定语从句（学案）.doc

定语从句(学案）
一、定义及相关术语
1. 定语从句：修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2. 先行词：被定语从句修饰的那个名词或代词称为先行词。
3. 关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as等；关系副词：where, when, why等。关系词常有三个作用：引导定语从句；代替先行词；在定语从句中充当一定成分。
Harry Potter is the most interesting novel that I have read.(that I have read是定语从句；novel是先行词；that 是关系代词，代替先行词novel，在从句中作have read的宾语。)
关系词
指代人或物
定语从句中充当的成分
关系代词
that
人或物
主语、宾语、表语或状语
which
物或主句内容
主语、宾语或定语
who
人
主语或宾语
whom
人
宾语
whose(＝of whom＝of which)
人或物
定语
as
物或主句内容
主语或宾语
关系副词
when(＝适当介词＋which)
时间
状语
where(＝适当介词＋which)
地点
状语
why(for which)
原因
状语

4. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号和主句隔开，是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确，翻译成先行词的定语，“……的……”。　　非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，通常翻译成主句的并列句。关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
His brother who is now a lawyer always encourages him to go to college.
他那个现在是律师的哥哥总是鼓励他上大学。(他还有其他的哥哥)
His brother, who is now a lawyer, always encourages him to go to college.
他的哥哥，现在是律师，总是鼓励他上大学。(他只有一个哥哥)
二、关系代词的使用
1. 关系代词若在限制性定语从句中作宾语且前面无介词时，关系代词可省略，其他情况不可省。
She is the woman (whom / that/who) I wanted to see yesterday.(whom / that/who指人，在限制性定语从句中作wanted to see的宾语，可以省略)
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which / that指物，在限制性定语从句中作are carrying的宾语，可以省略)
Obama won the Nobel Prize for Peace in the year 2009, which we hadn't expected.(which指前面主句内容，在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，但不能省略)
Your parents are the ones to whom you can turn when you are in trouble.(whom前有介词to，虽然作宾语，但不能省略)
2. 定语从句中的主谓一致
1)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.
2)one of ＋ 复数名词＋ 关系代词＋ 复数动词；而the only one of ＋ 复数名词＋ 关系代词＋ 单数动词
3)非限制性定语从句中，由关系代词as或which代替整个主句时，从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
He has passed the exam, which makes us surprised.
Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.
4)关系代词和谓语动词之间有插入语时，谓语动词单复数要看关系代词的指代。
To own a TV set in each family, which we think was impossible 30 years ago, now has become true.
【疑难点击】
1．指物时，定语从句中的关系代词只能用that的情况：
1)当先行词为everything, anything, nothing, the one, none, all, much, few, any, little等不定代词时，只用that。
All that can be done has been done.
2)当先行词被the only, the very, all, much, few, any, little, no修饰时，只用that。
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.
3)当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或者先行词被序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，只用that。
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
4)先行词既有人又有物时，只用that。
Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?
5)当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时，为避免重复要用that。
Who is the man that is standing there?
6)有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个宜用that。
They have set up a company, which deals with the things that are related to environment protection.
7)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时，只用that。
Hangzhou is no more the city that it used to be.
2. 关系代词as和which
as和which均可作关系代词用。它们既能引导限制性定语从句，又能引导非限制性定语从句。
(1) 在限制性定语从句中：
as作为关系代词引导限制性定语从句时，主要出现在下列几种习惯性搭配中，这时均不得用which取代as。
①the same…as意为“和……相同的……”
I have bought the same bicycle as you have.我买了一辆和你的一样的自行车。
②such as与such…as意为“像……这(那)样的……”
The dictionary is not such as I expect.这一本并不是我所期望得到的词典。
I never heard such stories as he told.我从未听过他讲的那样的故事。
③as many/much…as 意为“和……一样多”
Here is plenty of hot water. You may use as much as you need.这儿有很多热水，你尽管用好了。
④as…as意为“和……一样的……”
There is never as brave a man as he.从来没有像他那样勇敢的人。
which作为关系代词引导限制性定语从句时，一般不可简单地用as来取代它。
We see the house the roof of which is red.我们能看到那所红顶的房子。
(2) 在非限制性定语从句中：
①as和which都可以用来指代整个主句，在从句中充当主语、宾语和表语；两词通常可以互换。但要注意：which一般用于书面用语，而as通常用于口语体。
The two brothers were satisfied with the decision, as/which was agreed beforehand.
