现在完成时讲解.doc

现在完成时的讲解和练习
对所学时态的回顾，引入现在完成时
通过数轴来概括讲解所学的四个时态：一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、一般将来时。
（导入）有时候，这4种时态还不能满足我们表达的需要。比如：表示“某人过去曾经做过某事”或者“某人做某事多久”，以上五种时态就派不上用场了。这时，我们可以用一种新的时态——现在完成时表示。同样也用数轴来表示一下。

一 现在完成时的构成:主语 + have/has + 过去分词 (过去分词:规则动词的过去分词构成与动词过去式相同;不规则动词需要特殊记忆。－略 )
      [Exercises1] 选择填空
( )1.I Enghish in this school since 1999
(A)taught (B)have taught (C)tea (D)would teach
( )2.Lilei the pen for five years
(A)has had (B)bought (C)have had (D)have bought
( )3.Kate her grand mother's photo before
(A)haven't seen (B)have seen (C)see (D)hasn't seen
( )4. Mary you these days.
(A)Has,seen (B)Do,see (C)Did,see (D)Is,seeing
( )5.so far ,we thousands of Building in Quanzhou
(A)build (B)have build (C)build (D)will build
二、否定式:主语 + haven’t/hasn’t + 过去分词。
    疑问式: Have /Has + 主语 + 过去分词?
    简略答语: Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定) No, 主语 + haven’t/hasn’t.(否定)
 [Exercises2] 选择填空
( )1.—Have you finished your work? — .
(A).Yes,I have. (B)Yes,I do. (C)Yes,I am. (D)Yes,I did.
( )2.—Has she ever learned English? —
(A)Yes, she has. (B)Yes, she does. (C)No, she doesn’t (D)No, she has
( )3.He finished his homework. yet
(A)doesn’t (B)haven’t (C)hasn’t (D)doesn’t have
三 现在完成时的含义之一表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常与never/ever，just，already/yet，before。so far等连用。这些标志词可以表达这种含义
⑴以already, just和yet为标志 already, just和yet 表示到现在为止动作或状态已经、刚刚或还没有发生。
He has already got her help. He has just seen the film. He hasn’t come back yet。
⑵以ever和never为标志
       ever和never 表示到现在为止动作或状态曾经或从来没有发生过。
       This is the best film I have ever seen. He has never been to Beijing. 
⑶ 以动作发生的次数为标志
       若某一动作到现在为止已经发生了若干次,则要使用现在完成时。
     He says he has been to the USA three times.
⑷ 以so far为标志
       so far往往表示到目前为止动作或状态已经发生。
       He has got to Beijing so far. She has passed the examso far.
⑸never/ever，just，already/yet，before。so far的用法.
1．already意为“已经”，通常用于肯定句中，可放在助动词之后，过去分词之前，也可以放在句末。实例：
1）I've already read this book. 我已经读过这本书了。
（“读”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的影响是“知道书中的内容”。）
2）I've washed my clothes already．我已经洗了衣服。
（洗衣服的动作已完成，其结果是“衣服冼干净了”。）
注意：在表示吃惊或明知故问等感情色彩时，already也可用于（口语）疑问句中。实例：
3）Have you met him already ？你（真的）已经见过他了？
2．yet用在疑问句中意为“已经”，用在否定句中意为“还”，常放在句末。实例：
1）—Has he found his watch yet ？他已经找到他的手表了吗？
—No，not yet．不，还没有。
2）The woman hasn't found her dog yet ．
那位妇女还没有找到她的狗。（没找到狗，心里着急，这就是对现在的影响）
3．just意为“刚刚”，表示行为刚刚过去，常放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例：
He has just come back from school ．他刚从学校回来。
4．ever意为“曾经”，用于疑问句或否定句中，放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例：
1）Have you ever been to Hong Kong ？你曾去过香港吗？
2）I haven't ever spoken to her．我未曾和她说过话。
5．never意为“从来没有”常与before连用（before要放在句尾，而never多放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例：
I have never travelled by plane before．我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过。
6．before意为“以前”，指过去不确定的某个时间，总是放在句末，不受句型的限制。实例：
1）Have you been to Hainan before ？你以前去过海南吗？
2）I haven't eaten Guangdong food before．我以前没吃过广东菜。
 [Exercises3] 选择填空
( )1.—Have you travelled on the train. —Yes, I have.
