母猪的饲养专题知识讲座.pptx

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,#,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第1页,Changes in the Swine Industry(1980-),养猪工业改变,(1980-),Increased Reproductive Efficiency,提升繁殖率,Reduced Back Fat Levels,降低背膘厚度,Earlier Weaning,早期断奶,Muti-Site Production,多点生产,Larger Operations,规模变大,Lower Profit Margins,利润空间变小,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第2页,Feed Modern Genotypes Differently,当代基因型猪喂养与过去不一样,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第3页,Conserve,Body Tissue,体组织贮备,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第4页,Consequences of Poor Sow Nutrition,母猪营养缺乏后果,Smaller Litter Size,窝重小,Increased Piglet Mortality,仔猪死亡率增加,Lighter Pigs at Weaning,断奶体重轻,Lower Conception Rates,受精率低,Longer Weaning to Rebreeding Interval,断奶至下一次配种时间间隔长,Premature Culling,过早淘汰,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第5页,Formulate Diets for,Specific Stages of Production,按生产阶段配制日粮,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第6页,Developer diets typically contain higher levels of vitamins and minerals than those fed to market animals since the nutritional requirements for growth and reproduction are different.,因为生长和繁殖期营养需要量不一样，后备母猪日粮比商品育肥猪日粮含有更高水平维生素和微量元素。,The higher levels of vitamins and minerals are designed to enhance body reserves of nutrients since breeding animals will remain in the herd for a significantly longer period than market animals,.,因为种猪比育肥猪喂养时间长，高水平维生素和微量元素能够确保它们体组织营养物贮备。,Gilt Developer Diets,后备母猪日粮,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第7页,Locomotor problems are a common reason for culling and it is important to ensure adequate intakes of calcium and phosphorus.,运动问题是造成母猪淘汰主要原因,但它对确保母猪能摄取足够钙磷也非常主要。,Several research trials have indicated that the calcium and phosphorus requirements for maximal bone mineralization are higher than the requirements for maximal growth rate.,很多试验研究表明，猪最大骨质矿化要比最快生长率对钙磷需要量更高。,Diets fed to replacement gilts should be at least 0.1%higher in calcium and total phosphorus than diets fed to market animals beginning at approximately 50 kg body weight.,从50,kg,体重开始，后备母猪日粮钙磷水平比育肥猪最少要高0.1%。,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第8页,In addition to higher levels of calcium and phosphorus,there is antidotal evidence that supplementing the gilt developer diet with higher levels of copper,zinc,iron,iodine and manganese will increase body reserves of these minerals and may enhance future reproductive performance.,后备母猪日粮除要求额外高水平钙、磷之外如能再补充高水平铜、锌、铁、碘、锰微量元素，这将 有利于提升母猪体内对这些矿物 质贮备从而能改进以后繁殖 表现。,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第9页,Typical Gilt,Finisher,Developer,育肥猪 后备母猪,常量元素,Macrominerals(Total),钙,Calcium,%0.600.75,磷,Phosphorus,%0.500.65,有效磷,Avail,phosphorus,%0.200.40,食盐,Salt,%0.330.40,微量元素,Microminerals(Supplemented,),铁,Iron,mg/kg 50 150,铜,Copper,mg/kg 10 15,锌,Zinc,mg/kg 90 150,碘,Iodine,mg/kg 0.14 0.28,硒,Selenium,mg/kg 0.30 0.30,锰,Manganese,mg/kg-20,Recommendations for Mineral Fortification of a Gilt Developer Diet Compared with a Typical Finisher Diet,与肥育猪日粮相比后备母猪日粮中矿物质推荐添加量,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第10页,The vitamin needs of the reproducing female are also greater than those of the terminal animal.,繁殖母猪维生素需要量比育肥猪高。,The typical vitamin premix used in the finishing barn should be replaced with a“breeder”vitamin premix.,要用种猪维生素预混料来代替常见育肥猪喂养期经典维生素预混料。