兄弟俩人对该决定很满意，这项决定是事先就商定好了。
Jim found the farmhouse, as/which he had hoped he would.
正如他事先所希望的那样，吉姆找到了那间农舍。
I was seasick, as/which some of the other passengers on board were.
我有些晕船，船上其他一些乘客亦是如此。
【注意】which也可作介词的宾语引导非限制性定语从句，as则不能。
　He lives in the house, the windows of which face to the south.
　他住在那所房子里，房子的窗户是朝南的。
②非限制性定语从句在意义上与主句近乎并列关系的，一般用which；非限制性定语从句与主句相比较，表达说话人的看法或指出其内容的出处或根据，或者与上下文相联系的，一般用as。
My brother was admitted into a university, which delighted us all.
我哥哥被一所大学录取了，这件事使我们大家很高兴。
It rained heavily, as we didn't expect.下这么大的雨，这是我们没料到的。
③as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句之前、之后或插入主句之中，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。
As is known to us all, the earth turns around the sun. 正如我们所知道的那样，地球绕着太阳转。
＝ The earth, as is known to us all, turns around the sun.
＝ The earth turns around the sun, as is known to us all.
I like English very much, which is a bridge to much knowledge.
我非常喜欢英语，它是通向许多知识的一座桥梁。
④非限制性定语从句中的谓语是实义动词时，只能用which作从句的主语；谓语是say, imagine, expect, know, show, point, announce, suppose等动词的被动形式时，只能用as作从句的主语，且多位于句首；谓语是be ＋ adj.时，既可用as也可用which作从句的主语。
I gave my son a toy for his birthday, which pleased him a lot.
我给我儿子买了个玩具作为他的生日礼物，这使得他很高兴。
As is well known, light travels faster than sound.众所周知，光比声音传播快。
We jumped for joy at the news, as/which was natural.很自然，我们听到这消息高兴得跳了起来。
⑤当非限制性定语从句的谓语是复合结构，连接词在从句中作宾语时，只能用which引导定语从句。
The Royal fleet was defeated by the Japanese, which most people thought unbelievable.
皇家海军舰队被日本人打败了，大多数人认为是令人难以置信的。
3．“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用which，不能用that。
1)某些带有介词的动词短语，介词可以提至关系代词之前，但是在一些固定搭配的短语动词中，由于动词和介词不可以分割，因此不能将介词置于关系代词之前，如take care of, look for, look after, care for等。
This is the book (which / that) I am looking for.
2)“介词＋关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词，有时数词或代词也可以放在“介词＋关系代词”之后。
He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
＝He loved his parents deeply, of whom both are very kind to him.
3)介词＋which / whom＋to do结构可以改为：介词＋which / whom＋定语从句。
I don't have enough money with which to buy such an expensive dress.
＝I don't have enough money with which I can buy such an expensive dress.
4)在非限制性定语从句中，which可作定语，指先行词(短语或句子)所表示的信息，形成“介词＋which ＋名词”结构，相当于and in/at/during this/that＋名词。
He was very ill, in which case(＝and in this case)we sent him to hospital first.
She lost her temper, at which point(＝and at this point) I decided to go back home.
Mike was a student at the university from 1998 to 2004, during which time(＝and during that time) he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students' Union.
三、关系副词的使用
1. 以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。
The way(in which / that)he answered the question was surprising.(in which / that在从句中充当状语)
【比较】The way (which / that)he explained to us was quite simple.( which / that在从句中充当宾语。)
2. 有时为了表达更清楚，可以在关系副词where / when前加上介词to, from等。
China is the birth place of kites, from where kites spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.
