被动语态详解及练习.doc

主动语态与被动语态
一、被动语态概述
语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用"被"、"受"、"给"等词来表示被动意义。
如：
He opened the door.他打开了这扇门。（主动语态）
The door was opened.这扇门被打开了。（被动语态）

二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由"助动词be+及物动词的过去分词"构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。疑问式(be 动词提前)和否定式（在be后加not）的变化也如此。
1、被动语态的时态较常见的几种，现以动词clean为例 说明：
★一般现在时 is /am /are +cleaned
★一般过去时 was/were +cleaned
一般将来时 be going to/will/shall be cleaned
过去将来时 be(过) going to/ would/should be cleaned
过去完成时 had+been +cleaned
现在完成时 has/have been cleaned
过去进行时 was/were being cleaned
现在进行时 is/am /are being cleaned

各种时态的被动语态举例（以动词do为例）
　1．一般现在时（am/ is/ are +done）
　English is spoken by lots of people in the world. 世界上的许多人都说英语。
　Class meeting is held every Thursday. 每周四都举行班会。
　The classroom is cleaned by the students every day. 学生们每天都打扫教室。
　2．一般过去时(was/ were +done)
　The cup was broken by the boy. 杯子被那个男孩打碎了。
　He was saved at last. 他最终获救了。
　My bike was stolen. 我的自行车被偷了。
　3．一般将来时与过去将来时(will/ shall be +done; would/should be +done)
　A speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一个演讲。
　A new road will be built next year. 明年要修一条新马路。
　I thought thousands of people would be helped. 我认为将有数千人得到帮助。
　4．现在进行时与过去进行时(am/ is/ are being +done; was/ were being +done)
　The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday. 昨天这时，机器正在被修理。
　The problem is being discussed now. 问题正在被讨论。
　A bus is being pushed by the passengers. 路人正在推一辆公共汽车。
　5．现在完成时(have/ has been + done)
　Two hundred trees have been planted by now. 到现在为止，已经种了二百棵树了。
　The book has been read many times by me. 这本书已经被我读了许多遍了。
　Several soldiers have already been killed in the conflict. 在冲突中已经有几名士兵被杀害。
　6．过去完成时(had been+done)
　They said they had been invited to the party. 他们说已经被邀请参加晚会了。
　She found the house had been destroyed by the storm. 她发现房子已经被暴风雨摧毁。
　He had been tortured by the illness for many years before he died.
　他在去世前已经被疾病折磨很多年了。

2、含有情态动词的被动语态
情态动词的被动语态结构为：情态动词+be+过去分词；其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完成，"be+过去分词"部分不变。如：
Tables can be made of stone.桌子可由石头制造。
Tables could be made of stone at that time.那时桌子可由石头制造。（一般过去时）
Can tables be made of stone? 桌子能用石头制造吗？（疑问句）
Your homework must be handed in today.

三、被动语态的用法：
1、不知道或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。
The bridge was built last year.这座桥是去年建造的。
He was elected chairman.他被选为主席。
2、 当更加强调动作的承受者时。此时动作的执行者由by引导置于谓语动词之后，不需要时可以省略。
The room hasn't been cleaned yet.房间还没有打扫。
The tiger was killed by him.老虎被他杀死了。
3、当动作的执行者不是人时，多用被动语态。如：
The window was blown by wind.窗户被风吹开了。
The whole village has been washed away by the flood.整个村庄都被洪水冲走了。
4、表示客观的说明常用"It is + 过去分词."句型。
It is said that Lucy has gone abroad.据说露茜已经出国了。
It is believed that he is a spy. (=He is believed to be a spy.)大家相信他是个间谍。
其它常见的"It is + 过去分词+ that"句型还有
It is reported that…据报道
It is said that…据说
It is believed that…大家相信
It is suggested that…有人建议

四、主动语态变为被动语态
1、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤：
（1）将主动句的宾语变为主语：
注意：如果主动句的宾语是代词，需将其由宾格变为主格。如：
Tom killed him. → He was killed by Tom.
（2）将动词改为"be+过去分词"。
注意：
They held a meeting yesterday. → A meeting was held by them yesterday.
他们昨天开会了。
（3）将主动语态的主语改为by…放在谓语动词后。
注意：如果原主语是代词，则应由主格变为宾格。
He sang a song. → A song was sung by him.

