短文改错答题技巧.doc

短文改错答题技巧、解题方法
短文改错一直是学生在应考时失分较多的题型。这主要是因为设错的内容多为学生在平常进行语言操练时常犯的错误。比如：写作中用到的关键词，语言学习中的负迁移现象，容易忽视的虚词、小品词等。做好短文改错题应注重以下技巧。
１、注意分行的技巧性。上一行的末尾和下一行的开始，往往是考生们容易忽视的地方，不易找到错误所在，从而影响了改错的成绩。考生要密切关注行尾和行首的接连处，注意它们之间的语法关系或逻辑关系，尽快找到设错点，从而尽快改正。
2、注重上下文之间的逻辑关系。在短文改错题中，有时设错的内容与短文上下评议的时态、人称等有密切的关系，如果只从一个单句来考虑，而不关注上下文的各种逻辑关系，就可能造成判断失误，增加失分的因素。
3、在逐行寻查错误时应着重注意看句子结构是否完整，看习惯用法固定搭配是否正确，看上下文逻辑是否合理，看主谓是否一致，时态、语态是否正确，冠词、代词、连词、形容词、副词以及关系词的使用是否得当。
一．短文改错设置的错误的主要类型
短文改错设置的错误的主要类型有：⑴名词的单复数；⑵动词的词态和语态；⑶非谓语动词；⑷介词的搭配；⑸主谓一致性；⑹不定冠词与定冠词；⑺固定词组的搭配；⑻行文逻辑一致性；⑼词性的混淆； ⑽同义词辨异；⑾连词的误用；⑿代词的格与数；⒀句子成分残缺等。归纳为语法错误、词汇错误和上下文关系错误。这些错误大致涉及以下几个方面：
 （一）一致性问题
  所涉及的一致性问题主要包括主谓一致、时态、语态一致、代词指代一致、名词的数与格的一致、句式结构与语意一致、行文关系的一致。例如：主谓不一致
eg: There were a football game on TV last Saturday evening.
讲解：原句中a football game决定了谓语动词必须用单数，所以应该把were改为was。
 （二）词性问题
词性问题不单单是识别的问题，能够说出所给单词的词性，并不说明能够在句中找出用错词性的地方。其主要目的是检测考生是否真正了解主要词类的语法作用及其在句中的经常性位置，如名词在句中一般作主语、宾语、表语，动词作谓语，形容词充当表语、定语和宾补，而副词则充当状语，修饰形容词、动词乃至句子。
名词主要考察能力：单复数混用和出题形式：
单复数混用 eg: Helen is seventeen year old. She is very busy.
讲解：“年龄多大了”应该为复数形式，应此应该把year改为years。注意：代词单复数混用。eg: As for a friendship, we can readily find them in our classmates and other people around us.
讲解：显然因该把them改为it，指代前面提及的friendship。
介词主要考察能力：（特别是与动词的）固定搭配。
①介词省略 eg: I’m sure you will get rid the sorrow and unhappiness caused by the disaster.
讲解：get rid of 是固定搭配，意思为“摆脱，除去”
②介词多余
eg: My wife is also happy because of I have given up smoking.
③介词用错(一般为固定搭配)
eg: I pick out her false hair and said, “Don’t be sad, Miss.”
讲解：pick out应该为pick up。pick out挑选的意思；pick up捡起的意思。
连词主要考察能力：前后两句话之间的衔接关系。
常考三种关系：but转折,and并列,because原因
eg: One day, my wife and I went shopping at a store. We drove the car but we had a lot of things to buy. 讲解：显然原文中所要表达的意思是“我们开车去的原因是因为我们要买好多东西”，所以应该把but改为because/as/for。
  （三）词语固定搭配
主要考查介词与动词、名词、形容词的固定搭配；副词与动词的固定搭配；及物动词后多介词或副词以及不及物动词后少介词，英语中的一些固定句型与习惯搭配等。
固定搭配 I have given up smoke. The dog doesn’t like the smell.
