绝对经典：中考英语复合句复习资料.doc

中考连接（二）——复合句
复合句是初中英语句型中的重点及难点，同时它也是历年中考的重点测试内容，是中考必考之题。复合句有两个或两个以上的主谓结构。主谓结构之间的关系不是并列的、对等的，其中只有一个主谓结构是主要的，其他的主谓结构都从属于那个主要的主谓结构。那个主要的主谓结构称作句子的主句（Main Clause）；其他的主谓结构称作句子的从句或子句（Subordinate Clause）。
复合句里的从句种类较多，初中英语教材中涉及到的复合句主要有：The Object Clause (宾语从句)、The Adverbial Clause (状语从句) 和 The Attributive Clause (定语从句)。 下面让我们来看一下复合句中的三种主要句型吧！
Ⅰ、The Object Clause (宾语从句)
一、定义：宾语从句是英语中用来充当宾语的句子。带有宾语从句的那个句子叫主句。宾语从句一般由“引导词+主语+谓语+其它”构成，其语序是陈述句语序。我们可以从以下表格中学习有关于宾语从句的知识。

构成规则
例句

连
接
词
连词that引导由陈述句变来的宾语从句。
I know(that)she is a doctor.
that…and/but that…引导由并列或转折关系的陈述句变来的宾语从句。
I hear that you live in Shanghai and that your mother lives in Nanjing.
连词if或whether引导由一般疑问句、反义疑问句或选择疑问句变来的宾语从句。
Can you tell me if/whether it will rain tomorrow?
连接代词、副词（即疑问词）引导由特殊疑问句变来的宾语从句。
Please tell me how to make cakes.
语序
宾语从句要用陈述句语序
Do you know how I can get there?

否定前移
如果主句的主语是第一人称，谓语动词think,guess,believe等表示猜测的动词且接有否定的that宾语从句，常将否定词提前到主句中

I don’t think that your mother is a teacher.

时态
如果主句是一般现在时，则宾语从句中时态不限，根据实际情况选择所需时态。
I hear Tom went to Beijing yesterday.
He says that Lily will go to the zoo tomorrow.
如果主句是一般过去时则宾语从句应与主句中的时态保持一致，只用过去时态的适当形式。
My teacher told us that she had seen the film last month.
如果从句表示的是客观事实或真理，则用一般现在时。
Our teacher said that the earth is round.