2、主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项：
（1）主动句中的主语如果是people, we, you, they, somebody等含糊地表示"人们"、"大家"的单词，变为主动句时，通常删去"by…"，但原主语被强调者除外。如：
They set up this hospital in 1975. → This hospital was set up in 1975.
这所医院建于1975年。
only he can finish the job. → 只有他能完成这项工作。
The job can be finished only by him.这项工作只能由他来完成。

（2）含有双宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语的句子，每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语，即其被动语态有两种形式：一种情况是把间接宾语(指人)变为主语,直接宾语(指物)不变。另一种情况是把直接宾语(指物)变为主语,间接宾语(指人)不变,这时,间接宾语前通常加介词to,有时加for，但多以间接宾语作主语。 如：
①Jack told us the truth.杰克告诉了我们真相。
We were told the truth by Jack. （间接宾语作了主语）
The truth was told (to) us by Jack.（直接宾语作了主语）
②My father gave me a new book on my birthday.→爸爸送我一本书做生日礼物。
I was given a new book (by my father) on my birthday. (间接宾语作了主语)
A new book was given to me (by my father) on my birthday. (直接宾语作了主语)
③Her father bought her a new bike.
She was bought a new bike by her father.
A new bike was bought for her by her father.
用to的常 见 词有：give, show, send, lend, pass, pay, teach, throw, take, bring etc.
用for的常见词有：make, choose, sing, play, draw, save, buy, get, leave, cook etc.

⑶含有短语动词的被动语态
一般来说,只有及物动词才有被动语态。另外,许多不及物动词加上介词或副词构成的短语动词,相当于及物动词,后面也可加宾语。在变被动语态时,注意不可丢掉后面的介词或副词,常见的这类短语动词有:take care of, look after, take off, look at, send for, look up等。如:
The old people should be taken good care of.

⑷.带有复合宾语的动词的被动语态
带有复合宾语(宾语和宾语补足语)的主动语态变为被动语态时,只把宾语变为被动语态的主语,原来的宾语补足语不动。同时,如果宾语补足语是省略to的动词不定式,变为被动语态时,必须加上不定式符号to,这类动词有make, let, see, hear, watch等。如:
We find English very useful.→English is found very useful.
　　　　宾语　　 宾补
I often hear him sing in his room.→He is often heard to sing in his room.
　　 宾语 宾补

⑸ 若主动句的主语是表示地点的名词，变为被动语态时，应将其变为in+名词，作地点状语，而不变为by的宾语。
Our village opened a new school last year.
A new school was opened in our village last year.

⑹若主动句的谓语动词是know变为被动语态时，应将其变为 be known to，而不能变为 be known by。
People all over the world know the Great Wall.
The Great Wall is known to people all over the world.

⑺若主动句的主语是nobody, no one等否定不定代词时，变为被动语态应将其anybody, anyone作介词by的宾语，并将其谓语动词改为否定的被动语态。
Nobody can answer this question.
This question can not be answered by anybody.

五、动词的主动形式表示被动之意
以主动形式表示被动之意的动词多为连系动词，如：look, feel, smell, taste, sound等，也有某些及物动词+副词，如：wash, write, sell, read, open, cut, shut, keep等。下列动词没有被动式：happen，cost，take，have
An accident was happened yesterday.（×）昨天发生了一起事故。
An accident happened yesterday.（ ）
The flower smells sweet.这花闻起来很香。
The watch looks good.这表看起来很好。
This book sells well.这本书畅销
The food tastes good.
This coat feels soft.
The pen writes smoothly.
This kind of shirt washes easily.

