高一英语Book-2-语法复习人教实验版知识精讲.doc

高一英语Book 2 语法复习人教实验版

【本讲教育信息】
一. 教学内容：
Book 2 语法复习

［学习内容］
一、被动语态小结：
（一）何时使用被动语态
1. 不知道谁是动作的执行者或没有必要
如：Paper is made from wood.
The house is quite old. It was built in 1950.
He was wounded in the fight.
2. 需要强调动作的承受者时
如：Calculator can't be used in the maths exam.
Books and newspapers in the reading room mustn't be taken away.
He was awarded first prize in that contest.
3. 为了使语气婉转，避免提及自己或对方而使用被动语态，或由于修饰的需要，使用被动语态，以使句子得到更好的安排。
如：The construction of the new lab must be completed by the end of next month.
Electricity is used to run machines.

（二）被动语态的构成
1. be + done 可以是被动语态，也可以是系表结构形式。被动语态中，done可以带by短语，而系表结构中done相当于adj. 不带 by短语。
如：The question is settled. (系表结构)
Such questions are settled by us. (被动语态)
The composition is well written. (系表结构)
The composition is written with great care . (被动语态)
The job was well done. (系表结构)
The job was well done by a skilled worker. (被动语态)
2. 许多verbs(broken, interested, shut, worried), 既可以用做adj.也可以在被动语态结构中做过去分词。句中如果有by，通常是被动语态。
如：I was worried about you all night. (表状态)
I was worried by mosquitoes all night. (表动作)
The glass was broken by Jack. (表动作)
The glass is broken. (表状态)
I was frightened by his ghost story.
She was frightened at the sight of a snake.

（三）不同形式的被动语态
1. 含有直宾和间宾的主动结构，变为被动时，可将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动。一般是主语结构的间接宾语变为被动的主语。
如：He showed me his pictures.
I was shown his pictures by him.
His pictures were shown to me by him.
Aunt made me a new dress.
I was made a new dress by aunt.
A new dress was made for me by aunt.
He sent me a birthday present.
I was sent a birthday present by him.
A birthday present was sent to me by him.
2. 含有复合宾语的主动句，宾补不变。
（1）将宾语变为主语，宾补不变。
如：They call her Xiaoli. She is called Xiaoli.
He left the door open. The door was left open by him.
（2）make, let, have, hear, watch, see, feel, notice. Help等动词后作宾补的不定式一般不加to，变为被动，必须加to.
如：My brother often made me do this and that when I was young.
I was often made to do this and that by my brother when I young.
I heard her move about in her room upstairs last night.
She was heard to move about in her room upstairs last night.
Did you see Jack take away the magazine?
Was Jack seen to take away the magazine?
3. 情态动词的被动语态是由情态v.+ be+ p.p.构成
如：They can not find him.
He can not be found.
You must pay me for this.
I must be paid for this.
He can repair your watch.
Your watch can be repaired.
4. 短语的被动语态
一般来讲，只有及物才有被动语态，因为只有vt.才能有动作的承受者; 但有许多由不及物动词+介词及其他词类构成的短语动词，相当于及物动词，可以有宾语。因而可以有被动语态，但应注意短语是一个不可分割的整体。变被动时，不可丢掉构成短语的prep.或adv.这样的短语有：look after, listen to, look at, pay attention to, take care of, look forward to, make use of, etc.
如：They had put out the fire before the fire--brigade arrived.
The fire had been put out before the fire-brigade arrived.
They will set up a new public school here.
A new public school will be set up here.
5. 有些动词用主动形式表被动含义。
如：The goods sells well. The door can't open.
6. 有些词如want, need, require和 be worth后面，v-ing形式为主动，意义为被动。
如：The room needs/wants/requires cleaning.
The book is worth reading.
7. 主动语态中的宾语是从句，变成被动时使用形式替代词it.
如：We know that Britain is an island country.
It’s known that Britain is an island country.
The teacher said that this book has been translated into several languages
It’s said that this book has been translated into several languages
8. 宾语为反身代词，相互代词及虚词it时，不用被动，只用主动。
如：I will do it myself. The man introduced himself as Mr. Wang.
9. 谓语以下是动词时，无被动。
happen, belong to, suit, fit(适合), have, let, join, fall, last（延长）,cost（花费）
break out（爆发）appear, burst out(迸发)，hold(容纳)，lack（缺乏），agree with（同意）.
10. 据说类动词：say, consider, think, report, know, believe, suggest, understand, hope, etc.
如：It is said that… There is said to be… sth./ sb. is said to…
11. 主动形式表被动
①感官动词：sound, taste, smell, feel, look, seem等主语是物时；
②一些vi.主动形式表被动含义: open, close, shut, read, write, translate, wash, clean, lock, sell, wear, cut, cook, eat, weigh, drink, pay, draw, etc.
③不定式to blame, to let（出租）作表语时，主动形式表被动含义
④表需要的need ,want, require等后的动名词用主动形式表被动含义
⑤be worth后的动名词主动形式表被动含义
考一考
1. Months ago we sailed ten thousands across this open sea, which ______ the Pacific, and we met no storms.(05辽宁)
A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called
解析：答案是B。用一般现在时的被动语态表示客观存在。
2. In the last few years a few more bridges _________ in our city.
A. put up B. were put up C. have been put up D. have put up
解析：答案是C AD两项都是主动语态，不合要求，先排除。时间状语in /during the last/past few/thirty years常用现在完成时。故选C。

