高中英语被动语态总结.doc

高中英语被动语态总结
一、需要使用被动语态的情况
在以下情况常需要使用被动语态：
1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 (这时可省 by 短语)。
　My bike was stolen last night.
2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。
　I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.
3. 为了更好地安排句子。
　The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一个主语就够了）

二、被动语态的构成形式
1. 被动语态的基本时态变化
被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：
1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时
2) has /have been done 现在完成时
3) am/is /are being done 现在进行时
4) was/were done 一般过去时
5) had been done 过去完成时
6) was/were being done 过去进行时
7) shall/will be done 一般将来时
8) should/would be done 过去将来时
9) shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用）
10) should/would have been done 过去将来完成时（少用）

2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式
1) 带情态动词的被动结构：情态动词＋be＋过去分词。
　The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.
2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。
　His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。
　Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
4) 在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。
　 Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词＋介词”，“动词＋副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。
　　The meeting is to be put off till Friday.

3. 非谓语动词的被动语态的构成
1). 不定式一般式的被动语态。由“to be+过去分词”构成。如：
She asked to be given some work to do. 她要求给她一些工作做。
　 He was the last person to be asked to speak. 他是最后被邀请发言的人。
2). 不定式完成式的被动语态。由“to have been+过去分词”构成。如：
　　I should like to have been told the result earlier. 我本想让人把结果早点告诉我的。
3). 现在分词一般式的被动语态。由“being+过去分词”构成。如：
　　I saw him being taken away. 我看见有人把他带走了。
　　Being protected by a wall， he felt quite safe. 有墙作保护，他感到很安全。
4). 现在分词完成式的被动语态。由“having been+过去分词”构成。如：
　　Having been invited to spea, I’ll start making preparations tomorrow.
因为邀请我去讲话，我明天就得做准备。
　　The subject having been opened，he had to go on with it.
话题已经开始了，他不得不谈下去。

5). 动名词一般式的被动语态。由“being+过去分词”构成。如：
　　He hates being made a fool of. 他讨厌被别人愚弄。
　　This question is far from being settled. 这个问题远没解决。
6). 动名词完成式的被动语态。由“having been+过去分词”构成。如：
　　Jenny’s not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret.
杰妮没受过舞蹈的专业训练是她感到遗憾的事。
　　After having been instructed to drive out of town， I began to acquire confidence. 在接到把车开出城的指令后，我开始信心十足了。
　　注：过去分词没有被动式，因为它本身可以表示被动意义。如：
　　The door remained locked. 门仍然锁着

三、It is said that+从句及其他类似句型
　　一些表示“认为”或“相信”等的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句”或“主语＋be＋过去分词＋to do sth.”。
　　It is said that… 据说，It is reported that…据报道，It is believed that…大家相信，It is hoped that…大家希望，It is well known that…众所周知，It is thought that…大家认为，It is suggested that…据建议。　
　　It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （＝The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）.

四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
1.英语中有很多动词如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物。
This kind of cloth washes well.
注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。
　　试比较：The door won't lock． （指门本身有毛病）
　　The door won't be locked． （指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因）
2. 表示“发生、进行” 的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。
　　How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何印出来的呢？
3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。
　　Your reason sounds reasonable.

五、 非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义
在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。
1. 在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
The house needs repairing（to be repaired）．这房子需要修理。
2. 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。
　 The picture-book is well worth reading．(＝The picture-book is very worthy to be read．)
3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
　　I have a lot of things to do this afternoon． (to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。)
　　试比较：I’ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)
4. 在某些“形容词＋不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice, easy, fit, hard, difficult, important, impossible, pleasant, interesting等。

六、 This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.
5. 在too… to…结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。
　　This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.
6. 在there be…句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。
　　There is no time to lose（to be lost）．（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。）
7. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
　 Who is to blame for starting the fire?

六、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义
　　表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。
1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”如：
under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中）。
The building is under construction( is being constructed).
2. “beyond+名词”结构，“出乎……胜过……范围、限度”：
beyond belief (令人难以置信)， beyond one’s reach（鞭长莫及），beyond one’s control（无法控制），beyond one’s hope （比预期的还要好）。
　 The rumour is beyond belief（=can’t be believed）．
3. “above+名词”结构, 表示“(品质、行为、能力等) 超过……、高于……”
　　His honest character is above all praise．=His honest character cannot be praised enough．
4. “for+名词”结构，表示 “适于……, 为着……”。如：
for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。
　　That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).