,The breeder premix should contain elevated levels of the fat soluble vitamins A,D,and E and the water-soluble vitamins with special attention to choline,biotin,pyridoxine and folic acid which are usually not supplemented in typical finishing rations.,种猪维生素预混料应含高水平脂溶性维生素,A、D、E,和水溶性各种维生素，尤其注意胆碱、生物素、,B6,、叶酸这些通常不在育肥猪日粮中添加维生素。,Vitamin Levels for Developer Diets,后备母猪日粮维生素水平,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第11页,TypicalFinisher,Gilt Developer,育肥猪,后备母猪,Vitamin AIU55008200,Vitamin DIU 550 825,Vitamin EIU 25 66,Vitamin Kmg 2 2,Vitamin B,12,ug 15 25,Niacin,烟酸,mg 20 20,Pantoth Acid,泛酸,mg 15 20,Riboflavin,B,2,mg 4 20,Choline,胆碱,mg 01250,Biotin,生物素,ug 0 200,Folic Acid,叶酸,mg 0 1.5,Pyridoxine,B,6,mg 0 1.0,Recommendations for Vitamin Fortification of a Gilt Developer Compared with a Finisher Diet,与肥育猪日粮相比后备母猪日粮中维生素推荐添加量,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第12页,The objective of any feeding strategy for gilts should be to introduce replacements into the breeding herd in such a way that their breeding lifetime and reproductive performance are maximized,.,后备母猪喂养策略目标是引进后备猪进入繁殖群后它们均能到达最大程度繁殖周期和繁殖性能,Feeding Gilts,后备母猪喂养,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第13页,It is important that replacement gilts be of sufficient age,size and physiological maturity before breeding.,有必要在繁殖前就选取好后备母猪具备足够年纪、大小、生理成熟状态。,It is also necessary that they have adequate reserves of fat and lean in their body at first mating.,也必需在第一次配种前考虑所选取后备母猪具备足够体脂和瘦肉贮备。,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第14页,At least 135 kg live weight,最少135千克活体重,At least 16-20 mm P2 back fat,最少,P2,背膘厚度16-22毫米,At second estrus or later,最少处于第二个发情期或更晚,Targets for Gilts at,First Mating,后备母猪,第一次配种时目标指数,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第15页,Body WeightP2 Backfat at Number of Piglets Born,at Mating(kg),Mating(mm),Parity 1,Parity 1 to 5,配种时体重,P2,背脂厚度 初胎产仔数 1-5胎产仔总数,11714.6 7.151.0,12615.8 9.857.3,13617.710.356.9,14620.010.559.8,15722.410.551.7,16625.3 9.951.3,Challinor et al.,1996,Reproductive Performance of Sows According to Body Weight and Back Fat at First Mating,母猪繁殖性能与第一次配种时体重和背脂厚度相关,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第16页,Feeding Replacement Gilts From Herd Entry Until Mating,后备母猪从进入种群到配种喂养,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第17页,For most genotypes of gilts there is no need to do anything special to manipulate body composition.,对大多数品种后备母猪来说没必要有意设法想改变其身体组分。,All that will be required will be to feed a gilt developer diet ad libitum from arrival in the breeding herd until mating.,从进入繁殖群到配种，最必需是用后备母猪专用料并采取自由采食方式来饲喂后备母猪。,This diet should contain about 3000-3200 kcal of DE/kg and 0.70-0.80%lysine.,该日粮应含3000-3200大卡/,kg,消化能和0.7-0.8%赖氨酸。,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第18页,Body Weight of Gilt,后备母猪体重,10-20,20-50,50-100,DE Intake(Mcal/day),3.4 6.409.0,消化能,（兆卡,/,天）,Crude Protein(%),粗蛋白,20.918.016.3,Total Lysine(%),总赖氨酸,1.150.950.75,Total Lysine,(,g/day,天,)11.519.022.5,g Lysine/Mcal DE 3.382.962.50,克赖氨酸/兆卡消化能,Adapted from NRC(1998).,Assumes ad lib intake and a lean growth potential of 325 g/day,假设自由采食、瘦肉生长潜力为325克/天。,Nutrient Levels to Maximize Lean TissueGrowth Rates in Developing Gilts,后备母猪最大瘦肉组织生长率所需营养水平,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第19页,For genotypes whose growth rate is so rapid that they are likely to be significantly over the target weight before reaching puberty,it may be necessary to restrict energy intake.,在性成熟阶段之前，对于那些生长过快很可能显著超出目标体重后备母猪品种，有必要限制它们能量摄入。