凤凰国际英语基础英语语法6非谓语省名师优质课赛课获奖课件市赛课百校联赛优质课一等奖课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,基础英语语法（6）,非谓语结构,1/51,内容,1,）分词,2,）动名词,3,）独立结构,4,）不定时,2/51,Warm-up 1,分析精彩英语,3/51,Paragraph 1,Everyone goes through their lives seeing and experiencing different things.At times,these different situation stated that“Ease does not challenge us;adversity helps up discover who we are.”People learn more from losing than winning.Through literature,one can see how this statement probes to be true.,4/51,Paragraph 2,When lunch time is approaching,there is always a problem lingering in my mind:whether I should go to KFC for varied but unhealthy food or have ordinary family dishes.People around me are also confused by such questions,not only the choice itself is hard to make,but also which kind of lifestyle,healthy or a little bit harmful,that matters.Therefore people go to extremes on the way how healthy life style that people want can be ensured.,5/51,一、形 式,主动形式,被动形式,普通式,doing,being done,完成式,having done,having been done,过去分词只有一个形式。,现在分词：,6/51,二、功 能,1作表语,2作定语,3作状语,4作宾语补足语,5.现在分词完成形式和被动形式,6.独立结构,7/51,1作表语。,现在分词多表示主语所含有特征或属性；过去分词多表示主语所处状态，如：,The situation is encouraging.,She looked disappointed.,He appeared satisfied with my answer.,He seemed quite delighted at the idea.,注：,已经成为形容词分词，能够用,very,修饰；没有完全成为形容词分词宜用,much,或,quite，,有时也可用,very much，,如：,Im very much pleased.,Hes very much worried about his health.,8/51,注：,过去分词作表语时，应注意与被动结构区分。,系表结构,说明主语状态或含有性质、特点；,被动结构,强调谓语动作，指主语所承受动作。另外还有：,系表结构,：,a.,惯用普通现在或普通过去时态；,b.,普通不带状语；,c.,能够有不及物动词过去分词。,被动结构,：,a.,有各种时态，常与主动语态时态一致；,b.,能够带时,间、方式或,by,短语作状语；,c.,必须是及物动词。,The small village is surrounded by trees.(,状态),The small village was soon surrounded by enemy soldiers.(,动作),Im interested in chess.,I was interested by what you told me.,The sun is risen.,This novel was written by Lu Xun in 1921.,9/51,2作定语：,单独作定语，应放在被修饰名词之前，如：,touching story/leading cadres/shining example/coming week/,Barking dogs seldom bite.,Soon our respected and beloved leaders entered the banquet hall.,注：,分词作定语时，意义上靠近于一个定语从句，如：,developing countries=countries that are developing,a growing city=a city that is growing,在更多情况下，能够用分词短语作定语，这时分词短语应放在被修饰名词之后，在意义上也相当于一个定语从句，如：,Who is the man standing(=that is standing)by the door?,They built a highway leading(=which leads)into the mountains.,They are problems left(=which have been left)over by history.,Have you read any short stories written by Lu Xun?,10/51,作定语现在分词所表示动作发生时间有两种情况：,a.,表示正在进行动作,(变为从句时要用进行时态),如：,Tell the children,playing there,(who are playing there)not to make so much noise.,Did you see the man,talking,(who was talking),to the manager,?,b.,表示经常性动作,或现在(或当初)状态,(变为从句时,用普通时态),如：,They lived in a room,facing,(=that faced),the south,.,The house,standing,(=that stands),at the corner of the street,was built in 1955.,过去分词作定语时，过去分词所表示动作能够在谓语所表示动作之前发生，也能够是没有一定时间性，如：,Is this the book,recommended by our teacher,?,The meeting,held last week,is very important.,I hate to see letters,written in pencil,.,11/51,注：,假如所表示动作现刻正在发生，或是与谓语所表示动作同时发生，能够用,现在分词被动形式,来表示，如：,The meeting,being held,is very important.,We must keep a secret of the