定语从句讲解.doc

定语从句
【考情分析】
1．关系词的使用，特别是which，that，when，where等；
2．以as引导的定语从句；
3．关系代词与关系副词的选用；
4．定语从句与其他句型的区别。
【知识归纳】
考点一：关系词的选用：
1．关系词的选择主要依据先行词在从句中所作成分，先行词在从句中作主语、定语、宾语时，选择关系代词(who，whom，that，which，whose)；先行词在从句中作状语时，应选择关系副词(where，when，why)。
2．who，whom，that这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
Is he the man who/that wants to see you? (who/that在从句中作主语)
He is the man whom/that I am waiting for. (whom/that在从句中作宾语)
which，that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
He failed in the exam，which made his father angry. （ which 指代前面句子）
3．关系副词when，where，why的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
具体用法： when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语；where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语；why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。
The reason why I don’t trust him is that he often tells lies. 我不信任他的原因是他常常撒谎。
【专家提醒】　先行词是时间名词或地点名词时，如果在从句中不作状语，则不能用when或where引导定语从句，而要用which/that。
I still remember the day which/that we spent together in the city. (这里which/that指代the day作spent的宾语)。
考点二：关系代词whose的用法：whose用来指人或物，在定语从句中只作定语
I know the girl whose father is our headmaster. 我认识那个女孩，她的父亲是我们的校长。
The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. 门破了的那间教室很快就会被维修。
考点三：As, which 引导的定语从句：
1．关系代词as引导的定语从句
关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式：
such...as...像……那样的……。当先行词被such修饰或本身是such 时，as作为关系代词，引导定语从句，修饰这个先行词。如：
We hope to get such a tool as he is using. 我们希望弄到像他使用的一样的工具。
They are such warm hearted men as I’ll never forget.
【专家提醒】　such...as...与such...that...的区别
as引导定语从句，as要在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。that引导结果状语从句，that在从句中不作成分。如：
He is such a good student as all the teachers like. 他是那样一个老师们都喜欢的好学生。
He is such a good student that all the teachers like him. 他是那样一个好学生，以致于老师们都喜欢他
(2)the same...as...像……一样的……。这是一个习惯句式，当先行词是the same或被the same修饰时，后面的定语从句常用as引导，这时as是关系代词，常在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语。这样的定语从句常用省略形式。如：
I live in the same house as he(lives in). 我的房子与他的房子相同。
She got the same salary as a man(got)． 她的薪金与男的相同。
【专家提醒】　
as引导的这种从句有时用that或where引导。that表示“同一个人或物”；as表示“相同中的另一个”。如：
I lived in the same house that he lives in. 我与他住在同一房子中。
I lived in the same house where he lives.
比较：the same...that...像……一样的……。that引导定语从句，表示“同一个”。如：
She gave him the same answer as before：“No”． 她回答他跟以前一样：“不。”
This is the same dictionary that I lost last week. 这部词典同我上星期丢失的那一本一样。
2．关系代词as，which的区别
(1)as引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可替代主句的整个内容，而不是主句中的某一个词。
The weather turned out to be very good，which was more than we could expect.
(2)当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时，只能用as。
As is known to everybody，the moon travels round the earth once every month.
＝The moon travels round the earth once every month，as/which is known to everybody.
＝It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month.
＝What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.
后两句属名词性从句范畴。
(3)as意为“正如……”，后面的谓语动词多是see，know，expect，say，mention，report，announce等；which意为“这一点”。
As is known to all，Bell invented the telephone. ＝Bell invented the telephone，as is known to all.
As is often the case，Mike was late again and made up an excuse to fool the boss.
考点四：高考对关系副词where 的考查
高考 对where的考查趋于复杂，从现行词为明显的地点转化为地点的模糊化。因此对于where 这个词，考生不能只理解为表地点。因此遇到现行词为situation, case, point, occasion, stage时要注意。
1．The museum will open in the spring with an exhibition and a viewing platform ______ visitors can watch the bid glasshouses being built. A .what B. where C. when D. why
2．Sales director is a position ______ communication ability is just as important as sales skills.
3．Sales director is a position ______ is fit for those who are good at communication
A. that B. when C. where D. what
4．In today’s competitive economy, _______ everyone is trying to do more with less, you’ve got to figure out a way to profit from the very beginning. A. which B. where C. how D. that
5．----- What do you think of teaching, Bob?
----- I find it fun and challenging. It is a job ________ you are doing something serious but interesting.
A. when B. which C. that D. where （2009，北京）

注意：分隔式定语从句：先行词与关系词之间可能会被某些结构如介词短语、不定式短语等分开。
1.（2012江苏）After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, ________urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.
A. which B. who C. where D. what
2.（2012浙江）Ellen painter of birds and nature, ________ , for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society. A. which B. who C. where D. whom
考点五：定语从句和其他从句的区别
1.定语从句与并列句
1). a. I saw some trees, and the leaves of them were black with disease.
b. I saw some trees, the leaves of which were black with disease.
2). a. The professor is a little man, on the nose of whom there is a pair of glasses
b. The professor is a little man, and on the nose of him there is a pair of glasses
解题点拨 :
　是否有连词是区分定语从句和并列句的关键
2. 定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系“……的”。而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表事实或概念的抽象名词，如fact, news, belief, truth, reply等。that在定语从句中作成分，可用which 或who/whom代替；而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。试比较：
We all have heard the news that our team won. (同位语从句，that从句表示news的内容， 在从句中不作成分)
We don’t believe the news that/which he told us yesterday. (定语从句，that 作told 的宾语).请看例题：
1). a. The news that our volleyball team won the match made us excited.
b. The news that /which he told me yesterday is exciting.
2) a. I made a promise that if anyone set me free, I would make him very rich.
b. The mother made a promise that /which pleased all her children.
解题点拨：that引导的定语从句是对其先行词的修饰或限制；在句中作成份(作宾语省略),指物时可用which代替；而同位语从句是对前面名词的说明和解释。that在从句中仅起连接作用,不充当成份，不能省略,不能用which代替。
3.定语从句与强调句型
1) a. It is in this room that I lived last year.
b. It is the room where I lived last year.
2) a. It was at seven o’clock that he went to school this morning.
b. It was seven o’clock when he went to school this morning.
解题点拨：强调句型：It is/was+被强调的成份+that/who+其它部分; 去掉 It is/was….that/who… ,句子照样成立;而定语从句的引导词在句中要作成份。

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