,The objective of restricting energy intake during rearing is to limit mature body size and reduce feet and leg problems associated with females that become too heavy or too fat.There are two possibilities to accomplish this:,喂养管理中限饲能量摄入目标是限制成熟母猪体重、降低因母猪超重过肥引发肢蹄病。通常采取两种方法:,1.,Restrict Feed Intake(,2.4-2.6 kg,),限制日采食量,2.,Reduce Energy Density,降低能量浓度,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第20页,Effect of High Fibre Gestation Diets on Reproductive Performance,高纤维日粮对怀孕母猪繁殖性能影响,Standard50%Sugar50%Mixed,Gestation Diet,Beet Pulp,Fibre Sources,标准怀孕日粮,50%甜菜粕,50%纤维混合物,Net Energy Content(MJ/kg),净能含量,9.03 8.496.72,Gestation Feed Intake(kg),怀孕猪采食量,281 290368,Gestation Energy Intake(MJ NE),2296 22162287,怀孕猪摄入净能,Lactation Energy Intake(MJ NE),1450 15281438,泌乳猪摄入净能,Gestation Weight Gain(kg),怀孕猪体增重,58.7 61.667.9,Lactation Weight Loss(kg),泌乳猪体失重,8.0 6.3 9.6,Pigs Born Alive,出生活仔数,10.8 10.910.7,Birth Weight(kg),出生重,1.6 1.51.7,Pigs Weaned,断奶仔猪数,9.5 9.39.3,28 Day Weaning Weight(kg),8.4 8.18.4,28,天断奶重,_,Vestergaard and Danielsen,1998.Animal Science 68:355-362.,Mixed Fibre=Grass meal,wheat bran and oat hulls.,混合纤维=干草,+,麦麸,+,燕麦壳,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第21页,Feeding Replacement,Gilts Prior To Mating,后备母猪,配种前,喂养,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第22页,Feeding Gilts Prior to Mating,后备母猪配种前喂养,The objective of the feeding program immediately before mating is to maximize the number of eggs ovulated.,在临近配种时饲喂程序目标是促使排卵数最大化。,Ovulation rate is the principle factor limiting litter size in gilts and increasing the level of feed intake prior to mating will significantly increase ovulation rate.,排卵率是限制母猪窝重主要因子，在配种前提升采食量能显著性地增加排卵效率。,Ovulation rate increases by 1-2 ova in response to increased feed intake during the 14-day period immediately prior to ovulation.This is the well know flushing effect.,在排卵前14天马上增加采食量，排卵数对应会增加1-2个，这是著名“冲刷”效果。,（最大采食量会造成胃肠快速排空，即催情补饲）,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第23页,Flushing has been shown to increase plasma levels of FSH and increase the pulse frequency of LH suggesting that flushing enhances ovulation rate by stimulating the secretion of gondotrophins.,催情补饲能增加血浆中卵泡刺激素水平和增加促黄体素脉冲频率，这表明催情补饲能经过刺激促性腺激素分泌提升排卵速率。,The increase in gonadotrophin secretion is thought to be mediated through plasma levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1).,促性腺激素分泌增加被看作是血浆中胰岛素和胰岛素类似生长因子-1,(IGF-1),水平调整所致。,The increase in ovulation rate likely occurs either as result of increased follicle recruitment or a reduction in atresia.,排卵速率增加很可能是因为,卵泡增生加强或是卵泡囊萎缩下降,所致,。,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第24页,The Effects of Feed Level During the First Estrous Cycle on Litter Size,在第一个发情期饲喂水平对窝重效果,Should feed intake be restricted for any reason during the rearing period,special precautions should be taken to ensure that gilts are fed ad lib(at least 3 kg/day)for the two week period prior to mating,.,假如在喂养过程中限制饲料采食量，应该在配种前2周采取尤其办法来确保后备母猪自由采食(最少3千克/天)。,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第25页,Summary of Feeding Replacement Gilts,后备母猪喂养小结,Feed replacement gilts a specialized developer diet rather than a finisher diet to enhance body stores of vitamins and minerals.,饲喂后备母猪要使用专门日粮而不是育肥猪日粮，以促使体组织中维生素和矿物营养元素贮存。,Feed diet containing 3000-3200 kcal DE and 0.7-0.8%lysine ad libitum to ensure adequate reserves of fat and lean at mating.,日粮应含3000-3200大卡/千克消化能和0.7-0.8%赖氨酸并自由采食,确保配种时母猪体脂肪和肌肉贮备。