名词性从句语法复习.doc

名词性从句

（一）引导名词性从句的连接词/引导词：
1、连接代词：who (ever), whose (ever), whom (ever), what (ever)（在从句中作主语，表语，宾语和宾语补足语，保留原疑问词的意义或译为“……事情”， “……的东西”。）, which (主要作定语)，whichever（有词义，在从句中担任成分，如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等）。
2、连接副词：when(ever), where (ever), why, how (ever), how many, how much。有词义，在从句中担任成分，作状语。
3、连接词：that, whether, if, as if (though), because。that 无词义，在从句中不担任成分，有时可省略；if (whether), as if, because虽有词义，但在从句中不担任成分。
（二）主语从句
1、主语从句在复合句作主语。
如：Who will go is not important.
Which group we will choose is up to you to decide.
2、用it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末。
如：It doesn’t matter so much whether you will come or not.
（ 但由what, whatever, whoever, whichever引起的主语从句一般不后置。）
3、that引导主语从句时，不能省略。
如： That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.
4、由whoever=anyone who, whatever=anything that引导的从句泛指人和物；whichever既指人又指物，表示在一定范围内的人或物。可单独使用，可作定语修饰名词也可与of短语连用。
如：Whoever comes will be welcome.
Whatever was said here must be kept secret.
Whichever book you choose doesn’t matter to me.
Whichever of us fulfils his work first will lend a helping hand to others.
（三）表语从句
1、表语从句在复合句中作表语，位于系动词之后。
如：The question was who could go there.
He looks as if he was going to cry.
Things are not as they seemed.
That is where Luxun used to live.
That was when I was thirty.
2、引导表语从句的连接词that一般不可省略。
如：My idea is that we can get more comrades to help in the work.
3、reason后的表语从句用that（无意义也不作句子成分）引导，定语从句用why（作原因状语）或that（作主语或宾语）引导。比较：
The reason why we don’t trust him is that he has often lied.
The reason that he told me was that he didn’t like the girl.
4、why和because 引起的表语从句意义不相同。比较：
You failed in the exam. This is because you didn’t take his advice. (因为→起因)
The girl is very kind. That is why I like her very much.. （为什么→结果）
（四）宾语从句
1、宾语从句在复合句中作及物动词、介词、和一些形容词的宾语。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。但如果由and/ but连接两个以上的宾语从句时，最后一个that不可省略。
如：I hope (that) everything is all right.
（比较：I hope what you said is true. That引起宾语从句无意义，不作句子成分； what=everything that引起宾语从句作句子的主语或宾语。）
They said (that) they were strangers there and that they had lost their way.
She was never satisfied with what she had achieved.
(注意：that从句一般不作介词宾语，但except that, besides that, in that属于固定用法。
We’ll all like to play with him except that you aren’t fond of him.)
You can depend on whoever is willing to lend you a hand.
(注意：whoever引起从句在从句中作主语，既可在介词后作宾语也可作动词宾语。)
I’m afraid (that) I can’t accept your invitation.
2、介词之后的宾语从句不可用which或if连接，要分别用what或 whether。
如：I’m interested in whether you’ve finished the work..
I’m interested in what you’ve said.
3、whether与if都可以引导宾语从句，常可互换。但下面情况不能互换。
①宾语从句是否定句时，只用if，不用whether。
如：I wonder if it doesn’t rain.
②用if 会引起误解，就要用whether。
如： Please let me know whether you want to go.（此句如果把whether改成if，容易当成条件句理解）
③宾语从句中的whether 与or not直接连用，就不能换成if；不直接连用，可换。
如：I don’t know whether or not the report is true.
I don’t know whether/ if the report is true or not.
④介词后的宾语从句要用whether引导。whether 可与不定式连用。whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句，还可引导让步状语从句，以上均不能换成if。但引导条件从句时，只能用if，而不能用whether。
如：It depends on whether we have enough time.
They don’t know whether to go there.
Please come to see me if you have time.
⑤某些动词后面（discuss）只能用whether, 不能用if。
如：We are discussing whether we can finish the work on time.
4、有doubt的从句中的肯定式后的引导词用whether；否定式或疑问式后的引导词用that 。
如：I doubt whether he runs fast.
I have no doubt that he can do a good job of it.
Can you doubt that she likes me?
5、形式宾语。在“及物动词 ＋ 宾语＋宾语补足语”的结构中，宾语如是由从句、不定式或动名词短语来担任，通常把宾语放在补足语后面，用it作形式宾语放在原来宾语的位置。
如：I made it clear that I was determined to carry out the plan. (that在这种句型中不可省略)
6、宾语从句中的虚拟语气。
①insist, order, demand, suggest, proposal, advise, request, require, ask, desire, imagine…等动词后的宾语从句的动词应用(should) do / should have done。
②wish 后的从句的谓语动词有过去、现在和将来三种形式，见虚拟语气的讲述。
（五）同位语从句
同位语从句在句中作某些名词的同位语，一般位于该名词（如：news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等）之后，说明该名词的具体内容。That 引导同位语从句时无意义，不作句子成分，也不可省略。其他引导词有自己的意思（when 什么时候）。
如：I have no idea when he will be back.
The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.
注意同位语从句与定语从句的区别。比较：
The news that he passed the exam was a great surprise. (同位语从句)
The news (that/ which) he told me was a great surprise. (定语从句)
（六）that 从句的几种形式
1. It + be + adj. (obvious, true, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable…) + that-clause.
如：It is certain that he will do well in her exam.
2. It + be + noun groups (no wonder, an honor, a good thing, a pity, no surprise…)
如：It’s no wonder / surprise that our team should have won the game.
3. It + be + past p. (said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, thought, believed…) + that-clause.
如： It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing.
4. It + be + necessary( important, advisable, natural, desirable, strange….) + that + sb. (should) + do sth.
It + be + desired (suggested, ordered, requested, proposed…) + that + sb. (should) + do sth.
It + be + a pity ( a shame…) + that + sb (should) + do sth.
如：It’s suggested that she (should) finish her homework this afternoon.
5. that-clause 一般不做介词宾语（except, in 除外）。
如：He is a good student except that he is careless.
He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to reading.
（七）几点说明;
1、名词性从句的语序一律用陈述语序。如：When will he come is not known. (×)→When he will come is not known. (√)
2、how引起从句修饰形容词和副词时，形容词和副词紧跟在how后面放在从句前。如：You have no idea how worried I was !
3、what引起名词性从句时，意为“…的”，在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。如：China is no longer what it used to be.
4、在believe, think, suppose, imagine后的宾语从句表示否定时，否定结构常移至主句中变主句的谓语为否定式。如：I don’t think that he will come. 我认为他不会来。

