八年级英语暑假专题-名词性从句-沈阳牛津版-知识精讲.doc

八年级英语暑假专题 名词性从句 沈阳牛津版

【本讲教育信息】
一. 教学内容：
名词性从句

【具体教学内容】
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
引导名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
连接词：that, whether, if （不充当从句的任何成分）
连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.
连接副词：when, where, how, why
不可省略的连词：
1. 介词后的连词
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
That she was chosen made us very happy.
We heard the news that our team had won.
比较：whether与if 均为“是否”的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：
1. whether引导主语从句并放在句首
2. 引导表语从句
3. whether从句作介词宾语
4. 从句后有“or not”
Whether he will come is not clear.
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。
It is not important who will go.
It is still unknown which team will win the match.
名词性that-从句
1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。that只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如：
主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck. 他还活着全靠运气。
宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。
同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。
形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
2）that-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。
It’s a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that… 有必要……
It is important that… 重要的是……
It is obvious that… 很明显……
b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
It is believed that… 人们相信……
It is known to all that… 众所周知……
It has been decided that… 已决定……
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识
It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that… 事实是……
d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
It appears that… 似乎……
It happens that… 碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
名词性wh-从句
1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。wh-词包括who, whom, whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如：
主语：How the book will sell depends on its author. 书的销路如何取决于作者本人。
直接宾语：In one’s own home one can do what one likes. 在自己家里可以随心所欲。
间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize.
俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。
表语： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation. 我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席的职位。
宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。
同位语：I have no idea when he will return.
我不知道他什么时候回来。
形容词宾语：I’m not sure why she refused their invitation. 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。
介词宾语： That depends on where we shall go.
那取决于我们去哪儿。
2）wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it作形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如：
It is not yet decided who will do that job.
还没决定谁做这项工作。
It remains unknown when they are going to get married. 他们何时结婚依然不明。
if, whether引导的名词性从句
1）yes-no型疑问从句
从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问句转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同，例如：
主语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有待证实。
宾语：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday. 请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。
表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. 他们调查他是否值得信赖。
形容词宾语： She’s doubtful whether we shall be able to come. 她怀疑我们是否能够前来。
介词宾语： I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness. 我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。
2）选择型疑问从句
选择型疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whether…or not构成，例如：
Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。
I don’t care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。
否定转移
1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。
I don’t think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。
I don’t believe he will come. 我相信他不会来。
注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
I hope you weren’t ill. 我想你没有生病吧。
2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。
It doesn’t seem that they know where to go.
看来他们不知道往哪去。
It doesn’t appear that we’ll have a sunny day tomorrow.
看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。
3) 有时将动名词，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。
I don’t remember having ever seen such a man.
我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语 having…)
It’s not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street.
在这里，人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。
(anyone 作主语，从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。)
4) 有时状语或状语从句中的否定可以转移到谓语动词前。
The ant is not gathering this for itself alone. (否定状语) 蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。
He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定状语because) 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何，就轻信此事。
She had not been married many weeks when that man’s younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty. (否定状语many weeks) 她结婚还不到几个月，那个人的弟弟就看见她了，并对她的美貌着了迷。

as long as 与only if的用法区别
（一）基本用法的差别 1. as long as 有两个意思，一是用于本义，意为“与……一样长(久)”，在否定句中，也可说成 (not) so long as；二是用于引申义，表示“只要”，用于此意时也可说成 so long as(不管是肯定句、否定句还是疑问句)。如：This river is as long as that one. 这条河与那条河一样长。He lived abroad as long as five years. 他住在国外长达五年之久。
He didn’t stay there as [so] long as she. 他在那儿住得不如她久。As long as it doesn’t rain we can go. 只要不下雨，我们就可以去。As [So] long as you need me, I’ll stay. 只要你需要我，我就留下。2. only if 可视为 if 的加强说法，即其中的 only 是修饰 if 从句的，其意为“只有在……条件下”。如：I’ll tell you, but only if you don’t tell anyone else. 我可以告诉你，但条件是你不能告诉其他任何人。I’ll accept the bill only if you send it to my home address. 你必须把账单送到我住的地方，我才愿意偿付。

