名词从句与定语从句的区别及解题技巧.doc

名词从句与定语从句的区别及解题技巧
蔡湛艺

摘要：由于名词从句与定语从句的部分引导词相同的缘故，很多学生容易把两者混淆。其实，我们可以从从句的功能和所处的位置、同位语从句和定语从句的区别、句意决定从句的属性等三种途径区分它们。确定从句的属性后，我们可以从名词从句中的所缺成分及定语从句的先行词等角度确定从句的关系引导词。本文还附有近十年的高考真题演练。

关键词：名词从句，定语从句，引导词

由于名词从句与定语从句的部分引导词相同的缘故，很多学生容易把两者混淆。其实，我们可以从以下三种途径区分它们。
一、 由两种从句的功能和所处的位置进行区别。
名词从句的主要功能是充当句中的主语、宾语、同位语和表语，它们的位置一般处于句首、动词或介词之后；而定语从句的功能是起修饰和限定先行词的作用，一般处于名词、代词或名词短语之后。如：
1. Whether we will go picnicking depends on the weather. （位于句首，为主语从句）
2. I learned that he was a famous writer. （位于谓语动词后，为宾语从句）
3. He is satisfied with what you’ve done. （位于介词后，为宾语从句）
4. That is why I came here. (位于系动词后，为表语从句)
5. I will never forget the days when we got together. （在名词day后，为定语从句）
6. This is the book that I have been looking for. （在名词book后，为定语从句）
7. The reason why he came home late is that he was trapped in the traffic jam. （前句在名词reason后，为定语从句；后句在be动词后，为表语从句）

二、同位语从句和定语从句的区别。
有些表示“看法、问题、事实、消息”等名词如thought, idea, belief, question, doubt, problem, fact, news, information, order, hope, answer, conclusion等后面既可以接同位语从句，也可以接定语从句。区别的办法要看这些词在从句中有没充当什么成分。如：
The idea that we invited him yesterday is quite good. （idea在从句中没充当任何成分，that在此无词义，引导的从句属同位语从句）
The idea that he thought of is quite good.（idea在从句中是of的宾语，that指代the idea，引导的从句是定语从句，修饰限定先行词the idea.）

三、由句意决定从句的属性。
如：Danby left word with my secretary ______ he would call again in the afternoon. （05年浙江，15）
A. who B. that C. as D. which
有些粗心的考生可能一看到从句前是个名词secretary，就马上选择A项，根本不考虑句子意思。本题题意是“Danby给我的秘书留下话说他将在下午再打电话来”。明显，从句的内容是word的同位语，而不是修饰secretary的定语。

确定从句的属性后，我们可以从以下角度确定引导词：
一、名词从句，要先根据句子意思，再看从句中缺少什么成分，从而确定相应的引导词。如：
1. Mary wrote an article on _________ the team had failed to win the game. (05全国卷I, 23)
A. why B. what C. who D. that
根据句意“玛丽写了一篇关于球队失利的原因的文章”，从句中主谓宾成分都具备，即the team(主语) had failed (谓语) to win the game(宾语)等已齐全，缺的是原因状语，所以选why。
这句话如果改为：
Mary wrote an article on ______ had failed to win the game.或Mary wrote an article on _______ failed the team to win the game的话，第一个空缺少的是主语who, 意为“玛丽写了一篇关于谁输了这场比赛的文章”；第二个空缺少的也是主语，但从句意来看，不是“谁导致球队输”，而是“什么（原因）导致球队输”，所以应该填what才对。
2. There is a problem _______ they should continue the work.
A. whether B. that C. what D. which
从句意得知，从句“他们应该继续工作”的前提是“问题”，因此，这里要选A项，“有个问题是他们是否该继续工作”。如果选B，这句话的题干就应该改为“There is no problem that they should continue the work.”（毫无疑问，他们应该继续工作。）

二、定语从句，由先行词决定关系词。
如果先行词是表示时间或地点的名词，则把该名词置于从句的谓语动词后，看是否要加上介词才使句子逻辑通顺，如果是，那就确定先行词在从句中充当时间或地点状语，引导词用when或where或介词加which；不用加介词的话，则充当从句的宾语，引导词用that或which。例如：
1. This is the place ________ she used to visit.
2. This is the place ________ she used to live.
A. that B. where C. which D. in which
第1小题，把先行词the place置于visit后，“she used to visit the place”，不用加上介词，也就是说，the place是visit的宾语，应该选择A或C；第2小题的the place放在live后，要加上介词in才使句子逻辑通顺，即“she used to live in the place”，the place在第2小题的从句中充当地点状语，所以应该选B或D。
另外，有些题干会把一些固定搭配的动词短语拆开，让考生选择适当的选项。这时，考生要懂得还原短语，也就是在关系代词前加上题干所缺的介词。如：
There’s nobody ________ she could turn for help.
A. whom B. to whom C. who D. for whom
考生要知道固定短语turn to sb. for help（向某人求助），先行词nobody在从句中充当to的宾语，所有应该选B。

