高一英语Unit-5-Theme-Parks构词法人教实验版必修4知识精讲.doc

高一英语Unit 5 Theme Parks构词法人教实验版必修4
【本讲教育信息】
一、教学内容
必修4 Unit 5 Word formation—构词法

二、知识精讲
英语中的构词法主要有转化法、合成法和派生法。

（一）转化法（conversion）
在英语中，一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性而词形不变的方法叫做转化法。
1. 动词转化为名词
Let me have a try. 让我试试。
They are only allowed to sell soft drinks at school.
在学校里只准许他们出售不含酒精的饮料。
2. 名词转化为动词
He shouldered his way through the crowd.
他用肩膀推开人群前进。
The smell from the kitchen made his mouth water.
从厨房传来的气味使他流口水。
3. 形容词转化为动词
We will try our best to better our living conditions.
我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。
They tried to perfect the working conditions.
他们努力改善工作条件。
4. 形容词转化为名词
He didn’t know the difference between right and wrong.
他不辨是非。
The old in our village are living a happy life.
我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。
5. 形容词转化为副词
How long have you lived there?
你在那儿住多久了？
How hard the students study!
这些学生学习多刻苦啊！
6. 个别词在一定场合中可转化为名词
Warm clothes are a must in the mountains.
穿暖和的衣服到山区去是必须的。
Life is full of ups and downs.
人生有得意时也有失意时。
His argument contains too many ifs and buts.
他的辩论中含有太多的“如果”和“但是”。
即学即用
You’d better put your _______________ in the bank.
A. valuables B. values C. valuable D. value

（二）合成法（composition）
由两个或两个以上的单词连在一起合成一个新词，这种构词法叫做合成法，合成的词叫做合成词（compounds）。合成词的写法由习惯决定，可以写在一起，也可以用连词符号连接。
1. 合成名词
名词/代词+名词 newspaper blood test she- wolf
动词+名词 typewriter pickpocket daybreak
形容词+名词 greenhouse highway
副词+名词 overcoat outside
名词+v.-ing / v.-ing +名词
handwriting reading room freezing point
动词+副词/ 副词+ 动词
breakthrough get-together outbreak outcome
名词+介词+名词: sister-in-law editor-in -chief
2. 合成形容词
名词+形容词/ 形容词+名词
world-famous duty-free large-scale long- term
副词+形容词 over-anxious evergreen
名词+过去分词 man-made sun-burnt
名词+现在分词 peace-loving English-speaking
形容词+现在分词 good-looking easy-going
副词+过去分词 well-informed widespread
副词+现在分词 hardworking far-reaching
形容词+名词+ed warm-hearted absent-minded
数词+名词+ed three-legged ten –storied
数词+名词 one-way five –star
数词+名词+形容词 ten-year-old 800-meter-long
名词+to + 名词 face –to-face door - to -door
3. 合成动词
名词+动词 baby-sit sleepwalk
副词+动词 outnumber underestimate overwork
形容词+动词 whitewash
4. 合成副词
形容词＋名词 meanwhile anyway
形容词＋副词 everywhere anyhow
副词＋副词 however
介词＋名词 beforehand overhead
介词＋副词 forever
5. 合成代词
代词宾格＋self/selves herself themselves
物主代词＋self / selves myself yourselves
形容词＋名词 anything nothing
6. 合成介词
副词＋名词 inside outside
介词＋副词 without within
副词＋介词 into
即学即用
① The ___________ is just around the corner and you won’t miss it.
A. bicycle’s shop B. bicycle shop C. bicycles shop D. bicycles’ shop
② —What are you doing here?
—Oh, my teacher asked me to write a passage of about __________in English.
—You can write a _____________passage in English?
A. 600 words; 600-words B. 600-words; 600-words
C. 600 words; 600-word D. 600-words; 600-word
③ He was filled with envy at his ________wealth. He decided to go down south to seek his fortune.
A. brother-in-law’s B. brother’s-in-law
C. brother-in law D. brothers-in-law
④ He found a lot of _______________ were _____________.
A. passers-by; grown-ups B. passers-bys; growns-up
C. passers-bys; grown ups D. passers-by; growns-up
⑤ You must put your heart into your studies. Don’t be ______in class.
A. absent-minded B. absent-minding
C. absent-mind D. absence -minded