things,being discussed here,.,注：,假如所表示是一个未来动作，能够用一个,不定式被动形式,来表示，如：,The meeting,to be held next week,is very important.,Please tell me the subjects,to be discussed at the next meeting,.,分词还能够作非限制性定语（相当于一个非限制性定语从句），这时，它和句子其它部分用逗号隔开，试比较：,All my brothers living in Shanghai are scientists.,All my brothers,living in Shanghai,are scientists.,All the letters in the drawer written in pencil are from my sister.,All the letters in the drawer,written in pencil,are from my sister.,12/51,注意：现在分词短语作定语时，所表示动作不能先于谓语所表示动作，也不能够表示未来。另外，普通不用现在分词完成式作定语，所以，以下句子都是错：,Those,having finished,their work can go home now.(,应改为,who have finished),The man,giving us,a lecture last week left for Shenzhen this morning.(,应改为,who gave us),系动词现在分词形式不可用作后置定语，此时要用从句来表示，如：,Those,being busy,dont have to go.(,应改为,Those who are busy dont have to go.),His brother,being a PLA man,is 18 years old.(,应改为,who is),不及物动词过去分词不可用作后置定语，若要表示这个意思要用从句，如：,The lion,died,in this zoo the other day was a mother lion.(,应改为,which/that died),13/51,3作状语：,现在分词作状语，表示,陪衬性动作或伴随情况,，如：,The children ran out of the room,laughing and talking merrily,.,They stood there for an hour,watching the game,.,She sat at the desk,reading a newspaper,.,注意：,a.,分词表示必须是主语一个动作；,b.,分词表示动作和谓语表示动作（或状态）是同时发生；,c.,分词表示是比较次要动作，对谓语表示动作或状态加以说明；,d.,大部分放在谓语之后；,e.,分词有时能够与句子其它部分用逗号隔开。,现在分词作状语，,表示行为方式或伎俩,（这类状语能够放在句首，也能够放在句末，有时还能够放在句中。其它参考上述,a-c），,如：,Following the guide,they started to climb.,Working this way,they greatly reduced the cost.,Travelling by jeep,we visited a number of cities.,14/51,现在分词作状语，,表示原因或理由,，如：,Seeing nobody at home,she decided to leave them a note.,Not knowing her address,we couldnt get in touch with her.,Being so poor in those days,we couldnt afford to send the boy to hospital.,注：,假如分词表示动作在谓语所表示动作之前发生，则要用完成形式，如：,Having worked among the peasants for many years,he knew them very well.,Not having received an answer,he decided to write another letter.,Having lived in Berlin many years,he knew the city well.,现在分词作,时间状语,（相当于,when,引导从句），如：,Turning around,she saw a police car driving up.,Hearing the news,they all jumped with joy.,15/51,注：,这里分词表示是一个极短暂动作，这动作一发生，谓语动词所表示动作马上发生。这类分词普通放在句首。假如两个动作是完全同时发生，多用,when,或,while+,分词这种结构，如：,Be careful,when,crossing the street.,Dont mention this,while,talking to him.,注：,假如要强调谓语动词动作发生时，分词动作已经完成，这个分词要用完成形式，如：,Having arrived at a decision,they immediately set to work.,Having heard this,the woman astronaut expressed her satisfaction.,现在分词作状语还能够,表示结果、条件和让步,，如：,Her husband died in 1942,leaving her with five children.(,结果),The bus was held up by snowstorm,thus causing the delay.(,结果),Working hard,you will succeed.(,条件),Turning to the left,you will find the path leading to the site.(,条件),Weighing almost one hundred jin,the stone was moved by him alone.(,让步),16/51,过去分词短语,作状语,，能够修饰谓语，,说明动作发生背景或情况,，如：,Built in 1192,the bridge is over 700 years old.,Led by the party,the people have improved their living conditions greatly.,Surrounded by a group of pupils,the old teacher walked into the room.,The trainer appeared,followed by six little dogs.,过去分词短语,表示原因,（相当于一个原因状语从句），如：,The children,exhausted,fell asleep at once.,He soon fell asleep,exhausted by the journey.