被动语态专项练习
Ⅰ单项选择
1. Good books ____ again and again.
A. should be readed B. should be read
C. must read D. ought to read
2. The children ____ by the nurse.
A. were looked B. looked after
C. were looked after D. looked
3. He ___ some pieces of advice, but he ____ to them.
A. gave, didn't listen B. was given, wasn't listened
C. give, wasn't listened D. was given, didn't listen
4. When____ the accident _____ ?
A. was, happen B. did, happen
C. is, happen D. was, happened
5. The question ____ by us soon.
A. is going to discuss B. will discuss
C. is going to be discussed D. has been discussed
6. The lab ____ about five years ago.
A. was builded B. was built C. builds D. has been built
7. A lot of tall buildings _____ in his hometown in the last three years.
A. have set up B. have been set up C. were set up D. set up
8. They ____ printing 500 copies by the end of last month.
A. had finished B. have finished C. had been finished D. have been finished
9. Rice ___ also _____ in their hometown.
A. is…grown B. is…grew C. was…grew D. was…grown
10. He ____ by the teachers.
A. is always praised B. praises
C. have been praised D. always is praised
11. Great changes ____ place. Many new schools____ .
A. have taken, have been opened B. take, are open
C. are taken, open D. have been taken, are opened
12. The picture______ in October, 1996.
A. was taking B. had been taken C. was taken D. had taken
13. We can't use the bridge now, because it______ .
A. has been repaired B. is repairing C. is repaired D. is being repaired
14. I ______the way to the railway station by a policeman.
A. was shown B. showed C. have shown D. was showing
15. The war______ in 1941.
A. broke out B. had been broken out
C. was broken out D. had broken out
16. When water______ , it will be changed into vapour.
A. is heated B. heating C. has heated D. heats
17. We can't enter the room because its door______ .
A. locked B. locks C. is locked D. is locking
18. They ______day and night.
A. are made work B. are made to work
C. made to be worked D. are making to work
19. Chang'an Road is ______of people.
A. filled B. fill C. full D. fulled
20. Man-made satellites ______into space by many countries.
A. was sent up B. is sent up
C. have been sent up D. has been sent up
21. This English song _____ often _____ by the children.
A. is, singing B. is, sung C. will, sing D. was, sung
22.The windows of our house _____once a week.
A. must clean B. have cleaned C. is cleaned D. are cleaned
23. When ______ the People's Republic of China_____ ?
A. was, found B. was, founded C. did, found D. does, found
24. Mary's radio ______ by my brother just now.
A. will be mended B. has mended C. was mended D. mended
25. Your exercise books _____ after class.
A. will hand in B. must hand in C. handed in D. must be handed in
26. Some trees may ______ at other times of the year.
A. be planted B. plant C. are planted D. will be planted
27. The sun _____ at night as usual.
A. can be seen B. can't see C. can't be seen D. doesn't see
28. A new English play _____ there next week.
A. will put on B. will be put on C. is going to put on D. will be putted on
29. A strange thing _____ in our school yesterday.
A. was happened B. has been happened C. happened D. was going to happen
30. The glass ______ . It _____ by little Tom this morning.
A. broke, is broken B. is broken, was broken
C. was broken, broke D. has been broken, broken

Ⅱ把下列句子改为被动语态
1. I saw the boy run yesterday.

2. He told me that he would come back soon.

3. You can find a lot of differences between the two languages.

4. Do you water your flowers every day?

5. The wind blew down the big tree last night.

6. I think that he is right.

7. He had not thrown the bad food.

8. Mother was not mending the trousers.

9. They would not take him to Beijing.

10. Nobody knew me in this town at that time.

句型转换
1. A large number of people speak French in Paris.
l French ____ ______ ____a large number of people in Paris.
2. My cousin repaired the broken watch.
l The broken watch ____ _____ _____my cousin.
l3. We should plant the trees around the lake.
l The trees _____ _____ ______around the lake.
l4. My aunt gave me a present on my birthday.
l I ____ _____a present by my aunt on my birthday.
l A present _____ ____ _____me by my aunt on my birthday.

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