(A)never (B)ever (C)just (D)yet
( )2.——Have you finished your homework ——Not .
(A)ever (B)already (C)yet (D)just
( )3. We haven't finished our homework .
(A)already (B)ever (C)yet (D)never
( )4.—Have you learned English? —Yes, I've learned a lot.
(A)never, ever (B)ever, never (C)ever, already (D)already. ever
( )5.—Have you finished your homework ? —Yes, I've done that
(A)yet, already (B)already, yet (C)ever, never (D)still, just
( )6.John's father borrowed some pictures
(A)have already (B)has just (C)have ever (D)has yet
四、现在完成时含义之二表示过去已经开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态。常与for, since, how long,, these days等连用。
⑴Since+过去点的时间（since短语或从句表示过去的动作延续至今，since之后的时间为一点）
Mr. Smith has worked here since 1984.
He’s learned about 5,000 English words since he went to college.
⑵for+一段时间（数词+量词），（for短语表示动作延续多长时间，for的宾语为时间段）。此划线部分用how long提问。
We have known each other for twenty years.
I haven’t seen her for a long time.
[Exercises4] A）用since和for填空
1) ______ two years 2) _______ two years ago 3) _______ last month
4) ______ 1999 5) _______ yesterday 6) _______ 4 o’clock
7) ______ 4 hours 8) _______ an hour ago 9) _______ we were children
10) _____ lunch time 11) ______ she left here
B）用since和for填空
1. He has lived in Nanjing ________ the year before last.
2. I’ve known him __________ we were children.
3. Our teacher has studied Japanese _________ three years.
4. She has been away from the city ___________ about ten years.
5. It’s about ten years __________ she left the city.
C）选择填空
( )1.I've been like this ever snice
(A)last week (B) for a week (C) a week before (D)the last week
( )2.My mother has worked in this factory 2 years.
(A)about (B)for (C)in (D)since
( )3. I haven't heard from him last week.
(A)since (B) for (C)ago (D)before
( )4.His father joined the party_________
(A)for three years (B)since three years ago
(C)three years ago (D)in two years' time
( )5.He moved here in 1999,and he has been here .
(A)at that time (B)for five years ago
(C)since four years (D)for four years
( )6.Tom has been away from home about five days ago.
(A)\ (B)in (C)since (D)for
五、句式：主句（现在完成时）＋since+ 从句（一般过去时）
( )1.she English in our school ever since she here.
(A)has taught, come (B)taught ,came
(C)has taught, has come (D)teaches, has come
( )2.OurEnghish teacher in our school since he to China.
(A)has taught .. come (B)taught,…come
(C)has taught, has .. come (D)teaches, has … come
( )3.She in Taizhou since she born in 1980
(A)has lived, has been (B)has lived, was
(C)lived, has been (D)lived, was
六、句式：It’s ＋一段时间＋since从句（用一般过去时）
( )1.It’s ten years since she .
(A)has left (B)has been away (C)left (D)leave
( )2. It’s three years since he the army .
(A)has joined (B)has been in (C)join (D)joined
七、have been in, have been to 与have gone to 的用法
⑴have(has) been in 表示“在某地呆多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：since, for, how long 等。例如：
Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days.
▲此外还有这些搭配：have been here (there) /at home (school) /on the farm
have been here (there) / abroad
⑵have(has)been to表示“曾经去过某地”，现在已经不在那里了。可与just, ever, never等连用，
I have just been to the post office.
Mary has never been to the Great Wall.
Have you ever been to Hangzhou?