讲解：give up doing sth。因此动词smoke应该改为smoking。
二．做短文改错题基本步骤
  （一）改前通读全文，理解语篇大意
在着手做改错之前一定要快速阅读全文，不能拿来就改。认真阅读短文，正确理解短文意思，抓住语篇行文逻辑。在阅读过程中，一定要将一个完整的句子甚至几句逻辑紧密的句群一次性读完，要逐行判断，上下兼顾，切忌断章取义，以免造成上下文逻辑不通，影响正确的判断。
  （二） 改中细读，注意语法、词汇错误
依据文章意思和上下文逻辑关系，对文章进行逐字逐句的分析，检查句子的结构是否完整，语气是否连贯，文意是否与原文相符等。综合运用所学语言知识，根据各行不同的错误情况分别进行答题（即改词、加词或减词）。在纠错时要仔细地读懂每一个句子，不到句号不要停顿，这样才能发现其中的错误。由于多数句子不是只占一行，所以只有读完整个句子，仔细分析，才能发现错误、纠正错误。
  （三）改后回读，纠正失误，减少差错
做完短文改错后将答案放回原文，再重读全文。改后复读，往往会发现那些在通读与细读中不曾发现的问题或作出的误改。回头来再读全文，能检查并验证所做的答案是否能使语气贯通流畅，行文逻辑发展是否合乎情理，语篇结构是否严密完整。此外，还要注意正确的书写及符号的运用。
三．夯实基础, 慎重审题，从容答题
 注重基础，加强基础知识技能的训练。比如先看句型结构有无问题，是否符合习惯表达，谓语动词的时态、语态、语气是否正确；再看词类词义的选择是否有误，该用哪种词类，是动词、名词还是形容词；然后再看是介词还是副词，该同哪种词形成固定搭配，表达什么特定的意义等。在作题时应考虑1.句中的时态、主谓、代词一致吗？2.句中的谓语完整吗？3.习惯用法固定搭配正确吗？4.冠词、形容词、副词及关系词得当吗？5.该用被动语态吗？6.从句的连接词对了吗？7.从句中的谓语完整吗？学生应在平时的演练及考试中认真留意总结每个句式结构的特点以及命题者的考查意图，做到心中有数，融会贯通,灵活运用。
四．克服对短文改错的恐惧心理
许多学生对短文改错都心存余悸，不愿做短文改错，甚至放弃或简单的全部打对勾，盲目夸大了短文改错题的难度。事实上短文改错题都是内容较为浅显，题材较为轻松，又都是中学生常见的记叙文。此题针对学生的薄弱环节把中学生在写作时常犯的错误做了一个浓缩，全文一共有10处错误，全文涉及一个单词的增加，删除和修改。短文改错题的错误大都出现在句子表层，并不难发现。较难的错一般是动词时态或行文逻辑方面的错误。
练习题：
短文改错（共10错误；每处1分，满分10分）
假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处，每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。
注意：1.每处错误及其修改均限一词。2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。
一．Ten years ago, I had worked as a night guard in a factory. On a rainy night, all the lights of factory went out all of a sudden. I rushed out and could see nothing.
Lucky for me, the warning system was directly connected with the police station. Three or four minutes late, four police car arrived at the front gate. They searched for the factory carefully, tried to find something unusual. In the end, I am told that the rain had brought about the short circuit, that caused the accident.
二．I like music very much, pop songs particularly. Every evening then I am doing homework and at weekends when I at home, I always play some of my favorite songs on my tape recorder. The familiar patterns of notes attracts me into the colourfully world of music. Now and then I stopped to follow the songs. Sometimes, my mother comes in, asking me to fix my attention to my homework. She does not like the pop music. Like most grown-ups, she enjoys folk songs, because the peaceful music reminds her of their beautiful life when she was young. It is a truth which people of different age understand music differently and enjoy different kinds of music.
三．On January 5th, students in our school visited Robot World, which we saw a great diversity of robot. It was amazed to find those robots could do a great number of things just like real people, included playing chess, playing the piano and drawing pictures. What’s more, the robots were in different kinds and shapes, which made us enjoyable. In addition, that excited me most is the show given by a group of robots. They danced just as if they were dancers on the stage. By visiting Robot World, I have learned a lot of about robots , especial about their functions and shapes. The great human wisdom is so powerful that it make us feel more comfortable live in the world.
四．It was snowing heavy on Monday morning. Li Hua was 66._________
at the bus stop, waiting for Bus No. 601 to go to school. After a 67._________
while, a bus came and she got on it. Here were many passengers 68._________
in the bus. Some were talking and some were looking out for the 69._________
windows. All of sudden the bus stopped. The driver turned 70._________
around and said, “Sorry. The bus had broken down. Please 71._________
get off and help push the bus.” When she heard it, Li Hua 72._________
and the others passengers got off the bus. They worked hard 73._________
together, pushed the bus slowly forward. Soon the bus was running 74._________
again. All the passengers were smiling and so the sun was shining. 75._________
五．Last Sunday afternoon, I went to the zoo with Lily. There was lots of people there. I found a girl cry in the zoo. She was lost and she can’t find her mother. We decided to help her. I try my best find the broadcasting station in the zoo. On the same time Lily played with her and looked after her careful there. The little girl stopped crying and played with Lily. At last his mother came. That made me feel very happily. I thought I really did a good thing. If everyone helps with each other, the world will become more beautiful.
六．Last Sunday I saw a worst storm in years．It came sudden and went on for over three hours．After lunch, I went into my room to have a rest．The air was hot, but all was quiet．Then a strong wind started to blow into my room．Pieces of paper on my desk flew high into the air and some flew out the open window．As I ran out to catch it, big drop of rain began to fall．When I come back into the house, it was raining more harder and harder．Then I heard a loud crashing sound from the back of the house．When I ran out to find out that had happened, a big tree had fallen down and broke the top of the backroom．
七． This morning I got up early and went to school as usually, only to find there were nobody in the classroom because it is Sunday. “How a bad memory I have!” I couldn’t help laughing. Stand in front of the school gate, I began to wonder what to do next. Suddenly a good idea occurs to me. “Why not get together with some good friends for a picnic in such a fine weather?” I immediately telephoned some of my best friends, but they all agreed to join me. About two hours late, we finally arrived a pleasant park with trees and flowers here and there. We really enjoyed us greatly.