（二）语气上的差别 从语气上看，only if 的语气要比as long as 强，as long as 通常只是用于提出一个条件，与if 的意思比较接近；而only if 引出的从句内容则通常暗示它是主句内容的唯一条件，含有“只有……才……”“只有在……的时候”“……唯一的条件是……”之意。比较：As long as you do your best, we’ll be happy. 只要你尽力，我们就满意了。You can borrow the book as long as you keep it clean. 只要你不把书弄脏，这书你就可以借。We can succeed only if everyone in the team pulls his weight. 我们全队只有人人各尽所能才能取得成功。The coach stops at the principal hotels to pick up tourists, but only if they arrange this in advance. 大客车到各主要的旅馆来接观光者，但条件是必须事先安排好。

（三）动词搭配上的差别 在许多情况下，as long as 与 only if 均可用，只是语气有强弱之分。但是，当主句和从句的谓语动词均为短暂性动词时，通常只用 only if，而不用 as long as。如：你只有请他，他才会来。误：He will come as long as you ask him.正：He will come only if you ask him.析：此句中的 only if 不能用 as long as 代替，因为动词 ask 与 come 均为短暂性动词。

（四）词序上的差别 两者均可引导从句，既可置于主句之后，也可置于主句之前。但是，当only if 引导的状语从句置于主句之前时，其后的主句要用倒装语序，而且 as long as 引导的从句置于主句之前不用倒装。如：As long as it doesn’t rain we can play. 只要不下雨，我们就能玩。As long as you’re happy, it doesn’t matter what you do. 只要你高兴，你做什么都没关系。Only if a teacher has given permission is a student allowed to enter this room. 只有得到老师的允许，学生才可以进这间屋。Only if the red light comes on is there any danger to employees. 只要红灯一亮，就表示有危及雇员的险情。

（五）注意 only if 与 if only 的差别only if 意为“只要”，可视为 if 的加强说法。而 if only 有两个意思，一是表示“只要”，此时通常与陈述语气连用，与 only if 用法相似；二是表示“但愿”“要是……就好了”，此时多与虚拟语气连用。如：I will come only if you promise not to invite Mary. 只要你答应不请玛丽，我就来。If only it clears up, we’ll go. 只要天晴，我们就去。If only I was rich. 要是我很有钱就好了。If only I hadn’t told him about it. 要是我没有告诉他这事就好了。It’s a good plan, if only we could carry it out. 那是个不错的计划，但愿我们能实现它。