（三）派生法
由一个词加上前缀或后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫做派生法。
1. 前缀
除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，但不改变单词的词性。
（1）表示否定意义的前缀
un- unhappy unfinished undress
dis- disagree disbelieve
in[il-(在字母l前)，im-(在字母m,b,p前)，ir(在字母r前)]-
inaccurate illegal impolite imbalance irregular
mis-misbehave mislead mistake
non-nonstop nonsmoker
（2）表示其他意义的前缀
en-“使……” enrich enlarge encourage
inter-“相互” international intercontinental
re-“再，又，重” rethink retell recycle
tele-“远程的” telescope telephone telegraph
auto-“自动的” automatic automobile
co-“共同” coworker cooperate coexist
anti-“反对，抵抗” antiwar antifreeze antinuclear
multi-“多” multistory multicultural multicolor
bi-“双，二”bicycle bilingual bilateral
micro-“极小的，微小的” microwave microcomputer
over-“太多，过分” overwork overdo overestimate
self-“自己，本身” self-centered self-confident self-control
under-“在……下面，……下的，不足的” underline, underground, underestimate, underrate
2. 后缀
（1）形容词后缀
-able “可……的，具有……的” acceptable drinkable knowledgeable reasonable
-al“与……有关的” physical, magical, political
-an“属于某地方的人” American African
-ern“方向” southern, northern, eastern
-ful/ less“（没）有……的” helpful, useful, homeless, hopeless
-ish“如……的；有……特征的” foolish childish selfish
-ive“有……倾向的” active attractive expensive
-en“由……制成的” golden wooden woolen
-ous“有（性质）的” famous, dangerous, poisonous
-ly “有……性质的” friendly yearly daily
-y“构成形容词” noisy dusty cloudy
（2）名词后缀
-er / or“表人或用具” farmer, baker, visitor, professor, cooker, container
-ese“某国（人）的” Chinese, Japanese
-ian“某国、某地人；精通……的人” musician, Asian, Russian, technician
-ist“某种主义或职业者” physicist, scientist, communist，socialist
-ess“表女性，雌性” hostess, actress, princess
-ment“行为或其状态” government, movement, achievement
-ness“性质，状态” illness, sadness, carelessness
-tion“动作，过程，结果” invention, organization, translation
-ance/ ence“抽象；行为、性质、状态” importance, appearance, absence, existence
-th“性质、情况” depth, warmth, truth
-ful“（满的）量” handful, spoonful, mouthful
-(a)bility“抽象、性质、状态” possibility, disability, reliability
-al“过程、状态” survival, arrival, approval
-y“性质、情况” modesty, delivery, honesty
-dom“处于……状态；性质” freedom, boredom
-age“状态，行为，身份及其结果” courage, storage, marriage
（3）动词后缀
-fy / ify“使得；变得” simplify, beautify, purify
-en“使成为……；变得” shorten, deepen, sadden
-ize“使成为” apologize, realize, specialize
（4）副词后缀
-ly“方式，程度” freely, truly, angrily
ward(s)“向……” towards, forward, upwards
（5）数词后缀
-teen“十几” fourteen, eighteen, thirteen
-ty“整十位数” forty, fifty, sixty
-th“序数词” twelfth, twentieth
即学即用
1. —What a nice fire you have in your fireplace！
—During the winter I like my house .
A. warmly and comfortably B. warm and comfortable
C. warm and comfortably D. warmly and comfortable
2. The black people were against slavery and fought for their________ bravely.
A. free B. freely C. freedom D. freeway
3. It’s ____________ to persuade him to give up smoking. He’s very stubborn.
A. possible B. impossibly C. unlikely D. likely
4. Don’t be _______, you should share your toys with your brothers.
A. selfless B. self C. selfish D. selflessly
5. The environmentalists said wild goats’ ______on the vast grasslands was a good indication of the better environment.
A. escape B. absence C. attendance D. appearance
6. When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem, Jack looked ______about at his classmates.
A. proud B. proudly C. pride D. pridely
7. The story that Thomas had told before you arrived sounded ______but in fact it was untrue.
A. reasonable B. reasonful C. reasonless D. unreason
8. The singer gave a ____smile to all audience who came to greet her.
A. friend B. friendly C. friendless D. friendship
9. Having a knowledge of English _______ you to communicate with foreigners. At the same time it can _____your mind.
A. able; rich B. enable; enrich
C. enables; enrich D. enables; richen
10. The teacher made me ______for keeping the class in order while she went out.
A. responsible B. responsibly C. respond D. responsive
11. Cheer up! Don’t be ____by one failure. You will succeed next time.
A. encourages B. discouraged C. encouraged D. discouraging
12. His father is a famous ________in the IT fields, so a lot of big companies want to employ him.
A. specialist B. special C. specialize D. specially

【典型例题】
1. Nowadays the roles of husband and wife are not as defined as before, especially when both partners work and earn money for the family.
A. clear B. cleared C. clearly D. more clearly
2. Work gets done ______ when people do it together, and the rewards are higher too.
A. easily B. very easy C. more easily D. easier
3. My brother is really ____. He often works in his office far into the night.
A. open-minded B. hard-working C. self-confident D. warm-hearted
4. John is very ——if he promises to do something he’ll do it.
A. independent B. confident C. reliable D. flexible
5. In the good care of the nurses, the boy is recovering from his heart operation.
A. quietly B. actually C. practically D. gradually
6. It seems that living green is easy and affordable. A small step makes a big difference.
A. exactly B. fortunately C. surprisingly D. hardly
7. In spite of repeated wrongs done to him, he looks _____ to people greeting him.
A. friendly B. lively C. worried D. cold
8. Running a company is not ______ a matter of hiring people — they also need to be trained.
A. simply B. partly C. seriously D. equally

