阅读理解——科普知识（学生版）.doc

【考点定位】【考点定位】2013 考纲解读考纲解读和近几年考点分布和近几年考点分布 高考对说明文的考查多为科普说明文，它是阅读理解重要内容，也是高考考查难点。科普类阅读理解题愈来愈受到命题者的青睐而科普类文章往往具有跨学科行文逻辑性强等特点,要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以及重要细节上全面把握【试题特点】注重学科渗透,行文逻辑性强,内容抽象 贴近学生的学习生活实际,有利于激发学生的思维,对选拔优秀考生有一定的作用 能全面地考查学生的综合阅读能力和运用所学知识去分析解决实际问题的能力 (4)科学方法图示判断题 科普说明文常出现科学方法图示判断题，这种试题或以生物依赖关系为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生物依赖关系；或以工艺流程为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的流程顺序，或以生产方法为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生产方法；或以机械配制为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的机械配制。解题时一定要认真阅读分析原文对生物依赖关系、发明创造诞生过程和工艺流程过程的介绍，并且边读边画简易草图，以提高理解准确率。分析备选项时应对照原文介绍情况，找出各图不同之处，以便最终做出正确判断。【考点【考点 pk】名师考点透析名师考点透析 考点一、细节事实理解。考点一、细节事实理解。一篇文章必然是由许多具体的细节、具体的内容构成的，所有这些信息以某种顺序（时间、空间、情感变化等）排列起来，来进一步解释或阐释主题，体现文章的主旨大意。细节理解题目主要考查学生对文章具体事实和细节的理解能力，属于表层理解题范畴，难度较小，但在整个阅读理解题中所占比例最大，细节理解题多从文章的某个具体事实或细节出发来设计题目。此类题通常根据文章具体内容来设问，也常使用下列方式来提问 1.Which of the following statements is(4.According to the passage,when/where/why/how/how/what/which,etc.？1.直接事实题直接事实题 在解答这类问题时要求学生抓住题干文字信息，采用针对性方法进行阅读，因为这类题的答案在文章中可以直接找到。如：A giant dam was built many years ago to control the Colorado River in the U.S.This dam was built to protect the land and houses around the river.This huge dam is in the Black Canyon.It is possible to drive a car from one side of the river to the other on a road，which is on the top of the dam.This dam is so big that there is an elevator inside.The elevator goes down forty-four stories from the road to the bottom.There is enough concrete in this dam to build a highway from New York to San Francisco.Thousands of people worked on this dam for five years.This huge dam was called Boulder Dam when it was finished in 1936.Later it was renamed Hoover Dam in honor of a president of the United States.Hoover Dam，one of the highest dams in the world，is situated between the states of Arizona and Nevada.Q：Hoover Dam lies_.A.between Arizona and Nevada B.in the Black Canyon C.between New York and San Francisco D.both A and B【解析】【解析】由第二段的第一句话和最后一段的最后一句话可得出正确答案是 D 项。2.间接事实题间接事实题 解答此类题，需要结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断或者要进行简单的计算。Invited by Mr.Ye Huixian，host of the well-received TV programmeStars Tonight，Miss Luo Lin，Miss Asia of 1991，appeared as the guest hostess on the Shanghai TV screen last Sunday.Born in Shanghai and taken to Hongkong when she was only six years old，Luo Lin has never dreamed of being Miss Asia.Her childhood dream was to be an air hostess.Before she took part in the competition，she had been an airhostess in Cathay Airline for seven years.However，it still took her three months to learn the art of walking on the stage，dancing,singing,making-up and other proper manners，designed by the Asia TV Station.Its really a hard job for me.I wont enter for such competition any more.Anyhow，I am quite lucky.I am also glad to have had more chance to work for the social welfare since I won the title.This time，in Shanghai，Id love to make a deep impression on my TV audience，said Luo Lin with a sweet smile.Q：Which of the following is NOT true?A.Luo Lin is a native of Shanghai.B.Luo Lin moved to Hongkong with her parents.C.Luo Lin won the title of Miss Asia in 1991.D.Asia TV Station helped Luo Lin to become Miss Asia.【解析】【解析】A、C 和 D 项都可在原文找到答案，而 B 项原文所给的是：taken to Hongkong可判断不是 moved to Hongkong with her parents，因此选 B。3、数据推算。、数据推算。If you register both the VIEW qualification course and the Forum at the same time,you will save_.A.$100 B.$300 C.$350 D.$400 这类题目要求学生就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文中其他信息的关系做简单计算和推断。在做此类题时：1.要抓住并正确理解与数据有关的信息含义。2.弄清众多信息中那些属于有用信息，那些属于干扰信息。3.不要孤立看待数字信息，而要抓住一些关键用语的意义。考点二、主题理解或写作意图推断。考点二、主题理解或写作意图推断。考点三、推理推断。考点三、推理推断。推理题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。这类题旨在考查学生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力，属于深层理解题。