八．In recent years many flowers shops have been appeared in our small town. It is common for people to buy flowers when they go to a gathering, visiting a sick friend, or attend a wedding or birthday party. I still remember clear one day last year when Tom, a disabled student, presented some flowers to his mother to express his gratitude for her. He owing his entire life to his mother’s kind and care. With her he would not have had the confidence or the courage to fight his disability. As a result the great effort he has made, he was finally admitted to a key university.
九．To everyone in the world, money was a sensitive topic. 61．_______
Not one can live without money in modern society. People 62．_______
has different opinions on it. Some people think one should 63．_______
live to make money, when others make money to live. 64．_______
In my opinion, the latter should reasonable. 65．_______
We should not be the slave of money. Although money 66．_______
means a lot in our life, but it does not mean everything . 67．_______
We can’t exchange it for friendship or love. Money indeed could 68．_______
make a person enjoying his life for a while but not all his life. 69．_______
On a word, money is something but not everything. 70．_______
十．I often quarrel about my mother over whether I can watch TV after school. She holds the view what Senior Three students have to make fully use of every minute to work hard at their lessons.It seems to her that if I am allowed to do that,I ‘ll be unable to control myself and forget all about my study.She also thinks it was bad for my eyes. But I really can’t accept his ideas.In my opinion,watch TV can relax ourselves after a day’s hard works.Beside,it is important for us to know what has happened at home and at abroad.Thus,we shouldn’t forbidden to watch TV.
【答案】 一．1.去掉 had 2. of the factory加the 3. and改为but 4.Luckily 5.late改为 later 6.car改为cars 7.去掉for 8.tried改为 trying 9. am改为 was 10.that改为which
二． I like music very much, pop songs particularly. Every evening then (改when)I am doing homework and at weekends when I (加am )at home, I always play some of my favorite songs on my tape recorder.. The familiar patterns of notes attracts(改attract) me into the colourfully（改(colourful或colorful) world of music. Now and then I stopped(改 stop) to follow the songs. Sometimes, my mother comes in, asking me to fix my attention to (改on)my homework. She does not like the (去the)pop music. Like most grown-ups, she enjoys folk songs, because the peaceful music reminds her of their (改her)beautiful life when she was young. It is a truth which(改that) people of different age (改ages)understand music differently and enjoy different kinds of music.
三．1．which改为where 2.robot改为robots 3.amazed改为amazing
4.included改为including 5. that改为what 6. is改为was
7.of去掉 8. especial改为especially 9. make改为makes 10.live前加to
四．66. heavy→heavily 67. 正确 68. Here→there 69. for→of
70. of 后加a 71. had→has 72. she→they 73. others→other 74. pushed→pushing 75. 去掉so
五．66. there was 改成there were 67. cry改成crying， find sb. doing sth.
68. can’t改为couldn’t. 短文上下文都是一般过去时
69. try改为tried 70. find前加 to。try one’s best to do sth.
71. on the same time改成at the same time.
72. careful改成carefully，副词修饰动词looked after.
73. his mother 改成her mother. 74. happily改成happy,是系表结构。
75. with划掉。help each other意思是“互相帮助”
六．76．a 改为the 77．sudden改为suddenly 78．but改为and 79．out后加of
80．it改为them 81．drop改为drops82．come改为came 83．more改为much或去掉 84．that改为what 85．broke改为broken
七．1.usually- usual 2. were- was 3. how- what 4. stand-standing 5.occurs-occurred 6.such a 7. but-and 8. late- later 9. arrived∧at 10. us-ourselves
八．第一行 flowers 改为 flower; 去掉been
第二行 visiting 改为 visit
第三行 clear 改为 clearly
第五行 for 改为 to; owing 改为 owed; kind 改为 kindness; With 改为 Without
第七行 result 与the之间加of; has 改为 had
九．61.was改为is 62．Not改为No 63．has改为have 64．when改为while
65．should后加be 66．slave后加s 67．but去掉 68.√
69.enjoying改为enjoy 70．On改为In
十．I often quarrel about my mother over whether I can watch TV after school. She holds the view what Senior Three students have to make fully use of every minute to work hard at their lessons. It seems to her that if I am allowed to do that,I ‘ll be unable to control myself and forget all about my study. She also thinks it was bad for my eyes. But I really can’t accept his ideas. In my opinion, watch TV can relax ourselves after a day’s hard works. Beside,it is important for us to know what has happened at home and at abroad.Thus, we shouldn’t forbidden to watch TV.
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