【模拟试题】（答题时间：60分钟）
一、单项选择
1. —Tom is Bob’s brother.
— ________that Tom and Bob are so alike.
A. No matter B. No way C. No problem D. No wonder
2. We knew we _____the park when we started seeing the tiger right next to the road.
A. were getting close to B. were getting closely to
C. were coming to D. get close to
3. In October, the ____to the zoo has risen by 50 yuan.
A. permission B. admission C. introduction D. instruction
4. I would learn a lot of words from these books, but I had ________problems memorizing them.
A. terribly B. terror C. terrified D. terrible
5. More and more people choose to shop in the supermarkets, for they are especially interested in the _________of goods on offer.
A. price B. variety C. value D. amount
6. He is cool towards strangers, but with his friends he really ________.
A. comes to life B. comes about C. comes up D. comes out
7. — I have been working for ten hours.
— _______ you looked tired. You’d better have a rest.
A. No problem B. No wonder C. No hurry D. No matter
8. The organization was set up to ____the endangered species from dying out.
A. remove B. survive C. injure D. preserve
9. The notice says, “It’s cheaper by 20% if you book the tickets _______”.
A. in all B. in general C. in addition D. in advance
10. Tom is famous _______ a writer _______ his popular books.
A. for; as B. for; for C. as; as D. as; for
11. He has ____skills in catching poisonous snakes.
A. unique B. rare C. natural D. curious
12. The _____of this year’s China—ASEAN Summit is regional trade and political trust.
A. topic B. theme C. rhythm D. rhyme
*13. Not only ___________interested in football but ______beginning to show an interest in it.
A. the teacher himself; all his students are
B. the teacher himself is; are all his students
C. is the teacher himself; are all his students
D. is the teacher himself; all his students are
14. In the botanical garden, we can find a(n) ________ of plants ranging from tall trees to small flowers.
A. species B. group C. amount D. variety
15. That her _____English is so good is because she is from an ______country.
A. speaking; English—speaking B. spoken; English—speaking
C. speaking; English—spoken D. spoken; English—spoken

*二、完形填空
A boy was born to a couple after eleven years of marriage. They were a loving couple and the boy was the apple of their eye.
One 16 , when the boy was around two years old, the husband saw an opened medicine bottle. It was 8:30 am and he was almost 17 for work, so he asked his wife to 18 the lid on the bottle and put it in the cupboard. Busy in the kitchen, the mother 19 forgot the matter. Seeing the bottle, the boy picked it up playfully and 20 the liquid in it. It was a medicine 21 for adults to be taken in small dosages（剂量）. When the boy fell down, the mother hurried him to a(n) 22 where he died. The mother was terrified. How could she 23 her husband?
When the heartbroken father returned and saw the dead son, he 24 his wife and said just four words. What do you think those four words were? The husband just said, “I 25 you, darling.”
The husband’s totally 26 reaction was positive. Their son could never be 27 back to life, so there was no point in finding fault with the mother. Besides, this would not have happened 28 he had taken the time to put the bottle away.
The mother had also lost her only 29 . What she needed at that moment was 30 and sympathy from the husband. That is what he gave her.
Sometimes we spend time asking who is 31 , only to miss the opportunity to enjoy the 32 in human relationships we could receive by giving each other support. Why don’t we 33 someone we love for the “mistake” they didn’t make on purpose?
Treasure what you 34 , let go of all your anger, 35 to forgive, and selfishness and you will find fewer problems in the world.
16. A. noon B. morning C. evening D. night
17. A. late B. ready C. tired D. fit
18. A. hide B. throw C. place D. keep
19. A. luckily B. nearly C. totally D. suddenly
20. A. removed B. drank C. destroyed D. cleaned
21. A. arranged B. left C. wished D. meant
22. A. hospital B. office C. bank D. restaurant
23. A. encourage B. face C. control D. punish
24. A. called at B. laughed at C. looked at D. pointed to
25. A. love B. hate C. miss D. believe
26. A. reasonable B. confident C. normal D. unexpected
27. A. raised B. brought C. driven D. pulled
28. A. but B. although C. if D. because
29. A. child B. interest C. relative D. chance
30. A. excuse B. praise C. comfort D. explanation
31. A. right B. clever C. kind D. responsible
32. A. warmth B. surprise C. sorrow D. health
33. A. help B. protect C. forgive D. correct
34. A. learn B. have C. know D. want
35. A. ability B. courage C. expectation D. unwillingness

三、阅读理解
A *
Many children first learn the value of money by receiving an allowance （pocket money）.The purpose is to let children learn from experiences at an age when financial mistakes are not very costly.
The amount of money that parents give to their children to spend as they wish differs from family to family. Timing is another consideration .Some children get a weekly allowance. Others get a monthly allowance.
In any case，parents should make clear what，if anything，the child is expected to pay for with the money. At first, young children may spend all of their allowance soon after they receive it. If they