二、定语从句
（一）定语从句的概念
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。

（二）定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that， which， who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。

（三）定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。

（四）关系代词的用法
1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that作主语）The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that作宾语）
2. which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。（作主语）
The film （which） we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。（作宾语）
3. who， whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom， 也可省略。例如：The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主语）
Who is the teacher （whom） Li Ming is talking to？ 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁？（作宾语）
注意：（1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who， that， which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：
This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那儿借的这本英文小说。
（2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：
This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。
（3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：
The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。
（4）关系词只能用that的情况：
a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。
b. 被修饰的先行词为all， any， much， many， everything， anything， none， the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？ 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？
c. 先行词被the only， the very， the same， the last， little， few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that， 而不用which.例如：
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e. 以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：
Who is the girl that is crying？ 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？
f. 主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如：
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
（5）关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：
a. 先行词为that， those时，用which， 而不用that.例如：
What’s that which is under the desk？ 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？
b. 关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that.例如：
This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。
c. 引导非限制性定语从句，用which，而不用that.例如：
Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。

（五）关系副词的用法
（1）when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如
This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。
（2）where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：
This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。
（3）why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：
Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。

（六）定语从句小结
1. 疑问句中考查定语从句
Is this the farm ________ you visited last week?
A. where B. the one C. on which D. /
解析：答案是D。 命题人经常利用疑问句的特殊结构来干扰学生的正确选择。遇到这类定语从句时，最好的办法是先把疑问句还原成陈述句，然后判断谁是先行词，再看关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分，最后确定正确答案。
2. 倒装句中考查定语从句
We came to a place, ________ stood a big tower.
A. which B. that C. / D. where
解析：正确答案是D。为了保持句子平衡，句子用了倒装语序。倒装的使用使定语从句的结构变得较为特殊，因此对于使用倒装语序的定语从句，应先把倒装语序还原成正常语序，这样句子结构就比较清晰了。
3. 拆分词组和固定搭配
（1）The second is connected with the use ________ the body makes of food.
A. of which B. where C. to do D. that
（2）Why can’t you realize the part ________ they have played in our life?
A. which B. on which C. when D. where
解析：正确答案分别是D和A。一些词组和搭配被拆开后，句子的含义就变得难以理解。首先把拆开的词组复原是理解此类定语从句的关键。上述句子中包含以下词组：make use of, play a part (in)。
4. 添加插入语或状语
The scientist has made another discovery, _______ I believe is of great importance.
A. that B. / C. which D. why
解析：应选择C。这类句子主要利用插入语或状语的添加来增加试题的难度。常见的插入语有：I think (suppose, expect, believe, imagine), in my opinion, to tell you the truth等。做这类题目时，最佳的办法是先删去插入语或状语，这样句子的主干部分就一目了然了。
5. 插入非谓语动词
Is this the man ________ you want to have ________ the radio for me?
A. who; repaired B. that; repaired C. whom; repairing D. that; repair
解析：D项正确。非谓语动词是英语中难度较大的语法项目之一，因而在定语从句中加入非谓语动词就成了学生最易失分的题目。对付这类题目最有效的办法就是将句子还原。如：我们可以把几个句子中的定语从句进行还原，还原后的句子应是：You want to have the man repair the radio for me.

【模拟试题】
一、被动语态强化练习
1. It’s politely requested by the hotel management that radios ____ after 10 o’clock at night.
A. were not played B. not to play C. not be played D. did not play
2. Heating ____ into the students’ dormitories now.
A. is putting B. is being put
C. is been put D. has been putting
3. The world’s supplies of petroleum ____.
A. have been gradually being exhausted B. have gradually exhausted
C. are gradually exhausted D. are being gradually exhausted
4. The scientific study of the motion of heavenly bodies and the action of forces that change or cause motion ________ astronomy.
A. call B. is called C. is calling D. called
5. This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen ______ comfortably.
A. is worn B. wears C. wearing D. are worn
6. The exhibition of poor sportsmanship ________a sense of disgust in all who witnessed it.
A. rose B. arose C. aroused D. raised
7. Your hair wants ____. You’d better have it done tomorrow.
A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut
8. They are all for your proposal that the seminar ____.
A. be put off B. was put off C. should put off D. is to put off
9. No sooner ____than the ship set sail.
A. the goods was loaded B. had the goods been loaded
C. loaded the goods D. the goods was being loaded.
10. While crossing the mountain areas, all the men had guns for protection lest they ___by the local bandits.
A. be attacked B. were attacked
C. must be attacked D. would be attacked