(=as he was exhausted),17/51,过去分词短语有时能够,表示时间,（相当于时间状语从句）和条件（相当于条件状语从句），如：,United,we stand;divided,we fall.(=When/If we are united),Heated,water changes into steam.(=When/If water is heated),Seen from the hill,the park looks very beautiful.,注：,过去分词短语作状语时，前面有时能够加上,when,if,while,though,as if,等连词，这种结构能够看作是一个省略状语从句（省略部分多为“主语+,be,各种形式”）。需要注意是，省略主语必须和主句主语相同，如：,If/When heated,water changes into steam.,Even if invited,I wont go.,We will not attack unless attacked.,The girl is very shy,and never speaks until spoken to.,18/51,4作宾语补足语：,现在分词做宾语补足语，如：,Im sorry to have kept you waiting for so long.,I could feel the cold wind blowing on my face.,He tried to start the engine running.,The words immediately set us all laughing.,注：现在分词做宾语补足语表示动作与谓语同时发生或正在进行，强调动作过程。,过去分词做宾语补足语，如：,He watched the TV set carried out of the room.,Last year they had the house rebuilt.,When you speak English,be sure to make yourself understood.,Youd better have your shoes mended.,注：过去分词做宾语补足语表示动作完成结果，并有被动意义。,19/51,现在分词做宾语补足语时，与宾语有着逻辑上主谓关系，宾语补足语普通为宾语所做动作；过去分词做宾语补足语时，与宾语有着动宾关系，宾语是过去分词所表示动作承受者，如：,He saw,an old man getting on the bus,.,An old man was getting on the bus.,I once heard,this song sung in Japanese,.,This song was once sung in Japanese.,I dont want,the children taken out in such weather,.,The children were taken out in such weather.,以上句子能够变为被动结构，这时，宾语补足语就成了主语补足语，与谓语一起称为“复合谓语”，如：,We were kept waiting for quite a long time.,She was never heard singing that song again.,One of the glasses was found broken.,20/51,有些动词既能够用不定式作宾语补足语，又能够用现在分词作宾语补足语，,有些动词只能用现在分词作宾语补足语,，这些动词是：,catch,keep,mind,prevent,remember,stop,start,smell,excuse,spy,send,等，比如：,She caught her son smoking a cigarette.,Wed better keep the fire burning.,The heavy rain prevented us coming here on time.,I dont remember him ever saying anything like that.,We must try to stop them getting into trouble.,His words started me thinking seriously.,Can you smell something burning?,The earthquake sent the china and glass crashing to the ground.,21/51,现在分词完成形式和被动形式,现在分词完成形式主要用在状语中，表示动作在谓语动作之前发生，如：,Having been there many times,he offered to be our guide.,The delegates,having fulfilled their mission,arrived back in Shanghai.,注：在独立结构中，也能够用现在分词完成形式，如：,His comrades having all left for the front,he didnt want to stay in the rear.,22/51,在表示一个被动动作时，假如这个动作是现刻正在进行，或是与谓语表示动作同时发生，就能够用现在分词被动形式。这种形式能够作,定语、状语,或,组成复合宾语,，如：,That building being repaired is our library.（,定语）,He asked who was the man being operated on.（,定语）,Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere.（,宾语补足语）,As we entered the village,we saw new houses being built.（,宾语补足语）,Being asked to give a performance,she couldnt very well refuse.（,状语）,Being protected by a thick wall,they felt they were quite safe.（,状语）,有时还有完成被动形式，如：,Having been given such a good chance,how could she let it slip away?,23/51,在用分词短语作状语时,它逻辑上主语普通必须与句子主语一致,但有时它也能够有自己独立逻辑上主语,这种结构称为:,独 立 结 构,独立结构能够表示伴随动作或情况,表示时间、原因、条件等,比如：,1.He rushed into the room,his face covered with sweat.(,伴随情况),2.The shower being over,we continued to march.