总的来说，引导词在名词从句中除了that无词义外，其他所有的连接词在从句中的词义及功能同疑问词本身的词义和用法；定语从句中的引导词除了as表示“正如…”外，都没有词义，只是起指代先行词和连接从句的作用。做题的时候，先从句意和从句所处的位置判断该从句的属性，然后再根据句子语境选择适当的答案，这样的话，思路就会豁然开朗，解题也会容易多了。

名词从句与定语从句的引导词及其在从句中的作用一览表
引导词
名词从句
定语从句
词义
在从句中充当的成分
先行词所指
在从句中充当的成分
that
无词义
不作成分，只起连接作用
人/物/事
主语、宾语、表语
which
哪个
主语、宾语、定语
物/事
主语、宾语、表语
who
谁
主语、宾语、表语
人
主语、宾语
whom
谁
宾语、表语
人
宾语
whose
谁的
定语
人/物的所有格
定语
when
什么时候
时间状语
时间
时间状语
where
什么地方
地点状语
地点
地点状语
why
为什么
原因状语
原因
原因状语
as
\
\
人/物/事
主语、宾语、表语
what
什么，所…的
主语、宾语
\
\
whether / if
是否
不作成分，只起连接作用
\
\
how
如何，怎么样
程度状语
\
\
how many /much
多少
定语
\
\
how soon /often / long
多久/经常/长
状语
\
\
whatever, whoever, whomever
无论什么/谁
主语、宾语、表语
\
\
whosever, whichever
无论谁的/哪个
定语
\
\
whenever, wherever
无论何时/何处
状语
\
\

历年高考真题演练：
1. (06年全国卷) See the flags on top of the building? That was _____ we did this morning.
A. when B. which C. where D. what
2. (06年全国卷) Please remind me ______ he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off.
A. where B. when C. how D. what
3. (06年安徽卷)A warm thought suddenly came to me ________ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday.
A. if B. when C. that D. which
4. (06年福建卷) Look out! Don’t get too close to the house _______ roof is under repair.
A. whose B. which C. of which D. that
5. (06年陕西卷) She was educated at Beijing University, _______ she went on to have her advanced study abroad.
A. after which B. from which C. from that D. after that
6. (05年重庆卷) The old lady’s hand shook frequently. She explained to her doctor _____ this shaking had begun half a year before, and _______, only because of this, she had been forced to give up her job.
A. when; how B. how; when C. how; how D. why; why
7. (05年安徽卷) Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer ______ it was 20 years ago, ______ it was so poorly equipped.
A. what; when B. that; which C. what; which D. which; that
8. (05年广东卷) Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes ______ people were eaten by the tiger.
A. that B. by which C. which D. in which
9. (05年广东卷) Some researchers believe that there is no doubt ______ a cure for AIDS will be found.
A. which B. what C. that D. whether
10. (04年北京卷) We cannot figure out _______ quite a number of insects, birds, and animals are dying out.
A. that B. as C. why D. when
11. (04年广东卷) Parents are taught to understand ______ important education is to their children’s future.
A. that B. how C. such D. so
12. (04年全国卷)The English play _______ my students acted at the New Year's party was a great success.
A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which
13. (04年全国卷)You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is _______I disagree.
A. why B. where C. what D. how
14. (02年全国卷)The mother didn’t know ______ to blame for the broken glass as it happened
while she was out.
A. who B. when C. how D. what
15. (02年全国卷) I work in a business almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.
A. how B. which C. where D. that
16. (01年全国卷) _____ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
A. It B. As C. That D. What
17. (01年全国卷) The film brought the hours back to me _____ I was taken good care of in that far-away village.
A. until B. that C. when D. where
18. (00年全国卷) Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ________, of course , made the others unhappy.
A．who B．which C．this D．what
19. (99年全国卷) －－I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
－－Is that ＿＿＿＿＿ you had a few days off?
A. why B. when C. what D. where
20. (99年全国卷)You should make it a rule to leave things＿＿＿＿＿you can find them again
A. when B. where C. then D. there
21. (99年全国卷)Carol said the work would be done by October ＿＿＿personally I doubt very much.
A. it B. that C. when D. which
22. (98年全国卷)Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge, I can't remember _____.
A. where B. there C. which D. that
23. (98年全国卷) we can't get seems better than we have.
A. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That; what
24. (98年全国卷). we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where
25. (96年全国卷) After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town he grew up as a child.
A. which B. where C. that D. when

答案：
1-5: D B C A A 6-10: C A D C C 11-15: B C B A C 16-20: B C B A B 21-25: D C A B B
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