▲have(has) been to 后面可接次数，表示去过某地几次。：
I have been to Beijing three times.。
They have been to that village several times.
⑶have(has) gone to 意为“到某地去了”，表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中。总之，说话时该人不在现场，一般不用第一、第二人称代词作句子的主语。
----Where is Tom? ----He has gone to the bookshop.。
[Exercises7]A） 用have(has) been 或have(has) gone 填空。
A: Where ____________ Li Fei ___________?
B: He ____________ to Hainan Island.
A: How long ___________ he ___________ there?
B: He _____________ there for three days.
A: When will he come back , do you know?
B: I’m afraid he won’t come back recently.
A: Could you tell me the way to Hainan Island?
B: Sorry, I _________ never ___________ there.
A: How many times ___________ Li Fei __________ to that place?
B: He _____________ there only once.
B） 用have/has been to/in, have gone to的各种形式填空。
1)     Where is Jack? He __________ his country.
2)     David ________ the park just now.
3)     John _______ England since he came back.
4)     How long _____ have _____ this village?
5)     The Smiths ______ Beijing for years.
6)     _____ you ever ____ America? -- Yes, I _____ there many times.
7)     I _____ this school since three years ago.
8)     Where is Jim? He _____ the farm.
C）选择填空
( )1.Mrs whites isn't here, she London, she there many times
(A)has been to , went (B)has gone to , has been
(C)went to, has gone (D)has been to , has gone
( )2.She has__________ to Beijing twice .
(A)gone (B) got (C)been (D)come
( )3.—where your father , Li Lei? —To Beijing
(A)have, been (B)has, been (C)have, gone (D)has, gone
( )4.Mr Green isn't in the office , He to the library
(A)has gone (B)went (C)has been (D)will go
( )5.Mr smith to Tokyo and he will be back in a week
(A)has been (B)has visited (C)has sent (D)has gone
( )6.They_ China for two years
(A)have been to (B)have been in
(C)have gone to (D)have come to
八、现在完成时的反意疑问句【have（n’t）/has（n’t）＋代词】
( )1.Jim's been to the Great wall before , he?
(A)isn't (B)wasn't (C)hasn't (D)doesn't
( )2.She's never been to England, she?
(A)has (B)hasn't (C)isn't (D)is
九、How long与现在完成时
( )1.--___ have you been here? -- Since last year
(A)How far (B)How long (C)How often (D)How soon
( )2.___________has Hanmei been in the library.
(A)How long (B)How soon (C)How far (D)How often
( )3.How long ___he___the library book .
(A)has, borrow (B)has, kept (C)has, bought (D)did, buy
十、短暂性转换延续性
现在完成时表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。此时常与“for ＋一段时间或“since＋过去的点时间或从句（从句用一般过去时），over these years, in the past years, 以及so far（到目前为止）等时间状语连用。（肯定句，疑问句中谓语动词必须是延续性动词）：
1） 他入团两年了。
误：He has joined the League for two years．
正：He has been a League member for two years．
2）我买这辆自行车三年了。
误：I have bought this bike for three years．
正：I have had this bike for three years．
[Exercises10]A）按要求把短暂性转换为延续性动词
①arrive at/in sw. get to/reach sw. come/go/move to sw.
→ be in sw./at school/at home/on the farm/be here/be there
1)     He got to Beijing five minutes ago.
He ________ _________ _________ Beijing for _________ _________.
2)     I moved to the USA last year.
I ________ ________ __________ the USA since __________ __________.
3)     I went home yesterday.
I _______ ________ _________ home for _________ __________.
4)     They came here last week.
They _________ _________ here since _________ __________.
②come/go back, return → be back come/go out → be out
1)     He came out two years ago.
He _________ __________ _________ for __________ __________.
2)     We return to Fuzhou yesterday.
We ________ ________ _________ to Fuzhou since __________.
③become → be
1)     I became a teacher in 2000.
I ________ __________ a teacher for _________ _________.