(,时间),3.So many students being late,we decided to put the meeting off.(,原因),4.Weather permitting,well have an outing tomorrow.(,条件),5.All things considered,her paper is of greater value than yours.,6.The job done,we went home.,7.The composition written,he handed it to the teacher.,24/51,一、动名词,动名词是一个非谓语动词，形式为,v+ing,，与现在分词同形。,基本形式：,主动形式,被动形式,普通时,doing,being done,完成时,having done,having been done,非谓语动词,动名词,25/51,A.,动名词特点：兼具名词和动词特征。,1.,动名词,动词,特征：动名词能够有宾语，能够用状语修饰,（,1,）,带宾语,a.He avoided,giving,us,a definite answer,.,动名词,giving,后有双宾语。,b.The doctor advised,taking,exercise,.,动名词,taking,后有宾语,exercise.,（,2,）,用状语修饰,a.I enjoy,working,with you,.,with you,是状语，修饰动名词,working,b.She doesnt allow,smoking,in her house,.,in her house,是状语，修饰动名词,smoking,非谓语动词动名词,26/51,2.,动名词,名词,特征即其语法功效：在句中充当主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。,1,）作主语,a.Smoking may cause cancer.,b.Hunting for a job is not easy for those who have just graduated.,c.Its nice talking to you.,It,是形式主语，真正主语是动名词短语,talking to you,d.Its a waste of time arguing about it.,非谓语动词动名词,27/51,（,2,）作表语,a.The real problem is getting to know the needs of the customers.,b.His greatest interest in life is traveling.,（,3,）作宾语,a.Would you mind not using your mobile phone in the meeting room?,b.Your shoes need polishing(,擦一擦,).,c.Are you interesting in going to the show(,演出,),？,d.Im proud of having a friend like you.,非谓语动词动名词,28/51,以下动词,只能用动名词作宾语,admit,认可,appreciate,赞赏，感激,finish,完成,avoid,防止，避开,imagine,想象,miss,错过,practice,练习,delay,耽搁,mind,介意,consider,考虑,postpone,推迟,enjoy,享受,risk,冒风险,suggest,提议,非谓语动词动名词,29/51,非谓语动词动名词,B.,动名词完成时和被动式,表示动作在谓语所表示动作之前发生时，用动名词完成时。,主动形式,被动形式,普通时,doing,being done,完成时,having done,having been done,30/51,非谓语动词动名词,B.,动名词完成时和被动式,完成时,a.He regrets having wasted so much time when he was young.,年轻时浪费了那么多时间，他现在很后悔。,b.He apologized for not having kept his promise.,他对于没有恪守诺言表示歉意。,被动式,c.He dislikes being interrupted when he is working.,他不喜欢在工作时被人打搅。,d.He didnt mind being left at home.,他并不介意把他留在家里。,31/51,非谓语动词动名词,C.,动名词逻辑主语,当动名词逻辑主语是代词时，可使用形容词物主代词或代词宾格。,Hercomingtohelpencouragedallofus.,她来帮忙鼓舞了我们全部些人。,Janesbeingcarelesscausedsomuchtrouble.,简这么粗心惹来了不少麻烦。,Whatstroublingthemistheirnothavingenoughfood.,困扰他们是食物不足。,32/51,非谓语动词动名词,C.,动名词逻辑主语,当动名词逻辑主语是代词时，可使用形容词物主代词或代词宾格。,Would you mind,_ the computer game in your room?,A.he play B.his playing C.him to play D.him play,B,He forgot about _ him to attend my wifes birthday party.,A.I asking B.my asking C.me to ask D.mine to ask,B,33/51,二、不定式,不定式是一个非谓语动词，由不定式符号,to,加动词原形组成，多与一些动词、名词、形容词搭配。,基本形式：,主动形式,被动形式,普通时,(not)to make,(not)to be make,完成时,(not)to have make,(not)to have beenmake,进行时,(not)to be making,(not)to be being make,非谓语动词,不定式,34/51,语法功效：不定式在句子中能够充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。,1,）作主语不定式或不定式短语作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数。如：,To serve the people well,is,our duty.,动词不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语动词后面，用引导词,it,作形式主语。上述句子也可改为：,It is our duty to serve the people well.,非谓语动词,不定式,35/51,语法功效：不定式在句子中能够充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。