,For some genotypes,it may be necessary to restrict feed intake to reduce feet and leg problems associated with females getting too heavy or fat.,对一些品种有必要限制采食量，降低因为母猪超重过肥引发肢蹄病。,If for any reason feed intake is restricted,feed gilts ad libitum(3.0 kg)for two week period prior to mating.,假如因为某种原因采食量受到限制，应该在配种前2周确保后备母猪自由采食(最少3千克/天)。,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第26页,Feeding Sows in Gestation,怀孕母猪喂养,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第27页,Objectives of Feeding Program in Gestation,怀孕母猪饲喂程序目标,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第28页,Minimize embryo mortality,降低胚胎死亡率,Provide nutrients for fetal growth,提供胎体生长营养,Provide nutrients for the growth of the uterus and mammary glands,提供子宫和乳腺生长发育营养,Allow for maternal growth,维持母猪生长,Replenish body reserves depleted during the previous lactation,补充泌乳前期体储存营养物损失,Set the sow up metabolically for the ensuing lactation,调整母猪身体代谢情况为随即泌乳做准备,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第29页,Goal is to have the sow produce a large,healthy litter with a high probability of survival and with the potential for rapid and efficient growth.,目标是确保母猪产仔窝重大、健康、成活率高、具快速生长期有效率潜力。,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第30页,Approaches to Gestation Feeding,怀孕母猪喂养方法,North American System,北美系,Danish System,丹麦系,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第31页,Feeding Pattern During Gestation,(North American System),怀孕母猪饲喂模式（北美系）,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第32页,North American System,北美模式,In this system,there are three major phases where feed intake is adjusted.They are:,其中有三个调整采食量主要阶段，它们是：,Early gestation where the focus is on embryo survival(first two weeks),怀孕早期关注胚胎成活率（0-2周）,Mid-gestation where the focus is on sow body condition(days 14 to 100),怀孕中期关注母猪体况（14-100天）,Late gestation where the focus is on fetal growth and setting the sow up for the ensuing lactation(last 2 weeks),怀孕后期关注胎儿生长和调整身体情况，为随即泌乳做准备（最终两周）。,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第33页,Feeding During Early Pregnancy,(North American System),怀孕早期喂养（北美系）,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第34页,Approximately 20-30%of all embryos die during the first 30 days of gestation.,怀孕早期前30天约有20-30%胚胎死亡。,Research has shown that high levels of feed intake following mating are associated with an increase in embryo mortality.,研究表明配种后高采食量与 高胚胎死亡率亲密相关。,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第35页,The principle mechanism controlling the development of embryos and their subsequent survival is the secretion of uterine specific proteins.,控制胚胎发育即后成活率主要机理是子宫特殊蛋白分泌,These proteins are stimulated by ovarian steroid hormones particularly progesterone.A rise in progesterone early in pregnancy enhances the uterine environment and makes it more supportive of the embryo.,这些特殊蛋白被卵巢类固醇激素尤其黄体酮激发。怀孕早期黄体酮升高会改进子宫环境，为胚胎提供更适宜营养。