5. “in+名词”结构 ，表示“在……过程中或范围内”如：
in print（在印刷中），in sight(在视野范围内)，等。　
6. “on+名词”结构, 表示“在从事…… 中””。常见的有：
on sale(出售)，on show（展出）, on trial（受审）。
Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed).
7. “out of+名词”结构； 表示 “超出…… 之外“，常见的有：
out of control (控制不了)， out of sight （超出视线之外），out of one’s reach(够不着), out of fashion(不流行)等。　
The plane was out of control (can’t be controlled)． 。
8. “within+名词”结构，“在……内、不超过……”。
　　He took two days off within the teacher's permission．

七、被动语态与系表结构的区别
　　当“be+过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时，be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：
1．如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。
　The glass is broken． （系表结构）
　The glass was broken by the boy． （被动语态）
2．如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。
　The door is locked． （系表结构）
　The door has already/just been locked．（被动语态）
3．被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。
　The machine is being repaired．

八、被动语态与高考试题赏析
1． 高考对谓语动词语态的考查例析
1). In some parts of the world, tea ___ with milk and sugar.
　A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served
2). This is Ted’s phone. We miss him a lot. He ___ while trying to save a child in the earthquake.
　A. killed B. is killed 　　C. was killed D. was killing
3). ---- Have you moved into the new house?
　---- Not yet, the rooms _____ .
A. are being painted B. are painting
C. are painted D. are being painting
4). When and where to go for the on-salary holiday ___ yet.
A. are not decided B. have not been decided
C. is not being decided D. has not been decided
5). The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets __ _.
A. was booked B. had been booked
C. were booked D. have been booked

2．高考对非谓语动词语态的考查
　当非谓语动词的逻辑主语为动作的承受者时, 须用被动式。弄清非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间的执行与承受关系是掌握非谓语动词语态的关键。
1). Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains ___ whether they will enjoy it.
A. to see B. to be seen 　　C. seeing D. seen
2). While shopping, people sometimes can’t help ___ into buying something they don’t really need.
A. to persuaded B. persuading　　C. being persuaded D. be persuaded
3). I feel it is your husband who ___ for the spoiled child.
A. is to blame B. is going to blame
C. is to be blamed D. should blame

答案与解析：
1. 高考对谓语动词语态的考查例析
1). B 因为serve是及物动词，其动作承受者tea作主语，表示经常发生的情况，故用一般现在时的被动语态。
2) C Ted是kill的承受者，用被动语态，且Ted救人发生在过去，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。
3) A “house”和“paint”应该是被动的关系，排除B，D。后者未搬进新居的原因是房子正在油漆，所以要用现在进行时的被动语态。不能用一般现在时表示习惯性动作，排除C。
4) D decide是及物动词，动作的发出者通常是人，句中的主语是动作的承受者，所以decide要用被动语态。从题干的语境和关键词yet，可判断用现在完成时，不定式做主语用单数，故用现在完成时的被动语态。
5) B 句中tickets是book(订票)的承受者，主谓为被动关系，又因票已被订出应发生在entered the office这个过去动作之前，所以要用过去完成时的被动语态。

2．高考对非谓语动词语态的考查
1) B 根据题意，那对老夫妇是否到国外旅行是将来的动作，应使用不定式，故排除掉C、D两项；又因remains的逻辑主语it是动词see说表示动作的承受者，即“到国外旅行”这件事，这件

事有待于“被决定”，应使用动词不定式的被动形式。
2) C can’t help doing “禁不住做某事”，排除A和D；顾客应是“被劝说”购物的，要用动名词的被动语态。
3) A feel的宾语从句为强调句型，在be to do结构中，在某些场合可用不定式的主动语态表示被动语态，如be to blame .

