2012届高考英语-常考基本词汇讲解讲义系列(六).doc

2012届高考常考基本词汇讲解讲义系列（六）
重点单词详解
1．expose vt. (常与to连用)暴露；使暴露；使曝光；揭露
expose 可以用于引申，表示“使受(危险、风险等)”。exposed还常用作补足语。
exposure n. 暴露；揭露
1)You shouldn't ________ the soldiers to unnecessary risks. 你不该让士兵们冒不必要的危险。
2)Don't ________ the film to light. 不要把胶片曝光。
3)The boy hid himself behind the curtain, leaving his feet ______.男孩藏在窗帘后面，露出双脚。
【答案】　1)expose　2)expose　3)exposed
(1)单项填空
Her youth and beauty will ________ her to a lot of dangers.
A．expose　 B．expand C．expect D．explode
【答案与解析】　A　expose“使暴露”，常与to连用。 题意：她的年轻美貌将使她面临许多危险。expand “使膨胀；扩张”； expect “期待；盼望”； explode“爆炸”。
(2)名校押题
—How did she get infected?
—Because she ________ the viruses without any protection.
A．had exposed to B．exposed to C．had exposed D．had been exposed to
【答案与解析】　D　be exposed to“暴露在……”，根据上文的get infected可知要用过去完成时。
2．remark n. 谈论；评论；言论；评述 vt. & vi. 评论；说起；谈及
remarkable adj. 值得注意的；十分不平常的；出众的
remarkably adv. 不寻常地；突出地
remark on / upon 评论；谈论
1)That ________ was intended as a joke. 那句话本来只是个玩笑。
2)Don't make / pass rude ________ about his appearance. 不要对他的外貌胡乱品评。
3)Everyone ________ ________ his absence. 人人对他的缺席都评论了一番。
4)The editor ________ ________ article was well written. 编辑说那篇文章写得很好。
【答案】　1)remark　2)remarks　3)remarked on　4)remarked that
remark和state用法辨析
remark 所表示的“说话”含有评论性的意思。
state 是指把某件事情详细地陈述出来。
(1)用remark和state填空
1)It is rude to ________ upon the appearance of other people.
2)The busmen have ________ that the strike will continue until general agreement is reached about pay and working conditions.
【答案】　1)remark　2)stated
(2)名校押题
In your scientific lecture, you should ________ your findings in logical order and clear language.
A．remark　　 B．raise　　 C．present　　 D．put
【答案与解析】　C　题意：在你的科学讲座中，你应该按逻辑顺序并用清晰的语言介绍你的发现。remark “评论”； raise “举起；抚养”； present “介绍；展示”； put “放置”。
3．classify vt. 分类；归类；编排 vi. 属于……类
be classified into 被分类为……
classified adj. 分类的；机密的
classification n. 分类；类别
classified advertisements 分类广告
classify sb / sth as sth 划分；界定
1)People who work in libraries spend a lot of time ________ books. 图书馆工作人员花大量时间为书籍分类。
2)She ________ as one of the greatest actresses of our times. 她可以列为我们这个时代最伟大的女演员之一。
【答案】　1)classifying　2)classifies
(1)完成句子
In modern society, people ________ ________ ________ (分类) their economic level.
【答案】　are classified by
(2)名校押题
In a library books are usually ________ by subjects.
A．classified B．defined C．separated D．governed
【答案与解析】　A　题意：在图书馆里，书通常按照科目分类。classify“分类”，符合题意。define “给……下定义；明确”； govern “统治；控制”； separate “分开；隔离”。
4．appoint vt. 任命；委派；指定；决定
appointed adj. 指定的；决定的
appointment n. 任命；任用；约定；预约
1)They _____ him (to be) manager. 他们任命他为经理。
2)We must ________ someone to act as secretary. 我们得指定一个人当秘书。
3)The time ________ for the meeting was 10：30. 规定开会的时间是10点30分。
4)Our visitors arrived at the ________ time. 我们的来宾在约定的时间到达了。
5)His promotion to manager was a popular ________. 他升任经理是众望所归的。
6)I have an ________ with them in the evening. 今晚我与他们有个约会。
【答案】　1)appointed　2)appoint　3)appointed　4)appointed　5)appointment　6)appointment
(1)翻译句子
老师任命他为班长。
_______________________________________________________________________________
【答案】　The teacher appoints him (to be) monitor.
(2)名校押题
It's said that no decision ________ about any future appointment until all the candidates have been interviewed.