二、定语从句专项练习
1. The place _______interested me most was the Children's Palace.
A. which B. where C. what D. in which
2. Do you know the man _______?
A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke
3. This is the hotel _______last month.
A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed
C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed
4. Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded?
A. which B. that C. when D. on which
5. That is the day ______I'll never forget.
A. which B. on which C. in which D. when
6. The factory ______we'll visit next week is not far from here.
A. where B. to which C. which D. in which
7. Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _______we are working.
A. where B. that C. which D. there
8. This is one of the best films _______.
A. that have been shown this year B. that have shown
C. that has been shown this year D. that you talked
9. Can you lend me the book ______the other day?
A. about which you talked B. which you talked
C. about that you talked D. that you talked
10. The pen ______he is writing is mine.
A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which
11. They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______sat a small boy.
A. whom B. who C. which D. that
12. The engineer ______my father works is about 50 years old.
A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom
13. It there anyone in your class ______family is in the country?
A. who B. who’s C. which D. whose
14. I’m interested in ______you have said.
A. all that B. all what C. that D. which
15. I want to use the same dictionary ______was used yesterday.
A. which B. who C. what D. as

【试题答案】
一、被动语态练习详解
1. C。 一些动词要求与虚拟语气的从句相配合。这些动词主要有：ask, advise, demand, desire, determine, decide, insist，maintain, propose, order, recommend, require, request, suggest 等。它们后面的从句的动词为should do, should可以省略。在被动语态中也是这样使用。
2. B。 此题考查被动语态的进行式:be+ being +PP.(过去分词)。
3. D。 现在进行时可以表示一种现在暂时性的动作 (即指现阶段的供应情况，以后供应情况怎样则不得而知 )。一般现在时则表示过去、现在、将来经常性的短缺。另外“exhaust”一词是及物动词。
4. B。根据题干意义判断。
5. B。英语中有些动词不使用被动结构，本身就表示被动意义。这些动词主要有：wear, feel, wash, sell, read等。
6. C。同源动词辨析首先区分一下词性，A、B两词为不及物动词，C、D两词为及物动词。再区分各词的词义：A)rose “升起，起来；起床，上升，上涨”；B)arose“出现，产生，起来”；C)aroused“激起，引起”；D)raised“抬起，举起，提高；筹(钱)；抚养”。
7. C。英语中有一些动词可跟主动形式的宾语表示被动含义，如：want，need，此时的主语一般为物；这些动词后面也可跟不定式的被动形式。
8. A。 虚拟式的被动结构。谓语动词用should+动词原形。注意这种句型中的虚拟语气形式不受主句动词时态的影响。
9. B。 倒装句的被动语态。no sooner位于句首时引起部分倒装句。no sooner...than 表示“一……就……”，主语的谓语动词用过去完成时，从句里的谓语动词用一般过去时。所以答案只有B合适。
10. A。 lest 后所接从句必须用be 型虚拟语气。因此，选项A是正确的。

二、定语从句参考答案及解析
1. A. which用作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语。
2. C. “和谁讲话”要说speak to sb. 本题全句应为Do you know the man whom I spoke to.。whom是关系代词，作介词to的宾语，可以省略。
3. D. where是关系副词，表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
4. C. when是关系副词，表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
5. A. which是关系代词，在从句中作forget的宾语。其他几个答案都不能作宾语。
6. C. 解析见第5题。
7. A. 解析见第3题。
8. A. 本句话的先行词应该是films,因此，关系代词that是复数概念，其谓语动词应用复数的被动语态have been shown。如果句中的one前面使用了定冠词the，则the one应该视为先行词。
9. A. “谈到某事物”应说talk about sth.。about是介词，其后要用which作宾语，不能用that。
10. A. with which是“介词+关系代词”结构，常用来引导定语从句.with有“用”的意思,介词之后只能用which,不能用that. with which在定语从句中作状语,即he is writing with a pen.
11. C. in front of which 即in front of a farmhouse. In front of which在从句中作状语.
12. D. with whom引导定语从句.with whom放在从句中即为:my father works with the engineer.
13. D. whose引导定语从句，在从句中作主语family的定语。
14. A. that引导定语从句，因为先行词是all，所以只能选用that引导。
15. D. the same…as是固定用法，as引导定语从句时，可以作主语，宾语或表语。在本句话中，as作从句的主语。