九、被动语态巩固练习
（一）、选择正确的选项，使句意通顺完整。
1. If city noises ____ from increasing, people ____ shout to be heard even at dinner．
　A. are not kept；will have to B. are not kept；have
　C. do not keep；will have to 　D. do not keep；have to
2. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, are ____and perfected now.
　A. developed 　 B. have developed
　C. are being developed 　 D. will have been developed
3. --- ____ the sports meet might be put off.
　--- Yes, it all depends on the weather.
　A. I've been told B. I've told 　C. I'm told D. I told
4. I need one more stamp before my collection ___.
　A. has completed B. completes 　C. has been completed D. is completed
5. Rainforests ___ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.
　A. cut B. are cut 　 C. are being cut D. had been cut

6. The new suspension bridge ___ by the end of last month.
　A. has been designed B. had been designed
　C. was designed 　 D. would be designed
7. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ____.
　A. breaks B. has broken 　C. was broken D. had been broken
8. Great changes ___ in the city, and a lot of factories ___ .
　A. have been taken place; have been set up
　B. have taken place; have been set up
　C. have taken place; have set up
　D. were taken place; were set up
9. That suit __ over 60 dollars.
　A. had costed B. costed C. is cost D. cost
10. --- Look! Everything here is under construction.
　--- What’s the pretty small house that __ for?
　A. is being built B. has been built C. is built D. is building
11.--- Do you like the material?
　--- Yes, it __ _ very soft.
　A. is feeling B. felt 　C. feels D. is felt

12. It is difficult for a foreigner ___ _ Chinese．
　A. write B. to write C. to be written D. written
13. I have no more letters ____ , thank you．
A. to type B. typing C. to be typed D. typed
14. Take care! Don’t drop the ink on your shirt, for it __ easily.
　A. won’t wash out B. won’t be washed out
　C. isn’t washed out D. isn’t washing out
15. Nobody noticed the thief slip into the house because the lights happened to ___.
　A. be put up B. give in 　 C. be turned on D. go out
16. The computers on the table ___ Professor Smith.
　A. belongs B. are belonged to C. belongs to D. belong to
17. --- What do you think of the book?
　---Oh, excellent. It’s worth __ _ a second time.
　A. to read B. to be read C. reading D. being read
18. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed ___ .
A. catching B. to be caught 　C. being caught D. to catch
19. This page needed ___ again.
A. being checked B. checked C. to check D. to be checked
20. ___ many times, the boy still didn’t know how to do the exercises
　A. Having taught B. Having been taught 　C. taught D. Teaching

(二)、用括号内所给动词的正确形式填空。
1.It's said(据说) that the long bridge______________(build) in two months．
2.Where to have the meeting ______________ (discuss) now．
3.Which language _______the most widely_______(speak) in the world？
4.The lost boy_____________(not find) so far．
5.Last year a large number of trees______________(cut) down．
6. The students _____ often _____(tell) to take care of their desks and chairs.
7. The old man is ill. He ______ (must send) to the hospital.
8. Vegetables, eggs and fruits_________ (sell) in this shop.
9. What _______ knives ______ (make) of ?
They_______________(make) of metal(金属) and wood.
10. Can the magazine _______ (take) out of the library?
11. The room _____________ (clean) by me every day.
12. The stars can’t _____________ (see) in the daytime.
13. Some flowers _______________ (water) by Li Ming already.
14. This kind of shoes __________ (sell) well.
15. How long _____ your uncle ______(be) in the city?
16. The food _____________ (smell) delicious.
17. Look! Someone __________(dance).

（三）、语篇填空。
Ted Robinson ______ (worry)all the week. Last Tuesday he______ (receive) a letter from the local police. In the letter he ______(ask) to call at the station. Ted______(wonder) why he______(want) by the police, but he ______(go) to the station yesterday and now he______( not worry) any more. At the station, he ______(tell) by a smiling policeman that his bicycle______(find). Five days ago, the policeman ______(tell) him, the bicycle ______(pick) up in a small village four hundred miles away. Now, it______(sent) to his home by train. Ted was most surprised when he ____ (hear) the news. He was amused too, because he never expected the bicycle____ (find). It was stolen twenty years ago when Ted was a boy of fifteen !

参考答案：
（一）　
1--5 ACADC 6--10 BCBDA 11--15 CBCAD 16--20 DCCDB
（二）
1.will be built 2. is being discussed 3. is spoken 4. hasn’t been found 5. were cut 6.are told 7. must be sent 8. are sold 9.are made , are made 10. be taken 11.is cleaned 12. be seen 13. have been watered 14. sells 15. has been 16. smells 17 is dancing
（三）
has been worried; received; was asked; wondered; was wanted; went; is not worried; was told; had been found; told; was picked; is being sent; heard; to be found

22