【疑难点击】
一些特殊的先行词如： situation, point, case, activity，scene及period, festival, occasion等要注意具体情况具体分析，作主语、宾语和表语时用that/which，作状语时用where/when或介词＋which。
四、关系代/副词的选择技巧
1. 用还原法：将先行词放入定语从句中，找到它的原有位置，判断它作什么成分以及判断先行词指人还是指物。
2. 一般说来，作主语、宾语或表语时，用关系代词；作状语时，用关系副词或介词＋which；作定语时，用whose。
There is one point that we must insist on.
(定语从句可还原为：we must insist on the point，所以先行词point在定语从句中作宾语，故用that/which或省略。)
We're just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk.
(定语从句可还原为：at the point both sides will sit down together and talk, 故先行词point在定语从句中作状语，所以关系词用where/at which。)
四、定语从句和其他句型之间的关系
1. 区别such…as…/(so…as…)引导的定语从句和such/so…that…引导的结果状语从句
判断用that还是as, 只要看到底是结果状语从句还是定语从句，即看从句的结构是否完整。如果从句缺了主语或宾语就是定语从句；如果从句的结构完整，就是结果状语从句。
He is such a good boy that everyone likes him. (不缺句子成分，that引导结果状语从句)
He is such a good boy as everyone likes. (likes缺宾语，用as充当并引导定语从句)
The great white shark is so fierce a fish as eats most of the others. (as充当eats的主语，并引导定语从句)
2. 区别非限制性定语从句与并列句
He said nothing that made me angry. (限制性定语从句，that是关系代词)
He said nothing, which made me angry. (非限制性定语从句)
He said nothing, and that made me angry. (并列句，that是指示代词)
3. 定语从句与非谓语动词相结合
The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see carried out next year. (that they would like to see carried out next year是定语从句，that指代the plan，作see的宾语，用了 see sth. done结构。)
4. 定语从句与名词性从句
As is known to all, the moon travels around the earth. (as引导非限制性定语从句)
It is known to all that the moon travels around the earth.(it作形式主语，that引导主语从句)
What is known to all is that the moon travels around the earth. (what引导主语从句， that引导表语从句)
That the moon travels around the earth is known to all.(that引导主语从句)
5. 定语从句与地点状语从句
When you read the book, you'd better make a mark in the place where you have any questions.(定语从句修饰place)
When you read the book,you'd better make a mark where you have any questions.(地点状语从句)
Please put the book in the place where you got it. (定语从句修饰place)
Please put the book where you got it. (地点状语从句)
6. 定语从句与强调句、状语从句
It was this small village (that/which) we got to know each other.(定语从句)
It was in this small village that we got to know each other.(强调句)
It was 1914 when the war broke out.(时间状语从句)
It was in 1914 that the war broke out.(强调句)
It was 1914, when the war broke out.(非限制性定语从句)
【疑难点击】
定语从句与同位语从句的区别：
(1) 从词类上区别
同位语从句前面的名词常是idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等表示抽象意义的名词。而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、主句的一部分或整个主句。
Word came that he had gone abroad.据说他已经出国了。
(同位语从句说明名词word的具体内容)
His mother did all she could to help him with his study.他妈妈尽最大努力帮助他学习。
(定语从句，代词all作先行词)
(2) 从性质上区别
定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制，属于形容词性从句的范畴；而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步说明和解释，属于名词性从句的范畴。
I made a promise that if anyone set me free, I would make him very rich.
我许诺如果谁让我自由，我就让他非常富有。(同位语从句，补充说明promise)
The mother made a promise that pleased all her children.
妈妈做出了一个令她的孩子们高兴的许诺。(定语从句，that从句作定语修饰promise)
(3) 从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别。有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句，但不能引导定语从句。
Today we have little idea what a hard life the Red Army was then leading.
今天我们很难想象那时红军过的生活是多么艰苦。

(　　) 1. I need to call my friend David ______ coat I walked off by mistake yesterday.
