.5 Client Profile 5.2.0.0.,Copyright 2004-2011 Aspose Pty Ltd.,