练习：名词性从句
一、改错：
1. China is no longer that it used to be.
2. The truth which the earth turn around the sun is known to all.
3. It was snowing that he arrived at the station.
4. How he persuaded the manager to change the plan are interesting to us all.
5. The news when they had won the game soon spread over the whole school.
6. The news that you told me yesterday was really disappointed
7. That is what Lu Xun used to live.
8. He spoke as if he understood that he was talking about.
9. Do you remember the teacher whom taught us English at middle school?
10. I wonder how she refused my invitation.
二、用适当的连词填空：
1. I can’t decide ____________ dictionary I should buy.
2. That’s ____________ he refused my invitation.
3. I am very interested in ____________ he has improved his pronunciation in such a short time.
4. ____________ we need is more time.
5. The fact ____________ she had not said anything at the meeting surprised everybody.
6. ____________ and ____________ they will meet has not been decided yet.
7. Please tell me ____________ you are waiting for.
8. Is that ____________ you are looking for?
9. Would you please tell me ____________ the nearest post office is?
10. I don’t know ____________ he will agree to the plan or not.
三、选择填空：
1. He was never satisfied with _____.
A. what she had achieved B. had what she achieved
C. she had achieved D. that she achieved
2. These photographs will show you _____.
A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like
C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like
3. Peter insisted _____ he pay the bill.
A. on that B. what C. that D. on which
4. They urged _____ the library open during the vacation.
A. when B. where C. why D. that
5. . I will give this dictionary to __ wants to have it.
A. whomever B. anyone C. whoever D. someone

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