如果宾语从句由疑问词when引导的从句或带有时间状语的从句中则从句使用的一般过去时不变。
We wanted to know when the boy was born.
如果宾语从句中有过去的具体的年、月、日作状语，则其一般过去时保持不变。
I heard that Li Ming was born in 1902.
二、转换：
由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句可用疑问代词和疑问副词＋动词不定式替代，进行句型上的转换。
e.g.Can you tell me how I can get there?=Can you tell me how to get there?
Ⅱ. The Adverbial Clause (状语从句)
状语从句是副词性从句，其句法功能是修饰谓语或整个句子等，在句中作状语，通常由从属连词引导。
A)The Adverbial Clause of Time (时间状语从句)
1) Introduced by when
(表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生，意为“当…..时”。)
e.g. Please call me when you get home.
2) Introduced by before
(表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之前，意为“在……之前”。)
e.g. Don’t go to bed before you finish your homework.
3) Introduced by after
(表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之后，意为“在……之后”。)
e.g. I went to the zoo after I finish my work.
4) Introduced by until
(表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之前，意为“直到……为止”。主句用肯定式，谓语是延续性的动词，表示动作一直延续到until所表示的时间为止)
e.g. I will wait until he comes.
注意: (until 用于否定句时，主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前，并且谓语动词是非延续性动词，表示某一动作到until所表示的时间才发生。not…untill
意为“直到……才……”。）
e.g. The mother won’t go to bed unitl her son comes back.
5) Introduced by as soon as
(表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之后，意为“一……就”。)
e.g.We have supper as soon as we get home everyday.
注意: 在时间状语从句中，主句和从句之间的时态应按下列规律确定。
1) 主句一般将来时，从句用一般现在时：
e.g. I will be a teacher when I grow up.
2) 主句含有情态动词，从句用一般现在时：
e.g. When the lights are red, the traffic must stop.
3) 主句为祈使句时，从句用一般现在时：
e.g. Don’t close the door before your mother comes back.
4) 主句为一般过去时，从句也用过去时态：
e.g. He liked playing football when he was young.
B)The Adverbial Clause of Place (地点状语从句)
1) Introduced by where
e.g. Put the medicine where you can easily get it.
2) Introduced by wherever
e.g. I’ll go wherever you go.
C)The Adverbial Clause of Manner(方式状语从句)
1) Introduced by as
e.g. I’ll do all the things as you told me.
2) Introduced by as if/though(可用陈述语气表示符合事实的情况，也可用虚拟语气表示与事实相反的情况)
e.g.It looks as if it’s going to rain.
He looks as if he was young.
3) Introduced by the way
e.g. I don’t like the way he talks.
D) The Adverbial Clause of Reason (原因状语从句)
1) Introduced by because
because语气最强，它着重说明原因。用why提问的问句必须用because回答，不能用as, since；
e.g.—Why do you like her? Because she is nice.
2) Introduced by since
since语气比较弱，表示关系上的自然结果，尤其用于对已经清楚了的因素，常译成“既然”，“鉴于”，通常从句放在主句前；
e.g. Since a lot of people make mistakes in life, Mr Smith wanted to give John a chance.
E) The Adverbial Clause of Condition (条件状语从句)
1) 条件状语从句通常由if或unless(=if not)引导，从句中常用一般时代替将来时，即if或unless后的句子谓语用一般现在时或一般过去时。但是，主句则通常用将来时，情态动词或祈使句。
e.g. If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, I will go to the park.
You must finish if you are told.
2) If 条件句的替代形式：
（1）祈使句 + and/or + 陈述句（谓语动词通常用将来时态）。其中，and表示句意顺承；or表示转折，意为“否则”。
e.g. If you work hard, you’ll pass the exam easily. = Work hard, and you’ll pass the exam easily.
If you don’t work hard, you’ll fall behind others. = Work hard, or you’ll fall behind others.
（2）用介词with, without的替代形式：
e.g. If there is no water, the fish may die. = Fish may die without water.
If you help me, I’ll finish my task on time. = With your help/With the help of you, I’ll finish my task on time.
(F) The Adverbial Clause of Purpose(目的状语从句)
1) Introduced by so that
e.g. He got up much earlier than usual so that he could catch the first bus.
2) Introduced by so… that
e.g. He explained it so clearly that he wanted everyone of us to understand him better.
Ⅲ. The Attributive Clause (定语从句)
在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后，对其先行词起限定作用。
This is Tom.
Tom gave us a talk yesterday.
This is Tom who (that) gave us a talk yesterday.
先行词 定语从句
引导定语从句的关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which
引导定语从句的关系副词有：where, when, why
一、who, whom, whose引导的定语从句
1. who 在从句中作主语，不可省略，它所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词必须是人。
e.g. This is the girl who gave me help yesterday.
2. whom在从句中作宾语，它所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词必须是人，可以省略。
e.g. The boy (whom)you saw in the room had gone away.
二、that, which引导的定语从句
这两个代词均指物，它们所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词是物,通常情况下，它们可以互换。
1. that, which在从句中作主语，不可省略。
e.g. Hero is the film that/which was directed by Zhang Yimou.
2. that, which在从句中作宾语，可以省略。
e.g. Is this the film (that/which) you talked about last week?
注意：关系代词在作介词宾语时，只能用which且不能省略。
e.g. The house in which he once lived is a meeting-room. = The house (which) he once lived in is a meeting-room.
知识拓展：
引导定语从句的关系代词that和which，在一般情况下，尽管可以互换使用，但在下列情况下，只能用that，而不用which：
1. 先行词是复合不定代词everything, anything, nothing等时。
e.g. She didn’t forget anything (that) her mother had told her to buy.
2. 先行词被序数词或the last修饰时。
e.g. This is the first textbook (that) I studied in the primary school.
He is in the last row that is next to the window.
3. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。
e.g. That is the highest building (that) I have ever seen.
4. 先行词被the only, the very, the same等修饰时。
e.g. This is the very novel (that) you want to borrow.
5. 先行词是或被all, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时，
e.g. I’ve written down all (that )the teacher doesn’t allow us to do.
They haven’t got any dictionaries (that) we need.
6. 先行词既包含人又包含物时。
e.g. He told us many interesting things and persons (that) we had never heard.
7. 主句是以who, which引导的特殊疑问句时。
e.g. Who is the man (that) you spoke to just now?
Which is the book that was stolen by him?
8. 先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。
e.g. China is no longer the country (that) it used to be.
三、关系副词where, when, why引导的定语从句（在从句中作状语）
1. where表示地点，它引导的定语从句修饰表地点的先行词。
e.g. This is the village where he was born.
c.f. This is the village (that/which) he visited last year.
2. when表示时间，它引导的定语从句修饰表时间的先行词。
e.g. I’ll never forget the day when I joined the League.
c.f. I’ll never forget the day (that/which) we spent together.
3. why表示原因，它引导的定语从句修饰表原因的先行词。
e.g. The reason why he didn’t come yesterday is quite clear.
4