A．will be made B．is made C．is being made D．has been made
【答案与解析】　A　根据语境可知，决定还没有做出，故用将来时的被动语态。题意：据说，直到所有的选手都经过面试，才能最后决定未来的任命人选。
5．distribute vt. 分发；分布；散布
常用结构：distribute sth to / among sb 分发/分配某事物
1)They ________ those books ________ their students. 他们把那些书分给了学生。
2)The mother ________ candy ________ children. 母亲给孩子们发糖果。
3)Those students ________ ________ ________ three classes. 那些学生被分为三个班。
【答案】　1)distributed; to　2)distributed; among 3)were distributed into
distribute, divide和assign用法辨析
distribute 侧重指“分配；分发”。
divide 强调把整体分成若干部分，常指平均分配。
assign 指有权威的人根据一定的原则/计划把工作/任务分配给某人或把某人分派到某工作岗位。
(1)用distribute, divide和assign填空
1)All 25 cans of milk have been ________ among the persons present. 所有25听牛奶都分给在场的人了。
2)Even though I put up more capital than you, let's ________ the profits between us. 虽然我比你多出了资本，我们还是平分利润吧。
3)Two soldiers were ________ to guard the gate. 两名士兵被派去守卫大门。
【答案】　1)distributed　2)divide　3)assigned
(2)名校押题
The doctors________ the medicines to the people in the flood area.
A．distinguished B．distrusted C．distributed D．disturbed
【答案与解析】　C　题意：医生们向洪水灾区的人们发放药品。distinguish “区分”； distrust “不信任”； distribute “分发”； disturb “打扰”。
6．imagination n. 想象；想象力
have the imagination to do sth 有做某事的想象力/机智
catch one's imagination 吸引某人的兴趣
leave sth to sb's imagination 把某物留给某人去想象
imagine doing sth 想象做某事
imagine sb doing sth 想象某人做某事
imagine oneself to do sth 想象某人自己做某事
imagine that / why / what / how 想象……
1)Her talk ________ ________ ________ of the whole class.她的谈话吸引了全班的同学。
2)________ ________ ________， I thought I heard her calling me. 我在想象中彷佛听到她在呼唤我。
3)Can you ________ what it would be like to live without electricity? 你能想象出生活中没有电会是一幅什么样的情景吗？
4)She ________ ________ ________ the office and telling everyone what she thought of them. 她想象自己走进办公室， 对每个人都说出自己对他们的看法。
【答案】　1)caught the imagination　2)In my imagination 3)imagine　4)imagined walking into
(1)用imagination的适当的形式填空
1)Is it my ________ or have you lost a lot of weight?
2)Their policies have really caught the public's ________.
3)I can't ________ living anywhere but England.
4)Can you _____ yourself to live with such a boring man?
【答案】　1) imagination　2)imagination　3)imagine
4)imagine
(2)名校押题
No one can imagine the difficulty he had ________ his son to get rid of the habit of playing computer games.
A．persuaded B．to persuade C．persuading D．persuade
【答案与解析】　C　考查动词词组的用法。 Have difficulty (in) doing sth “做某事有困难”；he had作difficulty的后置定语。题意：没人能想象得出他在说服他的儿子摆脱玩电脑游戏的习惯时所遇到的困难。
7．Leave vi.&vt. 离开；留下；遗忘
leave sb doing 让某人做
leave sth doing 让某事被做
leave for 离开去某地
leave sb alone ＝ leave one by oneself 把某人独自留下
leave off 停止；不继续
leave behind 忘记带
leave out 遗漏；排除
ask for a leave 请假
1)This morning when I ________ ________ school, I ________ my dictionary at home. 今天早上我上学时把字典忘在家里了。
2)He ________ ________ ________ in the rain for a long time. 他让我在雨中等了很长时间。
3)What are you going to do after ________ ________？你毕业后打算干什么？
4)You’ve ________ ________ the most important word in this sentence.你在这一句中漏掉了一个最重要的词。
【答案】　1)left for; left　2)left me waiting　3)leaving school　4)left out
leave和forget用法辨析：
leave 和forget两者都可以表示“遗忘”，区别是leave一般和表示地点的状语连用，而forget不能和表示地点的状语连用。
(1)用leave的相关短语填空
1)He ________ and ________ a lot of things undone.
2)Tomorrow I’m ________ ________ Tianjin.
3)The couple were both abroad on business. They ________ their son ________.
4)I’m not feeling well, so I want to ________ ________ ________ ________.
【答案】　1) left; left　2)leaving for　3)left; alone 4)ask for a leave
(2)名校押题
By the time Jane gets home, her aunt________ for London to attend a meeting.