此类题的设问常常包括 infer,imply,suggest,conclude 等词，这类题的设问方式主要有：4.It can be 9.On the whole,we can c 14.When the wri 15.Whats the writers attitude 近年来，高考加大了对学生判断推理能力的考查。判断推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，作出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。做题时要注意题干的语言形，如 According to the passage.,It can be inferred from the passage that.；It can be concluded from the passage that.等，虽然从表面上看是问有关全文的题，但实际上不用看全篇，仍然只需要根据选项中的线索找到原文中与之相关的一句话或几句话，然后得出答案。针对推理题的不同形，可以采取以下做法：1.假如题干中有具体线索，根据具体线索找到原文相关句(一句或几句话)，然后做出推理；2.假如题干中无线索，如 It can be inferred from the passage that.；It can be concluded from the passage that.等，先浏览一下 4 个选项，排除不太可能的选项，然后根据最可能的选项中的关键词找到原文相关句，作出推理；3.如果一篇文章中其他题都未涉及文章主旨，那么推理题，如 infer,conclude 题型，可能与文章主旨有关，考生应该定位到文章主题所在位置(如主题句出现处)；假如其他题已经涉及文章主旨，那么要求推断出来的内容可能与段落主题有关，如果如此，应该找段落主题所在处；如果不与段落主题有关，有时与全文或段落的重要结论有关，这时可以寻找与这些结论相关的原文叙述。考点四、词义、句义猜测。考点四、词义、句义猜测。词义猜测阅读理解题考查对文中关键词语的理解。在阅读理解题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。此类题的设问方式主要有此类题的设问方式主要有 1.The word.in Line.means/can be replaced by.4.The word.is closest in meaning to.猜词是应用英语的重要能力，也是高考中常用的题型。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会顺藤摸瓜，通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索确定词义。1.定义法。如:Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly.句子给予 annealing 以明确的定义，即 退火。It will be very hard but also very brittlethat is,it will break easily.从后面的解释中我们可以了解到 brittle 是脆的意思。The herdsman,who looks after sheep，earns about 650 yuan a year.定语从句中 looks after sheep 就表明了 herdsman 的词义为牧人。2.同位法。如:They traveled a long way and at last got to a castle,a large building in old times.同位语部分 a large building in old times 给出了 castle 的确切词义，即城堡。We are on the night shiftfrom midnight to 8 a.m.this week.两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明 night shift 是夜班的意思。3.对比法。如:She is usually prompt for all her class,but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.but 一词表转折，因此 but 前后的意思正相反。后半句的意思是她今天第一节第一节上了一半才来，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向准时的结论。4.构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)。如:Perhaps,we can see some possibilities for next fifty years.But the next hundred?possibility 是 possible 的同根名词,据此可以判断定 possibility 意思是可能性。5.因果法。如：The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken.Sometimes the weakness was permanent.So the player could never play the sport again.从后面的结果永远不能再运动中，可以推测 permanent 的意思为永远的，永久。【三年高考】【三年高考】10、11、12 高考试题高考试题及其解析及其解析 2012 高考英语试题高考英语试题 科普知识类 2012 浙江卷 B Below is a selection about some Guinness(吉尼斯)World Records.Top 6 Unusual Guinness World Records Fastest 100 m running on all fours The 2008 Guinness World Records Day was,according to GWR，their biggest day of record-breaking ever,with more than 290,000 people taking part in record attempts in 15 different countries.Kenichi Itos record attempt was part of this special day.He is just another example of Japanese with super powers.His super power is to run with great speed on all fours.Kenichi Ito ran 100 m on all fours in 18.58 seconds.The Japanese set this record at Setagaya Kuritsu Sogo Undojyo,Tokyo,in 2008.Most people inside a soap bubbleLongest ears on a dogMost living generations Did you ever wonder what is the Guinness World Record for most living generations in one family?Seven is the answer.The ultimate authority on record-breaking mentions on the website that the youngest greatgreatgreatgreat grandparent of this family was Augusta Bung aged 109 years 97 days,followed by her daughter aged 89,her granddaughter aged 70,her great grand-daughter aged 52,her great-great grand-daughter aged 33 and her great-great-great granddaughter aged 15 on the birth of her greatgreatgreatgreat grandson on January 21,1989 48How many T-shirts had Krunoslav Budiseli put on before he felt it difficult to go on?A68.B120.C238.D245.49According to the given information,which Guinness World Record was most recently