A. in whose B. in that C. with which D. with her
(　　) 2. Is it the years ______ you worked in Africa as a doctor ______ have a great effect on your literary works？
A. that; where B. that; that C. when; where D. when; that
(　　) 3. As was expected, only five people turned up at the party, ______ disappointed the hostess very much.
A. which B. That C. who D. where
(　　) 4. We hope the measures to control prices, ______ are taken by the government, will succeed.
A. as B. When C. since D. after
(　　) 5. Bill Gates has created a wonderful “window” ______ people can surf the Internet freely.
A. that B. Which C. where D. when
(　　) 6. There must be a time in every man's life ______.
A. that he is in low spirits B. which he is in low spirits
C. when he is in low spirits D. then he is in low spirits
(　　) 7. He expressed his gratitude to his head teacher, without ______ help he wouldn't have made such great progress in his studies.
A. whose B. His C. whom D. which
(　　) 8. Could it be in the restaurant in ______ you had dinner with me yesterday ______ you left behind your keys and wallet？
A. which; which B. which; that C. that; where D. where; where
(　　) 9. I'll never forget the days ______ we spent together in the countryside.
A. when B. on which C. which D. in which
(　　)10. — Where did you get to know her?
— It was on the farm ______ we worked.
A. there B. that C. where D. there
(　　)11. A good ad often uses words ______ people attach positive meanings.
A. in which B. to which C. which D. that
(　　)12. On the flight to Chongqing, the memory of my childhood, ______ I was my father's shadow, came flooding back.
A. as B. When C. while D. where
(　　)13. I refuse to accept the blame for something ______ was someone else's fault.
A. who B. That C. as D. what
(　　)14. It's helpful to put children in a situation ______ they can see themselves differently.
A. that B. When C. which D. where
(　　)15. An official said the plan had also taken migrant workers into account, ______ medical care would be provided even if they didn't have a stable job.
A. for whom B. for which C. with whom D. with which
(　　)16. I wouldn't eat potatoes unless I'm really starving, in ______ case you eat almost anything.
A. whose B. One C. what D. which
(　　)17. Our goal is to build a harmonious society ______ all people are well educated, workers well paid, patients well treated, elders well tended, and families well accommodated.
A. which B. That C. in which D. in that
(　　)18. — We will take the conditions into careful consideration ______ you have attached to this contract.
— Thanks. Wish our future cooperation pleasant.
A. after B. When C. what D. Which
(　　)19. Barry hid himself behind the door, from ______ he could hear the steps of his father clearly.
A. which B. That C. when D. where
(　　)20. Those ______ not only from books but also through practice will succeed.
A. learn B. Who C. that D. who learn
(　　)21. Mr. Smith is one of the foreign experts who ______ in China.
A. works B. is working C. are working D. has been working
(　　)22. Didn't you see the man ______？
A. I nodded just now B. whom I nodded just now
C. I nodded to him just now D. I nodded to just now
(　　)23. In the dark street, there wasn't a single person ______ she could turn for help.
A. that　 B. Who C. from whom D. to whom
(　　)24. Can you lend me the novel ______ the other day?
A. that you talked B. you talked about it
C. which you talked with D. you talked about
(　　)25. The matter ______ you were arguing about last night has been settled.
A. that B. What C. why D. for which
(　　)26. They talked for about an hour of things and persons ______ they remembered in the school.
A. which　 B. That C. who D. whom
(　　)27. Is there anything ______ to you?
A. that is belonged B. that belongs C. that belong D. which belongs
(　　)28. His parents wouldn't let him marry anyone ______ family was poor.
A. that B. Which C. who's D. whose
(　　)29. He is the only one of the boys who ______ the piano well.
A. plays B. Play C. playing D. are playing
(　　)30. Stephen Hawking believes that earth is unlikely to be the only planet ______ life has developed gradually.
A. that B. Where C. which D. Whose
1.The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace.
A. which B. where C. what D. in which
2.Do you know the man _______?
A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke
3.This is the hotel _______last month.
A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed
C. where they staye