A．will leave B．leaves C．will have left D．left
【答案与解析】　C　考查动词时态。 题意：到Jane回到家的时候，她婶婶可能已经去London 参加会议了。由前面分句可知，主句要使用将来完成时态。
8．purpose n. 目的；意图；效果；结果
for the purpose / aim of 为的是；为了……起见；为了……目的
on purpose 故意；有意地
with the purpose of 目的是；带着……的目的
1)He has been annoying me and I think he is doing it ________ _______.他一直让我很烦，我想他是故意那样做的。
2)I met him ________ ________ ________ ________ telling him the news.我是为了告诉他这个消息才见他的。
3)We have found a meeting place that will serve our ________.我们找到了一个很合适的会址。
4)Our campaign's main ________ is to raise money.我们这次活动的主要目的就是筹款。
【答案】　1)on purpose　2)for the purpose of　3)purpose 4)purpose
知识拓展：
by design 故意地
by accident 偶然地；无意地
by chance 偶然地；意外地
(1)用purpose的相关短语填空
1)Did you come to London ________ ________ ________ ________ seeing your family, or for the business purpose?
2)She seems to do these things ________ ________.
3)He went to town ________ ________ ________ ________ buying a new television.
【答案】　1)for the purpose of　2)on purpose　3)with the purpose of
(2)名校押题
They pulled down the old buildings for the_____of making room for the newly-built motorway.
A．purpose B．meaning C．face D．use
【答案与解析】　A　考查常用词组。题意：为了给新建的机动车道腾出地方，他们推倒了那些旧的建筑。For the purpose of“为了……目的”，是固定短语。
9．Valuable adj. 贵重的；值钱的；有价值的
value n. 价值；重要性 v. 评价；估价；尊重；重视
values n. 价值观
invaluable adj. 非常宝贵的
valueless adj. 无价值的
be of great value 有巨大价值
value sth at... 估计值多少钱
1)Don’t lose this ring—it’s very ________ .别把戒指弄丢了——这戒指特别贵重。
2)While it is ________ for children to have individual responsibilities, it is also good to share jobs with them.让孩子们负起个人的责任固然重要，而和他们共同完成任务也很好。
3)You’ll find this map ________ in helping you to get around London.你会发现这张地图对帮助你在伦敦四处游览大有用处。
4)It is ________ to get angry over such a trifle.不值得为这点小事生气。
【答案】　1)valuable　2)valuable　3)valuable　4)valueless
(1)用value的相关短语填空
1)Joyce gave us a lot of ________ advice when we first started the company.
2)The book will ________ ________ ________ ________ to the students of English.
3)I ________my friendship with my classmates more than anything else.
4)At only $45 a night, the hotel ________ ________ ________ ________ ________.
【答案】　1)valuable　2)be of great value　3)valued 4)is great value for money
(2)名校押题
The twelve animal－head statues are ________， for they are our national art treasures.
A．valueless B．invaluable C．worthless D．useful
【答案与解析】　B　考查形容词词义辨析。 题意：十二生肖头像非常珍贵，因为它们是我们国家的艺术瑰宝。 Valueless“无价值的”； invaluable“非常珍贵的”； worthless“无价值的；毫无意义的”； useful“有用的”。
10．mercy n. 怜悯；宽恕；仁慈
have mercy on sb 同情某人
show mercy to sb 对某人表示怜悯
at the mercy of 任由……的摆布
beg mercy of sb 祈求某人宽恕
1)We were ________ ________ ________ ________ the weather.我们拿天气毫无办法。
2)The passer－by ________ ________ ________ ________ the poor boy.过路人对这个可怜的男孩一点都不同情。
3)We should punish the criminals ________ ________.我们应毫不留情地惩罚罪犯。
4)He ________ ________ ________ the king.他祈求国王的宽恕。
【答案】　1)at the mercy of　2)showed no mercy to 3)without mercy　4)begged mercy of
(1)用mercy的相关短语填空
1)The rich ________ ________ ________ ________ the poor.
2)The king ________ ________ ________ and killed all the people.
3)They were lost at the sea, ________ ________ ________ ________ the storm.
4)The play was very bad, but ________ it was also short!
【答案】　1)have no mercy on　2)showed no mercy　3)at the mercy of　4)mercifully
(2)名校押题
Until the start of the Industrial Revolution, mankind was poor, hungry, and constantly at the ________ of disease and natural disasters.
A．power B．limit C．control D．mercy
【答案与解析】　D　考查词组辨析。题意：直到工业革命时，人类都很贫穷、饥饿，而且一直处于疾病和自然灾难的摆布之下。at the mercy of “任由……的摆布”。
重点短语详解
1．in a way 在某种程度上
in the way挡道；妨碍别人
in this way 用这种方法
all the way一路上；自始至终
on the way在路上
by the way顺便说
1)________ ________ ________， you could say that everybody is selfish a little. 在某种意义上，你可以说每个人都是有点自私的。
2)________ ________ ________， I would prefer that they didn‘t come because it would mean extra work.在某种程度上我不希望他们来，因为这将意味着额外的工作。
【答案】　1)In a way　2)In a way
(1)用way短语填空
1)The grass land goes back ________ ________ ________to the foot of the mountain.
