过去完成时讲解及练习.doc

过去完成时讲解及练习
一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点
概念：过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作，即“过去的过去（ past-in-the-past ）”。
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那时以前 那时 现在
构成：过去完成时由“助动词 had + 过去分词”构成，其中 had 通用于各种人称。
如：They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.
She had finished writing the composition by 10 ：00 this morning.

二、过去完成时的判断依据
1. 由时间状语来判定
一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：
（ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。
如： I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
（ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。
如： We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
（ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。
如： They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。
过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：
（1）宾语从句中
当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。
如：She said that she had seen the film before.
（2）状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。
如： When I got to the station, the train had already left.
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意： before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。
如： Where did you study before you came here?
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
（3）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"
如： We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3. 根据上、下文来判定。
I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.

三、过去完成时的主要用法
1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束，即发生在“过去的过去”。
如：When I woke up, it had stopped raining.
我醒来时，雨已经停了。（主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”）
2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示的是“过去的过去”，只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如：He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 )
3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用，它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等时间副词及 by ， before ， until 等引导的短语或从句连用。
如： Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.
Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.
4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始，一直延续到这一过去时间，而且动作尚未结束，仍然有继续下去的可能。
如： By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. （ had worked 已有了 20 年，还有继续进行下去的可能）

四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去，但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”；过去完成时则是一个相对的时态，它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时，才用到它。试比较：
I have learned 1000 English words so far.
到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
I had learned 1000 English words till then.
到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
— I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。
— Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.
没什么，我只等了几分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在）
— John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。
— Where had he been?
他去哪儿了？（答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方，即“过去的过去”）

五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，但在使用时应注意以下几点：
1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。
试比较：
They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断：先发生的用过去完成时，后发生的则用一般过去时。
如： She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.

例题解析：
1. He ______ in Shanghai University for four years before he ______ Beijing.
A. studied, had gone B. had studied, went
C. has studied, goes D. had studied, had gone
解析："他去北京之前在上大学学习了4年 "。在上海学习的动作发生在去北京之前，因此第一个空应用过去完成时。此题选B。
2. Mary said it was at least five years since he ______ a good drink.
A. enjoyed B. was enjoying C. had enjoyed D. would enjoy
解析：It was + 时间段+since 引导的从句中用过去完成时。应选C。
3. Xiao Pei said she ______ Hainan for 3 months.
A. has been in B. had been in C. had been to D. had gone to
解析："小培说她去了海南三个月 "。have been to 和have gone to 都是短暂性的动词短语。所以适应表示状态的have been in. 应选B.