set?AThe record for Most people inside a soap bubble BThe record for Most living generations CThe record for Most Tshirts worn at once DThe record for Heaviest pumpkin 2012 四川卷 E Plants are flowering faster than scientists predicted(预测)in reaction to climate change,which could have long damaging effects on food chains and ecosystems.Global warming is having a great effect on hundreds of plant and animal species around the world,changing some living patterns,scientists say.Increased carbon dioxide(CO2)in the air from burning coal and oil can have an effect on how plants produce oxygen,while higher temperatures and changeable rainfall patterns can change their patterns of growth.Predicting species reaction to climate change is a major challenge in ecology，said the researchers of several US.universities.They said plants had been the key object of study because their reaction to climate change could have an effect on food chains and ecosystem services.The study,published on the Nature website,uses the findings from plant life cycle studies and experiments across four continents and 1,634 species.It found that some experiments had underestimated(低估)the speed of flowering by 8.5 times and leafing by 4 times.Scientists believe the worlds average temperature has risen by about 0.8 since 1900,and nearly 0.2 every ten years since 1979.So far,efforts to cut emissions(排放)of planet-warming greenhouse gases are not seen as enough to prevent the Earth heating up beyond 2 this centurya point scientists say will bring the danger of a changeable climate in which weather extremes are common,leading to drought,floods,crop failures and rising sea levels.57.What is the key information the author wants to give in Paragraph 1?APlants reaction to weather could have damaging effects on ecosystems.BThe increasing speed of flowering is beyond scientists expectation.CClimate change leads to the change of food production patterns.DFood chains have been seriously damaged because of weather.58.We can learn from the study published on the Nature website that _.Aplants flowering is 8.5 times faster than leafing Bthere are 1,634 plant species on the four continents Cscientists should improve the design of the experiments Dthe experiments failed to predict how plants react to climate change 59.Scientists pay special attention to the study of plants because_.Athey can prove the climate change clearly Bthey are very important in the food chains Cthey play a leading role in reducing global warming Dthey are growing and flowering much faster than before 60.What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs about the worlds temperature?AIt has risen nearly 0.2 since 1979.BIts change will lead to weather extremes.CIt is 0.8 higher in 1979 than that of 1900.DIt needs to be controlled within 2 in this century.2012 山东卷 D The washers and dryers,available starting in the spring,connect to any smartphone through a downloadable application.The phone can then be used as a remote control,so the machines can be turned on and off while their owner is at work or on the bus.Samsung says its not just something newthe app connection actually has some practical uses.If you started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out,you can go to your phone and restart your dryer for the time when you come home,so your clothes are refreshed and ready to go，said spokesperson Amy Schmidt.The company also says that with electricity rates(电价)varying depending on the time of day,more control over when the machines are used can help save money.Perhaps,but what they will probably really accomplish is what all good technologies doenable laziness.Rather than getting up to check on whether the laundry is done,users will instead monitor it on their phones while watching TV.72.What can be inferred from the common response of the attendees at the