2)________ ________ ________， would you please send these postcards for me on the way?
3)________ ________ ________， he finally completed the whole distance in 40 hours.
【答案】　1)all the way　2)By the way　3)In this way
(2)名校押题
Hearing the good news, the little girls ran ________ home.
A．in the way B．on the way C．by the way D．all her way
【答案与解析】　D　run all the way home“一直跑回家”。
2．come across 遇到；碰见
come about 发生；引起
come out 出版；出来
come to 来到；合计；总共是；苏醒过来
come to an end 结束
come up with 赶上；提出
1)I ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ in Oxford Street this morning. 今天早上我在牛津大街碰见一位老校友。
2)Perhaps I shall________ ________ ________ somewhere in the park. 也许我会在公园的某个地方遇到他。
3)You are the most direct young man ________ ________ ________ ________. 你是我所遇见的最直率的年轻人。
【答案】　1)came across an old school friend　2)come across him　3)I've ever come across
(1)完成句子
1)你怎么两天后才告诉他这件事情呢？
How did it ________ ________ that you didn't tell it to him until two days later?
2)我想知道你的新书何时出版。
I want to know when your new book will ________ ________。
3)科学家正绞尽脑汁，力求找到解决这个问题的办法。
The scientists are beating their brains trying to ________ ________ ________ a solution to the problem.
【答案】　1)come about　2)come out　3)come up with
(2)名校押题
—Do you know him?
—No. I've never remembered having ________ a man like that.
A．come across B．come out C．come about D．come up
【答案与解析】　A　 come across“碰到；遇见”。答语题意：不，我不记得曾遇见过像这样一个人。
3．count on 依赖；指望
count on ＝ depend on
count down 倒计时
count off 报数；报出数字
count out 不算在内；除外
1)Thanks. I‘ll be ________ ________you. 谢谢。一切都要靠你了。
2)That was the only thing they could ________ ________. 那是他们唯一能够依靠的东西。
3)We can always ________ ________ him for help in any emergency. 我们总能指望他在紧急的情况下帮助我们。
【答案】　1)counting on　2)count on　3)count on
(1)单项填空
I think we can ________Mr White to support us.
A．count down B．count out C．count off D．count on
【答案与解析】　D　考查动词短语的辨析。count on “依靠；依赖”。
(2)名校押题
In our modern society, more and more people depend on computers___problems of various kinds.
A．to solve B．solve C．solving D．to solving
【答案与解析】　A　该题为“depend on sth to do sth”结构，意为“依靠……做某事”。
4．hold up 举起；阻挡；使停止；使停顿；阻
hold back ＝ keep back 抑制
hold down 保有(一份工作)；压抑；压低；控制
hold off 保持距离；不接近；拖延
hold on (打电话时用语)请等一下；不要挂
hold out 给予；提供；支持；继续；坚持；忍耐
1)The chair was too weak ________ ________ ________________. 这椅子不牢，承受不住你。
2)The sad mother ________ ________ her sadness for her children's sake. 这位伤心的母亲为了孩子们在控制自己的情绪。
3)We________ ________ ________ for nearly an hour ________ ________ ________by the traffic accident. 我们在路上被交通事故耽搁近一个小时。
4)His son ________ ________ ________ ________a model of hard work. 他的儿子被推举为勤奋工作的榜样。
5)No one can ________ ________ the wheel of history. 谁也无法阻止历史车轮的前进。
6)Could you ________ ________？ I‘ll just see if the manager’s in. 你不要挂断电话好吗？我去看一看经理在不在。
【答案】　1)to hold you up　2)held back　3)were held up; on our way　4)was held up as　5)hold back　6)hold on
(1)用hold短语的适当形式填空
1)Don't worry. The house will ________ ________.
2)They ________ ________ ________by fog.
3)How long will our food supplies ________ ________？
4)They will ________ ________their decision until Monday.
5)You should learn to ________ ________your anger.
【答案】　1)hold up　2)were held up　3)hold out 4)hold off　5)hold back
(2)名校押题
1) ________a moment and I will go to your rescue.
A．Go on B．Hold on C．Move on D．Carry on
【答案与解析】　B　考查动词短语辨析。go on“继续”；hold on“抓住不放；坚持”；move on“继续前进”；carry on“继续进行”。根据后句的“I will go to your rescue”可知，这里应是“坚持住，别松手”。
2) There was a big hole in the road which ________ the traffic.
A．took up B．brought back C．kept back D．held up
【答案与解析】　D　take up“开始从事； 占用”；bring back“拿回来；使回忆起来；使恢复”；keep back“落在后面”；hold up“使停止；使停顿；阻碍”。
5．figure out 算出；想出；理解
figure of speech