巩固练习
一. 单项选择
1． He asked me _____ during the summer holidays.
A. where I had been B. where I had gone C. where had I been D. where had I gone
2. What ____ Jane ____ by the time he was sever?
A. did, do B. has, done C did, did. D. had, done
3. I ______ 900 English words by the time I was ten。
A. learned B. was learning C. had learned D. learnt
4. She ______lived here for ______ years.
A. had, a few B. has, several C. had, a lot of D. has, a great deal of
5. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _____ the dinner already.
A had cooked B. cooked C. have cooked D. was cooked
6. She said she __________ the principle already
A .has seen B. saw C. will see D. had seen
7. She said her family _______ themselves ______ the army during the war.
A. has hidden, from B. had hidden, from C. has hidden, with D. had hidden, with
8. By the time he was ten years old, he _________.
A. has completed university B. has completed the university C. had completed an university D. had completed university
9. She had written a number of books ______ the end of last year.
A. for B. in C. by D. at
10. He _____ to play ____ before he was 11 years old.
A had learned, piano B. had learned, the piano C. has learned, the piano D. learns ,piano.
11. What _______ Annie ____ by the time he was ten?
A. did, do B. did, did C. has, done D. had done
12 .He ___ in the factory for three years before he joined the Army.
A. has worked B. works C. had worked D. will work
13. By the end of last week, they ____ the bridge.
A. has completed B. completed C. will complete D. had completed
14. Ben hates playing _____ violin, but he likes playing ____ football.
A. a…the B. the… the C. / …the D. the…/
15. By the time he was 4, he ______ a lot of German words.
A. had learned B. has learned C. learned D. learns
16 .Jim turned off the lights and then _____ the classroom.
A. was left B. had left C. has left D. left
17.They _________ in Guangzhou since 2000.
A. lived B. had lived C. have lived D. were living
18. The train from Beijing_______ ten minutes ago.
A. has arrived B. was arriving C. arrived D. had arrived
19. The students _________ their classroom when the visitors arrived.
A . have cleaned B. had cleaned C. was cleaned D. have been cleaned
20. Fergie_______ the project in one hour.
A. have finished B. will finish C. finishes D. has finished
21. The man ________ his coat and went out.
A. put on B. had put on C. will put on D. was putting on
22 My mother______ in that factory at the age of 18.
A. had worked B. has worked C. worked D. works
23. Dad ________ while he _______ TV.
A .fell asleep…watch B. was falling asleep…watched
C. fell asleep……was watching D. had fallen asleep…watched
二. 用动词的适当形式填空
1. We _____________ (paint) the house before we ______________ (move) in.
2. That rich old man _____________ (make) a will before he _____________ (die).
3. They _____________ (study) the map of the country before they ________ (leave).
4. The robbers _____________ (run away ) before the policemen _______ (arrive).
5. I __________ (turn off) all the lights before I ____________ (go) to bed.
6. Paul __________ (go) out with Jane after he __________ (make) a phone call.
7. Tom __________ (say) he ___________ (read) the book twice.
8. Our plan ____________ (fail ) because we _____________ (make) a bad mistake.
9. When the chairman ______________ (finish) speaking, he _____________ (leave)the hall.
10.The Reads __ ______ (have) lunch when I ________________(get) to their house.
11.When I ______________(arrive) at the station, he ____________________(leave).
12..We _______________(learn) about 4000 English words by the end of last term.
13. I waited until he _______________(finish) his homework.
14. We were surprised at what she ________already ______(do)
15.She ____________(not go) to Qingdao because she ________________ (go) there before.
16. He ______________(not tell) you the news yet.
17. He said he _____________already_________(give) the book to the teacher.
18. I ______________(be) to Shanghai before.
19. She told me she _________________(be) to Sanya three times.
20.She _____________(play) the guitar while her sister_______________(sing).
3．句型转换
1．I had sold the ticket when she came.（改否定句）
___________________________________________________________________
2.She had sung a song to us before she danced.（改否定句）
________________________________________________________________.
3.They began to climbed the mountain after they had bought all the food and drink.（否定）
__________________________________________________________________
4.By 10:00 a.m, I had been very hungry. （改一般疑问）
__________________________________________________________________
5.Lucy had already completed the project when I arrived.（改一般疑问）
__________________________________________________________________
6.By the time he got to the airport, the plane had taken off. （改一般疑问）
__________________________________________________________________
7..He had broken his arm when I saw him.（对划线部分提问）
__________________________________________________________________
8.When he had read the note, he ate it. （对划线部分提问）
__________________________________________________________________
9..Jack didn’t go to the cinema because he had seen the film. （对划线部分提问）
__________________________________________________________________
10.We had had the toys for ten years before we gave them to the child. （对划线部分提问）
__________________________________________________________________.
11.She had written the book by the end of 1960. （对划线部分提问）
__________________________________________________________________
12.We cooked the dumplings. We ate them up. （用过去完成时连接两句）
__________________________________________________________________
13.Jim’s father mended the car. It was broken. （用过去完成时连接两句）
__________________________________________________________________
14.We had our tests. Then we had a long holiday.( 用过去完成时连接两句)
After we ________________________, we _____________________________
15.He showed us a picture. Then he showed us around the house. 用过去完成时连接两句)
Before he _______________________, he______________________________.

1. 单项选择
1． A2. D3. C4. A5. A6. D7. B8. D9. C10. B 11. D 12 . C13. D14. D15. A 16 . D 17. C18. C19. B20. B21. A22C23. C
2.用动词的适当形式填空
1. had painted， moved2. had made， died3. had studyed，left4. had run away ，arrived
5. turned of，fwent6. Went，made7. Said， had read8. Failed，had made9. Finished，left10. were having ，got11. Arrived，had left12. had learned13. Ifinished14. Had，done15. didn't go，had went16. hasn't told17. Had，given18. have been19. had been20. was playing，was singing
3．句型转换
1． I did not have sold the ticket when she came.
2. She didn't have sung a song to us before she danced.
3. They did not begin to climbed the mountain after they had bought all the food and drink.
4. Had you been very hungry by 10:00 am?
5. Had lucy already completed the project when I arrived.
6. Had th eplane taken off by the time he got to the airport?
7. How was he when you saw him?
8. What did he do when he had the note?
9.. Why did Jack not go to the cinema?
10. How long did you have had the toys before you gave them to the child?
11. What had she written by the end of 1960?
12. We ate the dumplings after we had cooked them.
13. The car had broken before Jim's father manded it.
14. After we ___had had hour teats________, we ___had a long holiday___________
15.Before he ___had showed us around the house_______, he_______showed us a picture___________