CES?A.The machine will be a big success.B.Their wives like doing the laundry.C.The machine is unrelated to their lift.D.This kind of technology is familiar to them.73.What can we learn about the new laundry machines?A.They can tell you when your clothes need washing.B.They can be controlled with a smartphone.C.They are difficult to operate.D.They are sold at a low price.74.We can conclude from Samsungs statements that _.A.the app connection makes life easier B.it is better to dry clothes in the morning C.smartphones can shorten the drying time D.we should refresh clothes back at home 75.What is the main idea of the last paragraph?A.The laundry should be frequently checked.B.Lazy people like using such machines.C.Good technologies also cause problems.D.Television may help do the laundry.2012 全国卷 B If the wind is blowing from the side,it is blowing across the boat.In this case,you must keep the sail half way outside the boat.It should be at a 45 angle to the boat.It needs to be out far enough to catch the wind,but it shouldnt flap(摆动)It shouldnt look like a flag on a flagpole.If it is flapping,it is probably out too far,and the boat will slow down.Sailing into the wind is not possible.If you try,the sail will flap and the boat will stop.You may want to go in that direction.It is possible,but you cant go in a straight line.You must go first in one direction and then in another.This is called tacking.When you are tacking,you must always keep the sail inside the boat.45.What should you consider first while sailing?ASailors strength.BWave levels.CWind directions.DSize of sails.46What does the word It underlined in Paragraph 4 refer to?AThe boat.BThe wind.CThe sail.DThe angle.47What do you have to do when sailing against the wind?AMove in a straight line.BAllow the sail to flap.CLower the sail.DTack the boat.48Where can you probably find the text?AIn a popular magazine.BIn a tourist guidebook.CIn a physics textbook.DIn an official report.2012 辽宁卷 B Astronauts on shorter shuttle missions(使命)often work very long days.Tasks are scheduled so tightly that break times are often used to finish the days work.This type of schedule is far too demanding for long missions on the International Space Station(ISS)ISS crewmembers usually live in space for at least a quarter of a year.They work five days on and two days off to mimic the normal way they do things on Earth as much as possible.Weekends give the crew valuable time to rest and do a few hours of housework.They can communicate with family and friends by email,Internet phone and through private video conferences.While astronauts cannot go to a baseball game or a movie in orbit,there are many familiar activities that they can still enjoy.Before a mission,the family and friends of each ISS crewmember put together a collection of family photos,messages,videos and reading material for the astronauts to look at when they will be floating 370 kilometers above the Earth.During their mission,the crew also receives care packages with CDs,books,magazines,photos and letters.And as from early 2010,the Internet became available on the ISS,giving astronauts the chance to do some web surfing(冲浪)in their personal time.Besides relaxing with these more common entertainments,astronauts can simply enjoy the experience of living in space.Many astronauts say that one of the most relaxing things to do in space is to look out the window and stare at the universe and the Earth.Both the shuttle and the ISS circle the planet several times each day,and every moment offers a new view of the Earths vast land mass and oceans.60What does the word mimic in Paragraph 1 probably mean?AFind.BCopy.CChange.DLose.61Which of the following best describes the families of the astronauts on the ISS?AThey are caring and thoughtful.BThey are worried and upset.CThey are impatient and annoyed.DThey are excite