2)     The river became dirty last year.
The river _________ _________ dirty for _________ __________.
④close → be closed open → be open
1)     The shop closed two hours ago.
The shop ________ _________ _________ for _________ _________.
2)     The door opened at six in the morning.
The door ________ ________ ________ for six hours.
⑤get up → be up die → be dead
leave sw. → be away from sw.
fall asleep/get to sleep → be asleep
finish/end → be over marry → be married
1)     I got up two hours ago.
I ________ ________ ________ since ________ ________.
2)     He left Fuzhou just now.
He _______ ________ ________ _________ Fuzhou for five minutes.
3)     My grandpa died in 2002.
My grandpa _______ _______ ________for _______ ________.
4)     The meeting finished at six.
The meeting ________ ______ ______ for six hours.
5)     I got to sleep two hours ago.
I ________ _________ _________ since _________ __________.
6)     They married in 1990.
They ________ _________ __________since _________.
⑥start/begin to do sth. → do sth. begin → be on
1)     I began to teach at this school in 1995.
I ____ ____ at this school since ____.
2)     The film began two minutes ago.
The film ____ ____ ____ for ____ ____.
⑦borrow → keep lose → not have buy → have put on → wear
catch/get a cold → have a cold get to know → know
1)     They borrowed it last week.
They _________ _________ it since __________ __________.
2)     I bought a pen two hours ago.
I _________ _________ a pen for ________ __________.
3)     I got to know him last year.
I _________ __________ him since __________ __________.
4)     I put on my glasses three years ago.
I __________ __________ my glasses for _________ _________.
⑧have/has gone to → have been in
1)     He has gone to Beijing.
He ____ ____ _____ Beijing for two days.
⑨join the league/the Party/the army
→ be a league/a Party member/a soldier
→ be a member of the league/the Party
→ be in the league/the Party/the army
1)     He joined the league in 2002.
He ________ _________ a _________ _________ for two years.
He ________ __________ a __________ ___________ the __________ for two years.
He ____________ ___________ ___________ the league for two years.
2)     My brother joined the army two years ago.
My brother __________ __________ a ___________ for ___________ ___________.
My brother ___________ ___________ in ____________ ___________ for two years.
C）选择填空
( )1.—How long can I this book? —Two weeks
(A)borrow (B)keep (C)lend (D)return
( )2.Her father in 1990 and her husband for more than five years
(A)died ,dead (B)has died, dead (C)died ,has been dead (D)has died, has died
( )3.I have this nice watch for two years
(A)had (B)bought (C)borrowed (D)lend
( )4.He his home for ten years
(A)has left (B)left from (C)has been away from (D)was away from
( )5.He a league member for three years
(A)is (B)has been (C)has become (D)have become
( )6.Lihua's brother has for two years
(A)joined the army (B)been an army
(C)become a soldier (D)been in the army
( )7.He hasn't Quanzhou ever since he left school
(A)left (B)been away (C)been (D)away
十一、现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较
⑴现在完成时表示过去的动作一直延续到现在甚至会继续下去或表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响；一般过去时表示动作发生的时间在过去。试比较：
The plane has arrived . 飞机已经来了。（说明现在的情况：飞机在这儿）
The plane arrived a quarter ago. 飞机是一刻中以前来的。（强调动作发生的时间在过去）
I have taught here for fifteen years. 我在这儿已经教了十五年。（表示十五年前的动作一直延续到现在，还可能会继续。）
I taught here for a year. 我过去在这儿教过一年。（表示“我“现在已经不在这儿任教了）
⑵When常与一般过去时连用，How long常与与现在完成时连用
When did you come to Beijing?
How long have you been in Beijing?
[Exercises 11] 选择填空
( )1. —Have you finshed your homework —Yes, I it last night
(A)finish (B)finished (C)have finished (D)will finish
( )2.— you ever to Nanjing —Yes, I there last year.
(A)Have…gone, have gone (B)Have…been , went