,1,）作主语比如：,It is our duty to help them.,It will take you quite a long time to finish it.,It is easy for us to answer this question.,It is kind of you to help me.,注：,1)for sb.,惯用于表示事物特征特点，表示客观形式形容词，如,easy,，,hard,，,difficult,，,interesting,，,impossible,等：,2)of sb.,句型普通表示人物性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度形容词，如,good,，,kind,，,nice,，,clever,，,foolish,，,right,等。,非谓语动词,不定式,36/51,语法功效：不定式在句子中能够充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。,2),作宾语,We hope to have more opportunities to talk with native speakers.,注意：假如不定式作宾语而又跟有补语，这时，通常要用,it,作形式宾语，而将不定式放到补语后面去。,比如：他们发觉提前把一切都准备好是不可能。,They found,it,impossible,to get everything ready in advance.,非谓语动词,不定式,37/51,以下动词只能跟不定式作宾语,afford,花费得起，提供,appear,好像,happen,恰巧,arrange,安排,hope,希望,attempt,试图,intended,企图,decided,决定,learn,学会,plan,计划,expect,期望,offer,打算,pretend,假装,promise,答应,refuse,拒绝,fail,未能,manage,设法,fear,害怕,want,要想,wish,希望,非谓语动词,不定式,38/51,语法功效：不定式在句子中能够充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。,3),作定语,This is the best way to solve the problem.,注意：用不定式作定语时，它与它所修饰词有时是动宾关系，所以假如不定式是不及物动词，其后面应跟上必要介词。比如：,Mary needs a friend to play with.There is nothing to worry about.,非谓语动词,不定式,39/51,语法功效：不定式在句子中能够充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。,3),作定语不定式作定语，假如与他所修饰词是动宾关系，则不定式后面不能再带宾语。比如：,Here is a letter for you to type it.,Here is a letter for you to type.,The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for them.,The smell tells the bees what kind of flowers to look for.,同时要注意：在这类结构中，惯用不定式主动式代替被动式。,非谓语动词,不定式,40/51,语法功效：不定式在句子中能够充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。,4),作状语,In order to overcome difficulties,，,we must work hard.,注意：不定式能够修饰作表语或宾语补足语形容词，在句中作状语，这时不定式不能再带宾语。比如：,The water is unfit to drink.,错误：,The water is unfit to drink,it,.,They found Mr.Jones lecture hard to understand.,错误：,They found Mr.Jones lecture hard to understand,it,.,同时要注意：在这类结构中，惯用不定式主动式代替被动式。,非谓语动词,不定式,41/51,语法功效：不定式在句子中能够充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。,4),作状语作状语不定式逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。,比如：,To save money,，,we took the bus instead of plane.,To save money,，,the bus was taken instead of plane.,非谓语动词,不定式,42/51,语法功效：不定式在句子中能够充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。,4),作宾补,动词,+,宾语,+,不带,to,不定式（,do,）作宾语补足语,1,）感官动词：,see,watch,notice,look at,hear,listen,smell,taste,feel,2,）使役动词：,make,let,have,（使得），,help,（可带,to,，也可不带,to,）,3,）一些词组：,would rather,would/had better,非谓语动词,不定式,43/51,语法功效：不定式在句子中能够充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。,4),作宾补,动词,+,宾语,+,不带,to,不定式（,do,）作宾语补足语,【,注意,】,当感官动词和使役动词后面不定式变成被动语态时，必须加,to,。,Henry is often seen_English aloud every morning in the classroom.,A.read B.reads C.reading D.to read,答案：,D,非谓语动词,不定式,44/51,不定式语态每个不定式都有其逻辑主语，假如逻辑主语是动作发出者，不定式用主动式，假如其逻辑主语是动作承受者，不定式用被动式。如：,The doctor recommended him to air the room.,医生提议他清扫房间。,The doctor recommended the room to be aired.,医生提议清扫房间。,非谓语动词,不定式,45/51,不定式语态,【,考试重点,】,：使用不带,to,不定式几个情况,(1),在口语中，以,why,开头简单问句中。比如：,Why do it that way?Why not go out for a walk?,(2),一些使役动词，如,make,，,let,，,have,等后面跟动词不定时作宾语补足语时，用省略,to,不定式。如,Let him do it.,让他做吧。,I would have you know that I am ill.,我想要你知道我病了。,非谓语动词,不定式,46/5