,Increased feed intakes have been shown to be associated with a decrease in plasma progesterone as a result of increased metabolic clearance of progesterone leading to a subsequent reduction in embryo survival.,采食量增加已经证实与代谢分解加紧、血浆黄体酮降低相关，结果造成胚胎存活率降低,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第36页,Feeding Level,OvulationTotalEmbryoProgesterone,Day 1-3Day 3-15 Rate EmbryosSurvival(%)(ng/ml,),1-3,天饲喂量 3-15天饲喂量 排卵数 胚胎数 胚胎成活率 黄体酮浓度,1.9 kg1.9 kg14.512.485.9 10.5,2.5 kg1.9 kg14.911.577.3 3.7,2.6 kg2.6 kg14.910.266.9 4.5,_,Jindal et al.,1996,Effect of Feed Level in Early Gestation on Plasma Progesterone Levels and Embryo Survival,怀孕早期饲喂水平对血浆黄体酮和胚胎存活率影响,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第37页,High-plane,Feeding,高水平饲喂量,Increased hepatic,blood flow,增加肝中血浆流动,Increased metabolic,clearance rate of,Progesterone,黄体酮分解代谢速度增加,Decreased plasma,progesterone,Concentration,血浆黄体酮浓度降低,Suboptimal secretion,of“uterine specific,proteins”,子宫特殊蛋白分泌不适,Decreased embryo,survival rate,胚胎成活率降低,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第38页,As a result of this research,it is generally recommended that low(1.8-2.0 kg)level feeding be conducted for the first two weeks of gestation,.,研究结果表明，通常提议怀孕头两周采取低饲喂量（1.8-2.0千克)。,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第39页,Feeding During,Mid-Pregnancy,(North American System),怀孕中期喂养,(北美模式),母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第40页,The underlying objective of feeding sows during mid-gestation is to allow for a moderate weight gain and to achieve a target level of body fat at farrowing(18-22 mm).,怀孕中期母猪饲喂目标是取得适宜体增重、产仔时体脂肪到达目标水平（18-22,mm),母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第41页,Breeding,Back Fat at Breeding(mm),繁殖时背膘厚度,Wt(kg),8 91011121314151617181920,115-1192.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.81.71.71.71.7,120-1242.62.52.42.32.32.22.12.01.91.81.71.71.7,125-1292.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.81.71.71.7,130-1342.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.91.81.71.7,135-1392.72.62.52.42.42.32.22.12.01.91.81.71.7,140-1442.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.81.71.7,145-1492.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.02.01.81.81.7,150-1542.82.72.62.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.81.8,155-1592.92.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.81.8,160-1642.92.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.22.11.91.91.8,165-1692.92.82.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.9,170-1743.02.92.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.01.91.9,175-1793.02.92.82.72.62.52.42.42.32.22.02.01.9,180-1843.02.92.92.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.02.0,185-1893.13.02.92.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.02.0,190-1943.13.02.92.82.72.62.52.52.42.32.22.12.1,195-1993.13.13.02.92.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.1,200-2043.23.13.02.92.82.72.62.52.42.32.22.12.1,205-2093.23.13.02.92.82.72.72.62.52.42.32.22.2,Target Feed Intakes for Gestating Gilts(Days 14 to 100),14-100,天怀孕母猪目标采食量,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第42页,Feeding Sows in,Late Gestation,怀孕后期母猪喂养,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第43页,The nutrient requirements of gestating sows are greatest in late gestation when fetal growth is at its peak.,怀孕后期母猪体内胎儿生优点高峰期、对营养需要量最大。,If feed intake is not increased during this period,the sow will lose back fat during the last two weeks of gestation.,假如这个时候不增加采食量，在怀孕最终两周母猪背脂厚度将降低。,In addition,there is evidence that this catabolic state will contribute to sows gorging and then going off feed in early lactation.,另外，有证据表明分解代谢状态将造成母猪暴食，然后泌乳早期采食量下降。,Sows should receive an additional 1.5 kg of feed per day on top of their normal daily allowance from day 100 to 112 of gestation.,怀孕母猪100-112天应该天天比正常采食额外增加1.5千克饲料。,母猪的饲养专题知识讲座,第44页,Performance of Sows F