【模拟试题】
单选
1. ____ I want to know is ____ it is worth doing.
A. What; that B. What; whether C. That; why D. That; what
2. ____ visits the Great Wall will be struck by it.
A. Anyone B. Each C. Whoever D. Everybody
3. ____ the workers insisted on was that they ____ more pay.
A. That; must be given B. What; should give
C. Whether; would be given D. What; be given
4. She asked ____.
A. what I was doing when she rang me up
B. what was I doing when she rang me up
C. when she rang me up what was I doing
D. when did she ring me up what I was doing
5. Writing stories and articles ____ I enjoy most.
A. is that B. are that C. is what D. have been what
6. He asked the tailor ____.
A. how long would the coat be ready
B. how soon would the coat be ready
C. how long the coat would be ready
D. how soon the coat would be ready
7. The policeman came up to see ____.
A. what the matter is B. what the matter was
C. what was the matter D. what is the matter
8. ____ he told us is a ____.
A. That; lay B. Which; true C. What; lie D. Whose; truth
9. It was not until the headmaster came ____.
A. and so the students got down to work
B. did the students get down to work
C. that the students got down to work
D. then the students got down to work
10. I wonder ____ this kind of metal can be used in the construction industry.
A. how B. what C. about D. which
11. —____ you did?
—No, as a matter of fact I didn’t need to.
A. Is that what B. Is what that C. What is that D. Is that which
12. She is pleased with ____ you have given her and all ____ you have told.
A. that; that B. what; which C. what; that D. all; what
13. They expressed the hope ____ they would come over to visit China again.
A. which B. that C. whether D. for which
14. ____ I wanted to say.
A. Such was what B. What was such
C. Such was that D. That was such
15. They have no idea at all ____.
A. where he has gone B. where did he go
C. which place he has gone D. where he has gone by
16. No word came ____ he joined them in playing football.
A. that B. whether C. which D. what
17. Word came ____ she died of old age.
A. that B. which C. in which D. how
18. Can’t you find out ____ wrong with the TV set?
A. which B. that’s C. what’s D. where is
19. ____ they will have a good harvest this year is still unknown.
A. Whether B. If C. Which D. That
20. All the books are here. You may borrow ____ you like.
A. which B. that C. what D. whichever
21. The news ____ to Shanghai delighted all of them.
A. they would go B. which they would go
C. that they would go D. would go
22. ____ is that I have promised to make friends with the dishonest girl.
A. The only thing what I regret B. What I regret most
C. All what I really regret most D. What that I regret most
23. ____ she is living now is not known to anybody.
A. Whether B. When C. Where D. Why
24. This is ____ the river has been polluted.
A. what B. why C. that D. whether
25. That is ____ he was born.
A. what B. that C. where D. whether
26. ____ a good thing they didn’t catch you.
A. That’s B. It’s C. There’s D. What’s
27. ____ a pity I didn’t see you.
A. That’s B. What’s C. It’s D. There’s
28. ____ surprised me most ____ to see some of the village people seated on the benches at the end of the room.
A. What; was B. What; were C. That; was D. That; were
29. He asked me ____ I was sure my mother ____.
A. if; will come B. if; would come
C. that; will come D. that; would come
30. It is said ____ Mr. Tom has arrived in New York.
A. that B. which C. what D. why
31. John dashed back into the room, and saw ____.
A. what wrong was B. what was wrong
C. if wrong was D. if was wrong
32. This is ____ the question lies.
A. what B. that C. where D. how
33. He stood there quite still, ____ his lips moved slightly.
A. except for B. except C. except that D. except what
34. We all know the truth ____ the moon moves around the earth.
A. that B. if C. what D. where
35. The fact ____ she had not said anything ____ all of us.
A. what; surprised B. what; was surprised
C. that; surprised D. that; was surprised
36. ____ is unknown to us all.
A. When did she arrive B. When she arrived
C. That when she arrived D. In which she arrived
37. He asked me ____ that electric fan.
A. how many I paid B. how much I paid for
C. how much I paid D. how many I paid for
38. The Emperor ordered that the wonderful cloth ____ for him at once.
A. to be woven B. be woven C. should be woven D. would be woven
39. ____ that we’ll have the final exam next week.
A. He was said B. It said C. It was said D. It’s said
40. Which sentence is wrong?
A. She said, “What a lovely day it was!”
B. She said what a lovely day it was.
C. She said what was a lovely day.
D. She said it was a lovely day.
41. The teacher told us that the sun ____ in the east and ____ in the west.
A. raised; set B. raises; sets C. rises; sets D. rose; set
42. I doubt ____ he will come to see me.
A. whether B. that C. which D. what
43. He told me ____.
A. that had happened B. that had happened to him
C. what had been happened D. what had happened to him
44. ____ I was free that evening.
A. It happened to B. It happened that
C. That happened D. It is happened that
45. I have no doubt ____ we shall be able to do something for you.
A. whether B. if C. that D. what
46. I wish I ____ yesterday’s exam.
A. passed B. had been able to pass
C. were able to pass D. could pass
47. I wish I ____ some use.
A. could be of B. could be C. will be of D. will be
48. ____ was said have must be kept secret.
A. Whatever B. Whichever C. However D. That
49. Only time will tell if we ____.
A. had been succeeded B. have been success
C. had been successful D. have been successful
50. ____ you have written the letter in English will surprise your teacher.
A. What B. That C. Who D. How long
51. He works too hard, that is ____ is wrong with him.
A. that which B. the what C. what D. the thing what
52. We must do ____ the party ____ us.
A. as; tell B. as; tells C. what; tell D. what; tells
53. It ____ Tom drives badly.
A. thinks that B. is thought what C. thought that D. is thought that
54. ____ will be elected chairman of the club is unknown.
A. Who B. Whom C. Which D. That
55. It was ____ he worked hard that he succeeded.
A. because B. for C. as D. since
56. It was natural that my pictures ____ them.
A. surprised B. would surprise
C. should surprise D. would have surprised
57. ____ knows the truth will tell you about it.
A. Who that B. Whoever C. Those who D. Whom that
58. Can you tell us ____ ?
A. who that man is B. who is that man
C. what is that man D. whose that man is
59. My suggestion is ____ our teacher ____ strict with us.
A. what; should be B. that; be
C. which; would be D. where; was
60. The reason why we are late is ____ our car didn’t come.
A. why B. that C. because D. for

【试题答案】
1~5 BCDAC 6~10 DCCCA 11~15 ACBAA 16~20 BACAD
21~25 CBCBC 26~30 BCABA 31~35 BCCAC 36~40 BBBDC
41~45 CADBC 46~50 BAADB 51~55 CBDAA 56~60 CBABB